Umjikelezo Wohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali: Kusuka Entweni Engenziwa Kuyo

Inqubo inqunywa ama-padsworth anquma ngayo ukuhlelwa kwemali yomphakathi ilandela umjikelezo ochazwe kahle waminyaka yonke. Izifundazwe eziningi zisebenza ngonyaka wemali kusukela ngoJuly 1 kuya ku-June 30, nakuba idlanzana lisebenzisa ikhalenda elihlukile. Lo mjikelezo uqala ezinyangeni eziningi ngaphambi kokuba unyaka omusha uqalise, ngokuhlela igatsha eliphethe ipulani lokusebenzisa imali eningi eyaziwa ngokuthi isiphakamiso semali sombusi.

Lokhu kusikisela kwakhiwe ezibikezelweni zemali ezisungulwe amahhovisi emali kahulumeni nabahlaziyi bezomnotho. Izibalo zilinganisela ukuthi imalini umbuso oyoqoqa intela eholweni, intela yokuthengisa, intela yenkampani, intela, intela, nemali enikezwa uhulumeni. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zinqumo aziqinisekile ngokwemvelo, izishaya-mthetho ngokuvamile zakheka ngokuvumelana futhi zithembele ekulinganiseni izimali ezikhiqizwayo ezikhishwe kanye izikhulu nezisebenzi zezemithetho. Izifundazwe eziningi, njengeCalifornia neTexas, zinezindlela ezingokomthetho zokuthuthukisa lezi zilinganiso zokunciphisa izingxabano zemithombo ekhona.

Uma umbusi esethule imali — ngokuvamile ngo-Januwari noma ngo-February — isishaya-mthetho siqala ukuzihlolela sona. Yilapho kusekhona khona lapho kuphakama khona impikiswano enzima kakhulu nokuxoxa. Abaphathi bemithetho abamane nje bathathe isiphakamiso senjoloba isihlongozo sokuqondisa injoloba; baphatha ukuqulwa kwecala, bacela ukuthethelelwa okuningiliziwe ezinhlanganweni, futhi badlulisa amasu abo siqu okusebenzisa imali.

Ukubukeza Nephawu Lobusha Bekomiti

Cishe kuyo yonke i-padsworth, uhlelo lwemali lucatshangelwa okokuqala ngamakomiti ahlelayo kanye namakomiti awo amakomiti amancane. Lamahlu ahlelwa indawo esebenzayo (umz., imfundo, impilo, ezothutho) noma ngenhlangano. Amalungu eKomiti ahlola uhide lwelayini, izinkampani zemibuzo, kanye nemininingwane yokusebenza. Lesisiteji sibizwa ngokuthi “i-applip,” lapho kuhlongozwa khona iziphetho, kuphikiswana, futhi kuvotelwa khona.

Izinhlangano ezingaphansi ngokuvamile zenza ushintsho oluningiliziwe, izimali ezivumelana nezinhlelo, zinezela izimpawu zemisebenzi ethile, futhi zinciphisa noma zikhuphule imali esekelwe ezimisweni eziphambili. Ngokwesibonelo, ikomiti elisemshadweni lezempilo lingase lishintshe imali esibhedlela iyise ezinkonzweni zempilo zomphakathi ngemva kokuzwa ubufakazi kubasekeli beziguli.

Ngemva komsebenzi ongaphansi wekomiti yekomiti ephelele, ikomiti yokuhlela igcwele ihlanganisa ushintsho lube yisibeko esisodwa. Leso sibe sesithunyelwa phansi egumbini ngalinye — iNdlu (noma uMhlangano) neSishaya-mthetho — ukuze kuxoxiswe futhi kuvotelwe okokugcina. Kuzo zombili izishaya-mthetho, zombili izindlu kumelwe zidlulise uhlelo olufanayo lwemali. Uma zihlukile, ikomiti yengqungquthela eyakhiwe amalungu asemaceleni womabili amacala iyavumelana. Umbiko wengqungquthela uphindela egumbini ngalinye ukuze uvume okokugcina.

Indima Yombusi: IVito Namandla Ahlanganiswa Unxantathu

Uma isishaya-mthetho sesidlulisa uhlelo lokuhlela imali, umbusi unezindlela eziningana. Ezizweni eziningi, umbusi angasayina isikweleti, afake yonke isamba semali, noma asebenzise i-foto elayinini ukuze ashaye izihloko ezithile noma izilinganiso. Ingxenye yohlu lwebhokisi inikeza isikhulu amandla okuhlela imali esetshenziswa ekugcineni, ikakhulukazi emazweni lapho isishaya-mthetho silawulwa khona yiqembu eliphikisayo.

Uma kusetshenziswa amavetoe, isishaya-mthetho singazama ukuziqeda, ngokuvamile zidinga ukuba kube nama-3,2 noma ezintathu ezinhlanu emagumbini womabili. Imizamo yokuzilawula ayivamile futhi ngokuvamile iyahluleka, kusho ukuma kukambusi okuvamile. Lokhu kushukumisa izishayamthetho ukuba zixoxe nombusi kuyo yonke inqubo kunokuba zidlulise uhlelo lwemali oluzoshintshwa kakhulu ngemva kwalokho.

Kumazwe ambalwa, umbusi futhi unamandla okuqeda “izincwadi” kunokuba asuse ngokuphelele iziphakamiso — ithuluzi elivumelana kakhulu elingagcina izinhlelo zisebenza emazingeni aphansi ezimali. Ukuqonda lemithetho kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani obheka indlela imali kahulumeni esetshenziswa ngayo ngempela, ngoba uhlelo lwemali olumisiwe luvame ukubonakala luhluke kakhulu kulowo odlulayo.

Izimfuneko Zokusebenzisa Imali Ezilinganiselwe

Isihluthulelo sokunqandwa kohlelo lokuhlelwa kwemali kahulumeni siyimfuneko ecishe ibe yonke indawo — ngo-49 — ukunikeza uhlelo olulinganiselwe. Ngokungafani nohulumeni wombuso, uhulumeni, ngokuvamile awukwazi ukulawula izindleko zabo zokuhlela. Lokhu kugunyaza okunzima: uma inzuzo incipha phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho, izishayamthetho kumelwe zinciphise imali eziyisebenzisayo, intela, noma zinciphise imali edingekayo. Ukuqina kwalezi zimfuneko kuyahluka. Ezinye izizwe, njengoColorado, zinemingcele ekwandiseni kwemali (i-Parace Bill of Rights), kuyilapho ezinye zivumela ukuboleka izakhiwo zenhloko ngokwezimali kodwa hhayi ezemisebenzi yemisebenzi.

Imithetho elinganiselayo yenza ukubikezelwa kwemali ekhokhelwayo kube yi-actificial. Uma izibikezelo zinethemba kakhulu, umbuso ungadinga ukuhlawuliswa noma izindleko zokunezela phakathi konyaka. Uma umbuso ungenathemba kakhulu, ungaqeda unyaka ngenani elikhulu, elingabangela izimpikiswano zokuphindeka kwentela noma ukukhushulwa kwemali ekhona emjikelezweni olandelayo. I-United States injenge-New York ne-Illinois iye yabhekana nezinhlekelele eziphindaphindiwe ngenxa yokuncishiswa kwemali ephansi noma ukuncishiswa ngokweqile.

Ohlangothini Lwemali: Indlela Amazwe Aqongelela Ngayo Imali

Ukuze umuntu aqonde izinqumo zokuhlelwa kwemali, kumelwe aqale aqonde ukuthi ivelaphi imali. Izakhiwo zikahulumeni zentela ziyahlukahluka kakhulu, kodwa eziningi zithembele emithonjeni emithathu eyinhloko:

  • [ Izintela zomuntu siqu [ — ezisetshenziswa yizigaba ezingu 42 (u-Plut D.C.), ngokuvamile ezinezinga elithuthukayo elikhuphukayo ngeholo.
  • Intela [ — esetshenziswa yizifundazwe ezingu-45, ngokuvamile ezikhululayo ekuthengeni ukudla, imithi kadokotela, nezinye izinto ezibalulekile.
  • Izintela zeholo ezikhokhelwayo — ezisetshenziswa yizifundazwe ezingu-44, nakuba abaningi bebone amazinga ehla ngenxa yokuncintisana.

Eminye imiholo emikhulu ihlanganisa intela kaphethiloli, izintela ezihlukanisayo ekukhipheni izimpahla ezingokwemvelo, inzuzo yokugembula, inzuzo, nentela yezinkonzo ezifana nelayisensi yomshayeli nemvume yochwepheshe. Izimali zikaFederal zifeza indima enkulu, ikakhulukazi eMedicaid, ezokuthutha, nasemfundweni wemfundo. Ngokwesilinganiso, izimali zikahulumeni zingaba ngaphezulu kakhulu emazweni aphansi kakhulu noma phakathi nezikhathi eziphuthumayo.

Iziqubulo zemithetho zivame ukubhekana nokucindezela kokugwema ukukhuphula izintela, ngisho noma izimali zinganele. Lokhu kuholela ekulungiseni: ukusebenzisa iziqiwiso, ukuhlehlisa ikomkhulu, ukuboleka izimali ezikhethekile, noma ukuphoqelela izindleko kohulumeni bendawo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amasu anjalo angadala ukuncitshiswa kwezakhiwo okubangela ukulimala okubuhlungu kakhulu kamuva.

Ukusebenzisa Imali Ohlangothini Olukhulu: Izinhlobo Ezinkulu

Ukuqonda lezi zinto kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani izimpikiswano zemali ziphikisana kangaka — uhlelo ngalunye oluyinhloko lunezindlela ezinamandla zokusebenzisa imali.

Imfundo: K-12 nemfundo ephakeme

Imfundo iyisici esisodwa esikhulu kakhulu kwezemali kahulumeni, ngokuvamile idla i-30-40% yokusetshenziswa kwezimali ezivamile. Izindlela zokuxhasa izimali ziyahluka kakhulu, kanti ezinye zisebenzisa izisekelo eziqinisekisa isilinganiso semali eyisisekelo kumfundi ngamunye, kuyilapho ezinye zincike kakhulu ezintelani zendawo. Izishaya-mthetho zihlela izinga eliphelele losizo lwemfundo, zinqume ukuthi isakazwa kanjani phakathi kwezifunda, futhi zibeka izimfuneko zeholo labafundisi, izinga lesigaba, kanye nezinyathelo zokulandisa.

Imfundo ephakeme ithola enye ingxenye ebalulekile, nakuba iye yanqaba uma kuqhathaniswa nokwanda kwenani lokubhalisa emazweni amaningi. Ukwanda kwemibuthano ngokuvamile kulandela ukuncishiswa kwezimali zikahulumeni, kubeke umthwalo kubafundi nasemikhayeni. Ama-Legislature angase adale futhi izinhlelo zokukhokhela imfundo, njenge-Georgia’s Herippecter Schriershipship noma i-Brighred Futures yase Florida, ezixhaswe yizinzuzo zelotho noma ukutheliswa kwemibango.

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo: I - Medicaid Nempilo Yomphakathi

I-Medicaid iyisigaba sesibili esikhulisiwe kakhulu kwemigomo yombuso, futhi ngokuvamile iyinkokhelo esheshayo. Uhulumeni kahulumeni ukhokha ingxenye (iphesenti kuya ku-80% kuxhomeke kuhulumeni nakuhlelo), kodwa uphawula ukuthi ukhokha ezinye izinketho. Izinqumo mayelana nokungakhokhi, izinga lokukhokhela imbuyiselo, nezinkonzo ezihlanganisiwe zithinta ngokuqondile imali esetshenziswa uhulumeni. Ukwanda kwe-Medicaid Act ka-Affordid kwanikeza izinqumo zokukhombisa abantu abadala abaphansi kakhulu, futhi kwathi ngo-2025, amashumi amane ekhulu ezindawo ne-D.C. zenze kanjalo isinqumo ngasinye esinwebelayo sihlanganisa impikiswano enkulu yezokuhlelwa kwemithetho emali, izinzuzo, nezinzuzo, nemiphumelo yezomnotho.

Ngalé kwe-Medicaid, izifunda zezimali zezempilo yomphakathi, izinkonzo zempilo, ukwelashwa ngengqondo, ukusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa, nezinhlelo zempilo yezingane zomshuwalense (CHIP). Phakathi nobhadane lweCOVID-19, izishaya-mthetho kwadingeka ukuba zikhokhe imali esheshayo yokusakaza imithi yokugoma, ukuhlola, nokusekela isibhedlela — ngokuvamile ngokunezela ezikweletini eziphuthumayo.

Izinto Zokuhamba Nezakhiwo Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Imali yokuhamba esetshenziswayo ivame ukuvela ezimalini ezinikezelwe ezibangelwa ukukhokha intela yegesi, intela yemoto, nemali ekhokhelwayo kahulumeni. Ama-gconstruct anquma indlela yokwaba imali phakathi kwemigwaqo emikhulu, amabhuloho, ezokuthutha umphakathi, izitimela, izindlela zamabhayisekili, nezikhumulo zezindiza. Eminyakeni yamuva, izimpikiswano ziye zakhula kakhulu ukuthi ingabe intela yegesi ikhuphule yini ukuze ihambisane nokunyuka kwentengo yemali kanye nokushintshela izimoto zikagesi. Ezinye izifunda ziye zaqala ukuhlola izindleko zomsebenzi ezisekelwe emgwaqweqweni wemoto.

Izimali eziyinhloko — ezihlukene nezindleko zokusetshenziswa kwemali — zihlanganisa imisebenzi emikhulu yezesisekelo enjengesakhiwo sezakhiwo ezintsha zesikole, amajele, namahhovisi kahulumeni. Lokhu kuxhaswe ngokuboleka ngamabopho, okudinga ukuvunyelwa emazweni amaningi. Imithetho inquma ukuthi yimaphi amaprojekthi ahlanganisa izivumelwano eziseqenjini ngalinye, kudala amathuba ezindawo ezingathuthukisa izomnotho yendawo.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Neziluleko

Ukusetshenziswa kwezwe emajele, amaphoyisa, izinkantolo, nezinkonzo zomlilo kungenye yezinto ezinkulu. Izindleko ziye zanyuka kakhulu eminyakeni engu-40 edlule ngenxa yemisho emide namanani aphakeme okuvalelwa. Amakhandlu okumisa izigwebo manje acabangela kabusha imigwebo eboshelweyo ebophelele futhi ahlola ezinye izindlela zokusetshenziswa esikhundleni sokuboshwa ngomzamo wokunciphisa izindleko ngaphandle kokuhlehlisa ukuphepha komphakathi. Izinguquko zamaphoyisa ezilandela izenzakalo eziphakeme ziye zabangela izimpikiswano zemali zokuvimbela ukugcinwa kweminyango emphakathini noma ezifaka izimali ezisemthethweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu.

Izici Ezishukumisa Izinqumo Zokusebenzisa Imali

Ngalé kwenqubo yemishini, amandla amaningana ajulile athonya indlela abashaya imithetho abanquma ngayo ukubeka imali:

Imibono Yezombangazwe Nokulawula Iqembu

Idla ngokuthi abamisi-mthetho be-Democratic bathambekele ekubekeni imali esetshenziswayo ezinkonzweni zezenhlala-khona, ezemfundo, nezempilo, kuyilapho amaRepublicans egcizelela ukuncishiswa kwentela, ukuncishiswa kwezikweletu, nohulumeni olinganiselwe. Nokho, lokhu kukhetha kuvame ukuncishiswa ngesidingo sokuyekethisa kumaqembu ahlukene. Ukulawulwa kweqembu kungaholela ekuhleleni imali eyengeziwe — njengohlelo lwemali lwezemfundo yesikole olukhuphule intela yempahla ngesikhathi esifanayo nokwehlisa intela yempahla — kuyilapho imingcele ehlukene kakhulu yemithetho yokulawula izimali.

Ukucindezela Okungalawuleki Nokuzilibazisa

Abameli baqaphela kakhulu ukuthi amavoti abo athinta kanjani izinqumo eziyinhloko. Izinyunyana zothisha, izinkampani zasesibhedlela, abakhi bomgwaqo, kanye namabhizinisi konke kuchitha imali eningi emikhankasweni nasekwengameleni izimali zokuhlela izindleko. Izinyunyana zezisebenzi zomphakathi zilwela iholo eliphezulu nezinzuzo; i-Centre of Commercial Grist ukuze kuthengwe izintela eziphansi nosizo olusemthethweni. Abaphathi bemithetho baphendula futhi ekuqondiseni ukungenela kwemikhankano ezindaweni zomkhankaso, ikakhulukazi phakathi nemihlangano yehholo ledolobha kanye nokuzwa kwabantu ngemali.

Ukushintsha Kwezomnotho Nezimali Zosuku Ezinemvula

Phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho, ukuwohloka kwezimali zikahulumeni, ukuphoqelelwa kwezishaya-mthetho ukuba zinciphise izindleko ezibuhlungu. Ukuncishiswa kwemali yezimali ye-Great Recessission ka-2009 kwaholela ekuncipheni okukhulu kwemfundo nokunakekelwa kwempilo ezizweni eziningi. Ekuphenduleni, amazwe amaningi adalwe noma andiswe “ngosuku oluphansi” — izimali zokusetshenziswa kwemali yokuhlela imali ezingasetshenziswa phakathi nokuwohloka kwemali. Ukungagunyazwa kwalezimali kuyimpikiswano engapheli: indilingani ewuni lemali egciniwe? Ezinye izazi zezomnotho ezingokolwazi zitusa i-15 /20% yemali esetshenziswayo; ezinye ziphikisa ngokuthi izimali ezinkulu ezingasetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezinhle.

Izimo Ezikhona

Umthetho kazwelonke uthanda ukuba amazwe asebenzise imali ngezindlela ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze athole imali ehambelanayo ye-Medicaid, izifunda-mazwe kumelwe zihlanganise imiphakathi ethile nezinkonzo. Ngokufanayo, izimali zokuthutha zikahulumeni zifika nezimfuneko zokuhlela, ukubukeza indawo ezungezile, nezindinganiso zezisebenzi. Imithetho ingase ishalaze lemiyalo kodwa ayinakho ukukhetha uma ifuna ukugwema ukulahlekelwa izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ngomthetho.

Ukubonana Nabantu Ngokugqamile Nokuhlanganyela Nabo

Inqubo yokuhlelwa kwemali ingabonakala ingu-Arcliane, kodwa amanani andayo ezindawo azama ukuyenza ibe sobala kakhulu. Amaqoqo amaningi manje asakazwa kuyi-intanethi e-metadata yokusetshenziswa kwemali, kanye namanye amakomiti ahlala ngemifula. Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-Legislatures[ inqubo engcono kakhulu yokuhlela uhlelo lwemali lwemithetho yemithetho. ISizwe sifaka amaqembu afuna ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho, njengawe- [FLT]] [FLT], inikeza i-Relatection ne-operation transportary , inikeza izakhamuzi i-sccuttings amathuluzi okuqonda indlela intela yazo ezisetshenziswa ngayo.

Ubufakazi bomphakathi buyindlela eyisihluthulelo yokuthola ukwaziswa. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zinamacala lapho abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano zingakhuluma khona noma zigxeke khona iziphakamiso ezithile. Ithonya lobufakazi bomphakathi liyahlukahluka: kwezinye izimo bungashintsha ukusekela kwesikole sendawo noma isibhedlela; kwezinye kungokophawu olukhulu. Noma kunjalo, ithuba lokuzwakala lilokhu liyisici esiyinhloko sokuhlelwa kwesimiso sokuhlela intando yeningi.

Ukugada: Ukuthenga Imali Kuyincithakalo Ngokuhlongozwayo

Uma sekuhlelwe uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, indima yesishaya-mthetho ayipheli. Izifunda eziningi zinamakomiti okuhlola izimali, amahhovisi emali ezimiso zokuhlela izimali, noma ababali abazimele abalandela imali esetshenziswayo ngokumelene nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo. Zihlola izinhlelo ukuze kubonwe ukuthi ziyayifinyelela yini imigomo yazo, kanye nokuhlola ukukhwabanisa noma ukuchithwa kwemali.

Ngokwesibonelo, iHhovisi loMahlulelo likaHulumeni U.S. lisebenza njengesibonelo esisezingeni likahulumeni, kodwa izifundazwe eziningi zinezinhlangano ezifanayo. Uma ukuhlolwa kwemithetho kuthola ukuthi i-'i-ace' idlulisa ukuhlelwa kwayo noma isebenzise imali ngezinjongo ezingagunyaziwe, isishaya-mthetho singabamba ukuqulwa, sithathe isinyathelo sokulungisa, futhi silungise izilinganiso zesikhathi esizayo ngokufanelekile.

Izenzakalo ezigcwele — ukulungisa konyaka ophakathi — kuvamile lapho kuvela izimo eziphuthumayo noma lapho izibikezelo zemali zishintsha kakhulu. Lezi zikweleti zinganezela noma zinciphise imali yakho yonke kusukela ekusizeni inhlekelele kuya ekulingeni kakhulu ejele. Imithetho kumelwe ithathe isinyathelo ngokushesha, ngokuvamile phakathi nezinsuku noma amasonto, ukuze kugwenywe ukuvinjelwa noma iziphazamiso zenkonzo.

Ikusasa Lokuhlelwa Kohlelo Lohlelo Lwemali LoMbuso

Izimo eziningi zihlela kabusha indlela izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ezihlela ngayo imali. Okokuqala, ukushintshela emsebenzini okude nasezinkokhelweni ze-intanethi kuye kwashintsha ukuqoqwa kwentela — intela yokuthengisa nge-ecommerce iye yanda kusukela ku- Wayfair isinqumo, futhi izifundazwe zincintisana ngentela yezisebenzi ezikude. Okwesibili, ukushintsha isimo sezulu kuletha izindleko ezintsha ezikhungweni zezakhiwo zezindawo ezishiswa imvula, izikhukhula, neziphepho, impoqo, i-acroodssss shond shond shond shond sholor, umqedazwelo wempilo nengqondo nowengqondo kuqhubekisela phambili ekukhokheleni intela intela yezisebenzi ezikhokhwale.

Amathuluzi obuchwepheshe, anjengokuhlela imali ngokusekelwe kuqanda kanye nokuhlela imali ngomphumela, athola inzuzo ezifundazweni ezimbalwa, nakuba eziningi zisasebenzisa uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali olunesilinganiso esiphezulu — ukwenza izinguquko ezincane kusuka kunyaka ongaphambi. Ukuphoqelelwa kwempumelelo enkulu nokulandisa kuyoqhubeka, njengoba kuyoba njalo ukucindezeleka okungapheli phakathi kwezinto eziza kuqala eziphikisanayo. Ekupheleni komjikelezo ngamunye, imali yokugcina ayibonisi amanani, kodwa izindinganiso, ukuhlehla, namandla ezwe.

Kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthonya indlela isimo sakhe esisebenzisa ngayo imali — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi njengomvoti, umshisekeli, umholi wenhlangano, noma umfundi — ukuqonda inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemali yemithetho engokomthetho kubalulekile. Kuyindlela eyodwa ebaluleke kakhulu lapho izinto eziza kuqala zikahulumeni zihunyushelwa khona ekuthatheni isinyathelo, futhi kusenkundleni lapho kwenziwa khona ukukhetha ngemfundo, impilo, ukulondeka, nokuchuma ekugcineni.