Lapho abantu becabanga ngenqubo yokwenza umthetho, izingqondo zabo zivame ukugxumela eWashington, D.C., nase-U.S. Congress. Nokho, imithetho elawula ngokuqondile isimiso sakho sansuku zonke (_isebenzisa inqubo yansuku zonke), ithumela izingane zakho esikoleni, zithola imvume yobuchwepheshe, noma ngisho nokuthenga ikhaya ngekhono elikhulu enhloko- dolobha. Izwe ngalinye, kusukela eCalifornia kuya eMaine, lisebenzisa umshini walo siqu wemithetho yezomthetho, futhi liqonda lenqubo inyathelo lokuqala lokuba umhlanganyeli ophumelelayo ekulawuleni kwakho siqu. [[FLT:] iSichibiyelo sezelo [FLT] [1] [irightivement:1] ku-U. umthetho-mthetho unikeza amandla abanzi, ukuwenza i-ondaywokuqala, i-ondaywokuhluza impilo, inhlalakahle.

Uhambo lomthetho kazwelonke aluvamile ukuba luqonde. Indlela ejikelezayo egcwele izimpikiswano, ukuyekethisa, nokuhlola okuqinile. Nakuba imithetho ecacile ihlukahluka ngokwezwe ngalinye, izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zihlala zingaguquki ngokuphawulekayo. Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge California ne New York, zinesimiso semithetho yemithetho ephelele, kuyilapho ezinye, njenge New Hampshire ne Montana, zithembele kubenzi bemithetho yesizwe abahlangana izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela ngonyaka. I-Nebraska iyingqayizivele ngendlu yayo yomthetho eyodwa (i-cameral), kuyilapho ingekho enye isifundazwe sisebenza ngesimiso se-bimaral systemmark (amagumbi amabili: iSigeqe neNdlelena ye-Dam, ilungiselela ukuhlelwa, ukuhlelwa kwendlela ecacile, i-eqekethene, i-eqekelele ngenkaba yomthetho.

UGenesise Wencwadi YoMbuso Uvelaphi Imithetho?

Wonke umthetho kahulumeni uqala njengomqondo. Lomqondo ungavela cishe kunoma kuphi: ummeleli wabo ebhala incwadi, inhlangano yebhizinisi enxusa inguquko, inhlangano kahulumeni eveza igebe ekulondekeni komphakathi, noma ummisi-mthetho ofaka ikhambi lesithembiso somkhankaso. Lemisuka yokuqala yenkambiso iyizinto ezingalungiswanga zenqubo yomthetho.

Ngaphambi kokuba umqondo ube yisiphakamiso esingokomthetho, ngokuvamile ithatha ukucwaninga okukhulu nesakhiwo esihlangene. Amaqembu ezezimali angamisa umthetho wesibonelo awunikeza abakhi bomthetho. Amanxusa oMbuso angacela "ukuhlanza" izikweleti zokulungisa imicimbi esemthethweni okhona. Ngokuvamile, izenzakalo ezinjengenhlekelele engokwemvelo, isenzakalo sokuphepha kwesikole, noma ukushintshwa okukhulu kwezomnotho kudala ukuphuthuma kokuthatha isinyathelo somthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umthombo, umqondo kumelwe uthole ingqhinga yemithetho yokuwusekela futhi waluse ngenqubo.

Ubuciko Bokuphoqelela: Ukuguqula Izimo Zibe Umbhalo Ongokomthetho

Uma nje umqondo usuneqhawe, kumelwe uhunyushelwe olimini oluqondile lomthetho. Lapha yilapho ihhovisi leMathiriyeli yeSiluleko noma izisebenzi ezingokomthetho ezifanayo zisebenza khona. Laba badwebi abangochwepheshe abasebenza ngokuqondile nomxhasi wemithetho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uzwakala ngokwemithetho, ubhalwe ngokucacile, futhi ufeze umgomo wawo ohlongoziwe. Inqubo isekelwe, njengekhomu eyodwa elahlekileyo noma umshwanaka ocacile ingaguqula incazelo yonke yemithetho nokuholwa eminyakeni eminingi ye-ligibligation.

Phakathi nokulungisa, ummeli nomenzi wemithetho uzonquma uhlobo oluqondile lwemoto yomthetho. Imithetho eminingi imiswa ngecala likawonke-wonke (]] (ukusebenziseka) noma izikweleti zangasese [[[[[FLT:]]] [izinhlangothi] eziqondile] [[] [izinqumo]] (zisetshenziswa njalo] izinqumo ezithile ezicatshazelwe abantu noma izinto ezizimele). (zisetshenziswa njalo ngenxa yemiyalulo yemithetho yezomthetho noma ye-athonsi). ” Ulimi oluthi lwenziwa ([FLTLT:]).

Ukuqopha Ikhanda Nokufunda Kokuqala

Ukuthola umxhasi kugxeka. Umxhasi ungummeli oholayo wemali neqophelo lokuqala lokuxhumana. Ezindlini eziningi zezishaya - mthetho, izikweleti zingaba futhi namalungu amaningi asebenza ndawonye, aphawule ukusekela okubanzi kwesiphakamiso. Umenzi womthetho oxhasayo ufakela izimpahla nonobhala noma unobhala wegumbi, ophawula isikhathi sokufakwa kwesivumelwano. Lokhu kulandelwa yi- yokuqala ukufunda [[, lapho isihloko sencwadi sifundwa khona ngokuzwakalayo, futhi ingena ngokomthetho ephephandabeni lemithetho. Le-procedbagra idlulisela umthetho osemthethweni eshashalazini yeze umthetho.

IKomiti Yokulwa: Lapho Amabhola Eya Khona Ukuze Ahlolwe

Ngemva kokuba isikweleti siqalisiwe futhi sithola ukufundwa kwaso kokuqala, sabelwa ikomiti. Lokhu kuyisigaxa esibucayi kakhulu senqubo yomthetho. Amakomiti asebenza njengabagcini besango abakhethekile, avumela isishaya-mthetho ukuba sihlukanise umsebenzi waso futhi sihlole izikweleti ngokujule. Imali yokuxhasa isikole izothunyelwa eKomitini yemfundo, kuyilapho isiphakamiso sokugweba ngecala lobugebengu sibhekiswa eKomitini yomthetho. Lengxenye yomsebenzi ivumela abakhi bemithetho ukuba bathuthukise ubuchwepheshe obujulile ezindaweni ezithile zezimiso.

Inqubo yekomiti iklanyelwe ukuhlolwa ngokujulile. Amalungu nezisebenzi zawo bacwaninga ngecala, bafake izikhalo zomphakathi, futhi balalele ubufakazi obuvela kochwepheshe, abangenisi, nezakhamuzi ezivamile. Leli ithuba elingcono kakhulu kubantu bansuku zonke lokuthonya umthetho ngokuqondile. Imihlangano eminingi yekomiti kahulumeni ivulekele umphakathi futhi inikeze isikhathi sobufakazi obala. Amakomiti acela futhi abhale amaphuzu abalulekile [ avela ehhovisi lemali kahulumeni, elilinganisela inzuzo yezimali zomthetho ohlongozwayo ngezimali zemali nezindleko zikahulumeni.

Inqubo Yokuzwa: Ubufakazi Nokuphawula

Ngemva kokubukeza kokuqala, ikomiti iqunga icala lomphakathi. OFakazi, kuhlanganise nomxhasi wezemali, iziphathi-zimemezelo zikahulumeni, abameleli bamaqembu enzalo, nezakhamuzi ezizimele, bayamenywa ukuba bafakazele. Baveza izimpikiswano zemali noma zemibuzo emelene nayo futhi baphendule imibuzo evela kumalungu ekomiti. Lesisiteji sivame ukuba lapho kuhlongozwa khona izinguquko ezinkulu ezisezingeni eliphansi kakhulu ezimalini zomthetho.

Ngemva kokuphetha kwecala, ikomiti ingena esiqephini sokuphawula . Phakathi nophawulo, amalungu amakomiti asikisela, impikiswano, kanye nokuvota ekulungisweni kwemali. Imali ingabhalwa phansi ngokuphelele ngokubhavqwa, uma nje izinguquko zilokhu zikhona entweni yokuqala. Amandla esihlalo sekomiti akhulu lapha; alawula izinhlelo, izikhulu zikahulumeni, futhi anganquma ukuthi iziphi izindleko ngisho nokuthola ivoti yekomiti. Uma isihlalo singahleli kahle ukuzwa noma ukuhawulwa, umlomo uphumelela "igeonhole" futhi ufe ungamukeli nhlobo lwevoti.

Imibiko Yekomiti Nezenzo

Uma ukuqoqwa kwemali sekuphelile, amavoti ekomiti akhetha indlela yokugcina yemali. Kunemiphumela eminingana ejwayelekile:

  • IPass (Umbiko ongcono): Ikomiti itusa ukuba izindleko ziqhubekele phambili egumbini eligcwele ngokutusa okuhle.
  • Ungadluli (Umbiko ongathandeki): Ikomiti itusa ukuba izindleko zenqatshwe igumbi eligcwele.
  • Amend nePass (Umbiko ongcono onezichibiyelo):[ Ikomiti iguqula isambatho futhi itusa inguquko elungisiweyo.
  • Ibhekiswe kwenye iKomiti: Imali ithunyelwa ekomitini ehlukile ukuze ibukeze (umz., isuka eFeach ukuya ku-Appropriations).
  • Iqophelo elifakiwe / Eliphethwe eKomitini: Icala libekwa eceleni futhi ngokuphumelelayo libulawelwa isimiso somthetho ngaphandle kwevoti eqinile.

Kusekomitini lapho iningi lemali ekhokhwayo lihlangabezana khona nesiphetho sayo, ngokuvamile buthule. Le "fa" ihloselwe ukuvimbela umthetho ocaciswe kabi noma ongadingekile ekufushanisweni kwekhalenda lesitezi. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeLegislatures State inikeza imithombo emikhulu[ ekugqamiseni izimiso zamakomiti ezihlukahlukene ezingaphandle kwezifunda.

Isenzo Somsila: Impikiswano Nokukhuluma Esigungwini

Uma isamba semali sisinda enqubweni yekomiti, sibekwa ekhalendeni ukuze kucaciswe phansi. I-Riles Komiti egumbini ngalinye ilawula leli khalenda ngokuvame, inquma indlela izindleko eziphikiswana ngayo. Lokhu kuyindawo enamandla, njengoba ingxenye enkulu ingasebenzisa imithetho ukumisa izitebhulo zayo nokulibala noma ukuvimbela izikweletu zokuphikiswa. Imali manje idlula ekufundeni kwayo [[ isesibili, lapho ibekwa khona esimweni sayo sokugcina, futhi ilungiselela igumbi eligcwele lengxoxo.

Ingxoxo ye-Floreor inikeza wonke amalungu egumbi ithuba lokuphikisana obala noma ukuphikisana nemithetho. Abameli banganikeza ezinye izinqumo, bazame ukubulala lomthetho ngokuthatha inqubo ye-procedal, noma bathathe amasu okungaqiniseki ayaziwa ngokuthi "i-filibusters" (lapho kuvunyelwe imithetho kahulumeni). Umholi weqembu, kuhlanganise noMholi weQembu eliphethe iNdlu, usebenzela ukuvota nokuqinisekisa amalungu eqenjini ukuba asekele isikhundla sobuholi. Ubukhulu bengxoxo ngokuvamile bubonisa izinga lezombangazwe lomthetho.

Ukufunda Kwesithathu Nomdlandla Wokugcina

Lapho impikiswano iphela, imvume ihamba iye ku- yesithathu ifunda futhi ivoti yokugcina. Izindlela zokuvota ziyahluka ngokwezwe nangohlobo lwesivumelwano. ivoti [[[FLT:] i-Voice] i-[ ilula kakhulu, lapho umphathi ophethe ebiza "yes" no" shays" kanye namajaji aluphi uhlangothi olukhulu. ivoti ezivoti [[ idinga ukuba amalungu amiswe ukuba abalwe. ucingo olubanzi luyivota kakhulu, olufuna ilungu ngalinye lelungu ngalinye livote kakhulu. [[FLT] izicelo zemvume zokuvota futhi linyuse ukuvota intela intela."[FLD:6]

Uma umlomo wesibhakathi udlula kwelinye igumbi, udluliselwa kwelinye igumbi (Indlu noma iSigeqe). Lapha, yonke inqubo ``i-introduu, ukubukezwa kwekomiti, nempikiswano yamasitezi'. "Uphinda-phindeka kusukela ekuqaleni. Igumbi lesibili lingawudlulisa kahle umbhalo njengoba ubhalwe, uthunyelwe, noma ubulawe. Uma igumbi lesibili lidlulisa inguqulo elungisiweyo, umlomo uthunyelwa emuva egumbini lokuhlanganisa i-interrence.

Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani: IKomiti Yomhlangano

Kuyinto evamile ukuba iNdlu neSigele kudlulise izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene zomthetho ofanayo. Uma igumbi elikhona lenqaba ukuvumelana nezinguquko ezenziwa yigumbi lesibili, ikomiti evumelanayo [ iyamiswa. Leli iqembu lesikhashana leqembu elincane lamalungu asemagumbini womabili . Ngokuvamile isihlalo kanye namalungu aphezulu amakomiti ahlobene. Abaphiwayo bathweswa umsebenzi ngokushaya insimbi eyodwa, behlehla kwenguquko yomthetho ongase idlule kuwo womagumbi amabili.

Umbiko wekomiti yengqungquthela uyincwadi enamandla. Imelela isivumelwano sokugcina esixoxiwe. Okubaluleke kakhulu, umbiko wengqungquthela kumelwe uvunyelwe noma wenqatshwe kuwo womabili amagumbi; awukwazi ukulungiswa. Lokhu kunikeza ukukhetha okuqinile: ukwamukela ukuyekethisa noma ukubulala yonke itayitela. Lokhu "kuthatha noma ukuyishiya" kunikeza amandla amakhulu kakhulu kwabaphiwe, ukwenza ezinye zezingxoxo zabo zibe namandla amakhulu kakhulu nangokwesiko kuyo yonke inqubo ye-wisctistment. Uma ikomiti yengqungquthela ihluleka ukufinyelela isivumelwano, umlomo uyafa, futhi lenqubo ingaqala ekucushweni esiqeshini esilandelayo.

Isembozo Sombusi: Isithiyo Sokugcina

Uma amagumbi esedlulile zombili izinguqulo ezifanayo zomthetho, u-"usongwe" futhi uthunyelwe kuMbusi. Indima yoMbusi iyisehlo sokugcina ekulinganiseni kwemithetho yamandla. Kuye ngomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, uMbusi unezinketho eziningana, ngayinye inezikhombo zesikhathi nemiphumela yezombangazwe.

  • Sisayina emthethweni:[ Isivumelwano siba umthetho ngokushesha noma ngosuku oluqondile olusebenzayo. Abanye ababusi banemikhosi yomphakathi yokusayina izivumelwano zomthetho ukuze baphawule lokho abakufezile.
  • I-Veto: UMbusi ubuyisela umbiko egumbini elisukayo nge-veto umbiko ochaza ukuphikiswa. I-veto ingangatholakala ngevoti yesithathu sama-majority emagumbini womabili, nakuba lomnyango uhluka (ezinye izigaba zidinga iningi elicushwe ngokududelwa kwezikweletu ezithile).
  • Ivumela ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa: Ezizweni eziningi, uma uMbusi engenzi nyathelo phakathi nenkathi emisiwe (umz., 5 kuya ku-14 zinsuku), umthetho uzenzakalela ungabi yisivumelo sawo.
  • Isiphakamiso se-Pocket Veto: Uma isishayamthetho sibamba isiphakamiso sifa (iqeda isimiso) ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzi womphathi uphele, uMbusi angamane avumele isaziso sife ngokungenzi lutho. Isishayamthetho singekwazi ukukhipha iphakethe leveto ngoba asisakho esiqephini.

Ababusi abaningi banawo futhi ucingo olunamandla olunengxenye-ingxenye yento, olubavumela ukuba balahle iziqeshana ezithile zomthetho wokuchitha ngaphandle kokukhipha wonke umthetho. Lokhu kwenza umphathi alawule kakhulu phezu kohlelo lwemali kahulumeni futhi abavumele ukuba basuse ngokuhlinza izikhokhi noma imisebenzi ethile abayichithayo abayiphikisayo. Ukulwa kwegubernarial toto kunzima ngamabomu, kudinga ukuhlanganisa i-automajority enqamule i-partine. Ungathola ulwazi oluthile ngenqubo yomthetho ye-cronational's ne gubernator kuwer kuwenziwa kuhulumeni [[FLT:].US.A.

Ukusuka KuBill Kuya Kumthetho Kuya Esinyatheloni: Ukusebenzisa Ifase

Ngemva kokuba isikhwama sesayiniwe emthethweni, sabelwe inombolo yesahluko ne ifakwe ekhonweni lomthetho kazwelonke. Umthetho omusha ufakwa endikimbeni yemithetho ekhona (umz., iMithetho yaseCalifornia noma iMithetho yaseNew York ehlangene). Lenhlangano yenza umthetho utholakale kubahluleli, abameli, nakumphakathi. UNobhala weSizwe noma isikhulu esifanayo unomthwalo wemfanelo wokugcina umbhalo ongokomthetho wayo yonke imithetho emisiwe.

Nokho, indaba yomthetho ayipheleli ngokusayinwa koMbusi. Imithetho eminingi iveza umgomo wenkambiso ebanzi kodwa ishiyela imininingwane eqondile kuhulumeni wezinhlangano zokuphatha. Lokhu kuholela enqubweni yokushaya umthetho , elawulwa yi-Administrative Procedure Act (APA) Act. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho ofuna amanzi ahlanzekile angathatha imingcele yoMnyango Wesivikelo Sendawo ngokuchaza imingcele ekhethekile.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekwakheni Izakhamuzi

Izimiso zemishini ezihlongozwayo zokusebenzisa umthetho omusha. Lemithetho ehlongozwayo inyatheliswa ukuze ikhulumele umphakathi, ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-30 kuya kwezingu-60. Izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, namaqembu okuphatha izikhundla zezemfundo zinganikeza izimpendulo ezibhaliwe, futhi ngokuvamile izinhlangano kudingeka ziphendule ekukhathaleni kokukhathazeka okukhulu. Lesi simo sinye esinamandla, futhi ngokuvamile asinakwa, iphuzu lokuhlanganyela obala. Izimo zigcina imithetho, ephethe ithonya eligcwele umthetho. Ukuqonda lenqubo iyisihluthulelo sokwazi ukuthi umthetho uba kanjani umthetho othinta amalungelo akho nezibopho zakho.

Izwi Lakho Emshinini Wemithetho

Indlela yomthetho kahulumeni iklanyelwe ukuba ibe yikho ngamabomu futhi ibe yinselele. Isehlo ngasinye kusukela kumqondo wokuqala kuya kusayinwa kukambusi ukuya kumthetho wokugcina we-arhente − inikeza amathuba okufakwa, ukuhlaziywa, nokuphikiswa okukhulu. Ukuqonda lolu hambo akusona nje isifundo somphakathi; kuyithuluzi elisebenzayo lobuqaba. Inqubo ayisheshi ukuvimbela izinqumo ngokuphamazela, kodwa futhi inikeza namaphuzu amaningi acindezelayo lapho izakhamuzi ezizimisele zingaba nomehluko.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufakaza enkantolo, ubhalela ummeleli wakho incwadi, noma umane uvote ngoSuku Lokhetho, ukuhlanganyela kwakho kuyinjini elawula isimiso. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "amagumbi okulawula idemokrasi," futhi ukuhlola okwenzayo kuthinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwakho. Ungalandelela intuthuko yemali ethile noma ucwaninge abameleli bakho bendawo usebenzisa imithombo enjenge i-openties. org, okunikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngemithetho kahulumeni kulo lonke izwe. Ukwazi indlela umshini osebenza ngayo okokuqala ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi usebenza ngayo.