Isigqi sansuku zonke sokuphila kwaseMelika sihlelwa yimithetho eqashelwayo. Lemithetho, ehluke kumacala aphakeme endlu yomthetho e-Congress noma izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, ilawula ubude obuvunyelweyo bothango, isikhathi udoti ongabekwa ngaso emngceleni, ilayisense edingekayo yokusebenzisa ilolini lokudla, nomngcele wekhonsathi yobusuku ngoMgqibelo. Lemithetho iyimithetho yendawo, i-stateryryryry constution of dountry nountracture. Imiswe futhi ibekwe phakathi kwemingcele yendawo ebanzi ye-masipala, lemithetho ibonisa izindinganiso ezithile nomphakathi. Ukuqonda igebengo yomthetho wendawo kukhononda kwenkantolo ephonswe imvume noma imiyalo yenkantolo elungile. Ingxenye ebalulekile yemithetho yesifunda inikeza incazelo ngokuningiliziwe yemithetho yendawo, futhi ilandelana ngokulandelana kwezengathwa kwemithetho yendawo, ukuncintinga, nokuncintinga, nokulandelana kwemvume, ukudlula komthetho wendawo, nokulandelana kwezenga.

Isisekelo segunya lendawo: Ukubusa Kwasekhaya kuvinjelwa. Ukubusa kuka-Dillon

Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kwenqubo yomthetho, kubalulekile ukuqonda isisekelo esingokomthetho esivumela idolobha noma isifunda ukuba sidlulisele imithetho ekuqaleni. Ohulumeni bendawo abazona izinhlangano ezizimele; amandla abo okuthatha isinyathelo asuka kuhulumeni. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezwe nomasipala bubuswa ngenye yezimfundiso ezimbili ezingokomthetho.

Eyokuqala, Ukubusa kwe-Dillon [, kuyincazelo eqinile yegunya likahulumeni wendawo. Ebizwa ngoMahluleli John Dillon, isho ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo banawo lawomandla kuphela ngokuqondiswe ngokunikezwa yisishayamthetho sikahulumeni. Noma ikuphi ukungabaza okunengqondo ngokuphathelene nokuba khona kombuso kuxazululwe kuhulumeni wendawo. Ngaphansi kwalomthetho, idolobha kumelwe lithole imvume ecacile yokudlulisela umthetho ngesihloko esithile.

Imfundiso yesibili, Ukubusa Kwasekhaya, inikeza omasipala amandla abanzi okuzilawula. Amadolobha kanye nobalo lwemithetho yokubusa Yasekhaya kunganikeza imithetho kunoma yisiphi isihloko esinganqatshelwe ngokuqondile noma esingangqubuzani nomthetho kahulumeni. Lesi sici sivumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba babe nenguquko eyengeziwe futhi baphendule ezidingweni zendawo. INhlangano yesizwe yamaCity inikeza umehluko ophelele wokwehlukana phakathi komthetho kaDillon noMthetho we-Dillon noMthetho Wekhaya.

Isiphi isakhiwo esibusa idolobha elithile noma isifundazwe esinquma imingcele yamandla aso okwenza umthetho. Umthetho ohlongozwayo kumelwe uhlonishwe njalo ngokumelene nomthetho-mthetho wedolobha nemithetho ethinta idolobha ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ingaphakathi kwegunya elingokomthetho likahulumeni wendawo.

Uhambo Lwendawo: Indlela Imithetho Enziwa Ngayo

Inqubo yokwakha umthetho wendawo ngokuvamile ibekwa phansi e-United States, nakuba izinqubo ezithile zihluka ngokwemithetho kazwelonke nemithetho yedolobha. Izinyathelo ezilandelayo zikha indlela ejwayelekile yomthetho, kusukela embonweni kuya kumthetho ogunyaziwe.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Ukubona Isidingo

Impoqo yomthetho omusha ingavela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene. Inhlangano yomphakathi inganxusa idolobha ukuba lisheshise izimoto emgwaqweni ohlala kuwo. IKhomishani yokuhlela ingaveza igebe lemithetho elawula ukuqashwa kwezindawo ezihlukene mayelana nokufakwa kwezindawo zesikhashana noma izikhungo zezindawo ezinamalanga. Umnyango wamaphoyisa ungacela umthetho omusha wezikhathi zokushaya umthetho ukuze ulungise ukwanda kobugebengu bentsha. Umphathi wedolobha angasekela ukuvinjelwa kwepulasitiki eyodwa njengengxenye yepulatifomu lendawo ezungezile. Emadolobheni amaningi, izakhamuzi zingacela umthetho omusha ngokunxusa ummeleli womnyango wedolobha.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Ukubukeza Nokulungisa Imishini

Uma nje umbono uthola imvume yezombangazwe, ummeli wedolobha noma umhlaziyi wemithetho omisiwe uhlela ulimi lomthetho ohlongozwayo. Lesi isinyathelo esibucayi esidinga ukunemba. Udwebo kumelwe lubhekisele egunyeni ledolobha lokuthatha isinyathelo kulendaba, luchaze ngokucacile amagama ayinhloko ukuze lugweme ukuqashelwa, lumise izindinganiso ezicacile zokugcinwa, lumise izijeziso zokwephulwa, futhi luqinisekise ukunamathela ezindinganisweni zomthetho nomthetho. Umthetho obekwe ngendlela engafanele usengozini yezinselele ezingokomthetho futhi kunzima ukuphoqelela.

Isinyathelo 3: Isingeniso Ne - Referral (Ukufunda Kokuqala)

Umthetho ohlongozwayo uhliswa ngokusemthethweni kumkhandlu wedolobha noma ibhodi yesifunda ngelungu elixhasayo. Ibekwa ekhelini elinyathelisiwe lomhlangano wasobala. Umabhalane ufunda isihloko futhi ngezinye izikhathi ufingqa. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi "yokuqala ukufunda"" ngokuvamile, lesi isinyathelo esinempikiswano encane. Khona - ke indikimba yemithetho ivota ukukhomba umthetho ekomitini ethile ukuze itadishe ngokuningiliziwe futhi ifake i-operation.

Isinyathelo 4: Ukucabangela Nezindlebe ZeKomiti

Lokhu kuwumsuka wenqubo elula. Ikomiti eyabelweyo yenza umhlangano owodwa noma ngaphezulu onikezelwe ekuhlongozeni. Bafaka ubufakazi kuzisebenzi zedolobha, ochwepheshe bezindaba, namalungu omphakathi. Lokhu kuqulwa kwamacala kuyimfuneko engokomthetho ezizweni eziningi zemithetho engaphansi. Ikomiti iphikisana ngezinzuzo, icabangela izinguquko zokucwengisisa ulimi, ukulungisa izinqumo zemali noma imingcele, kanye nokuvota ukuthi itusa ukudluliswa komkhandlu ogcwele. Icebo lika "do" lithwala isisindo esiphawulekayo, kuyilapho "Ungadluli" ivame ukuvala ukutusa.

Isinyathelo 5: Ukuzinqumela Nokufunda Ngokuzinqumela (Ukufunda Ngokuzivumelanisa)

Ukutusa kwekomiti kukhulunyelwa emuva endikimbeni yemithetho egcwele ye- "sesibili" umkhandlu ogcwele noma ibhodi iphikisana nomthetho nanoma iziphi izinguquko ezisele. Lempikiswano iyinto ebhaliwe emphakathini. Ngemva kokuphetha, i-voti iyathathwa. Abaningi abafunekayo baxhomeke emvelweni yomthetho. Ukuhlelwa kwemithetho noma ukushintsha kwezindawo ngokuvamile kudinga ukuba kube khona ukuqina okukhulu, kuyilapho iningi elivamile lanele ngemithetho eminingi. Uma ivota ihluleka, umthetho uyanqotshwa. Uma idlula, iyashenxanxa isinyathelo esilandelayo.

Isinyathelo 6: Ukugunyazwa Kweziphathimandla

Uma idluliswa yindikimba yemithetho, umthetho uthunyelwa kumphathi-mphathi wesifunda ukuze athole imvume yokugcina. Isikhulu singenza ukukhetha okuthathu. Singasayina umthetho emthethweni, singawuvumela umthetho ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kokuwusayina ngemva kwesikhathi esimisiwe, noma umthetho. I-veto ngokuvamile ibuyiselwa emkhandlwini ngenkulumo ephikisayo. Umkhandlu ungazama ukudlula i-veto, edinga ivoti enkulu.

Isinyathelo Sesi - 7: Ukwaziswa Nokwaziswa

Ngemva kokumiswa kokugcina, umabhalane wedolobha wabela isiqephu nengxenye inombolo kumthetho omusha futhi uyihlanganisa ne-Municipal Code yedolobha . Lesimiso siyiqoqo elisemthethweni, elinegunya layo yonke imithetho yendawo ehlala njalo. Omasipala abaningi manje banyathelisa izinhlelo zabo kulayini ngezindawo ezenza umthetho ungene futhi ufune izakhamuzi, abameli, nabanikazi bempahla.

Ukuphoqelelwa: Ukuhunyushelwa KwemiBhalo Isemsebenzini

Ukudlulisa umthetho kuyingxenye yempi; ukuphoqelela okunenjongo yikona okunikeza umthetho amandla. Umthetho ongenawo umthetho umane nje uyisici. Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa i-osethi elungisa izinto eziningi ukuze baqinisekise ukuvumelana nezimiso zabo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamaphoyisa

Imithetho ehlobene nokuhleleka komphakathi nokuphepha, izikhulu zamaphoyisa ezifunwe ziyiziphoqelelo eziyinhloko. Zisingatha ukwephulwa kwemithetho yomgwaqo, imithetho yomsindo, imithetho evulekile yezitsha, nemithetho yokujeza. Abaphathi bayaziqaphela; bangase banikeze isixwayiso, isixwayiso somphakathi ngokukhipha intela, noma izigebengu ezifuna ukuvela enkantolo. Ukuba khona kwamaphoyisa okubonakalayo yisithiyo sokwephula imithetho ethile yendawo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemithetho

Leligatsha elikhethekile liqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwempahla, indawo, impilo, nemithetho yokuvikela. Inqubo yalo yokuphoqelela amaphoyisa ayifunwe. Inqubo emisiwe iqala ngokukhononda kwesakhamuzi noma ukuphawula kwesikhulu. Isikhulu sihlola indawo, bese sinikeza isaziso sokungaphuzi kwemithetho ethile ebekwe ngokwephula umthetho futhi kubekwe umthetho omisiwe owephulweyo. Uma ukwephula umthetho kungalungiswa, isijeziso sikhula, kuhlanganise nokukhipha izinkokhelo zomphakathi ngokukhuphula imali eyandayo nsuku zonke. I-eglegist, idolobha lingaqamba imboni embonini yempahla noma lidlulisele icala ledolobha enkantolo yobugebengu.

Ukuphoqelelwa Ngokuphoqelelwa

Kumabhizinisi alawulwayo, ithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto ziqashelwa, imvume. Umthetho wokwephula umthetho ungaholela ekulengisweni, ekususweni, noma ekungavuselelwe. Ukuzwa ngalezi zindaba kubekwa phambi kwebhodi lezikhulu noma isikhulu sezikhulu. Lesimiso sivame ukusetshenziswa ukulawula izakhiwo zokuqasha, izinkonzo zokudla, nethekisi noma izinkonzo zokugibela izinkonzo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zikaMasipala zisebenza njengommisi wokugcina wezimpikiswano zomthetho zendawo. Abahluleli bangaphonsa inhlawulo, umsebenzi wokuyala umphakathi, idinge ukulahlwa kwezicefe, nemithetho ephoqelela abanikazi bempahla ukuba bavumelane nomthetho. Abantu abacashunwe ngenxa yokwephula umthetho banelungelo lokuqulwa futhi bangadlulisela isinqumo senkantolo yenkantolo yenkantolo yenkantolo yecala.

Umehluko Oyinhloko: Izenzo Eziwubala, Isinqumo, Nezinyathelo

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezindlela eziyinhloko zokushaya umthetho ukuze siqonde amandla nokuhlala njalo komthetho wendawo.

Imithetho elingana nemithetho endaweni. Ihlala njalo, isebenza, futhi ibopha ngokomthetho. Idinga ukufundwa kaningi, ukuzwa umphakathi, nokuvota okungokomthetho. Imithetho yokuzilungisa, isilinganiso sejubane, nemithetho yokwakha imiswa ngemithetho.

izinqumo zivame ukusetshenziswa ezindabeni zesikhashana noma zokuphatha. Ziveza intando noma umbono womkhandlu endabeni ethile. Izinqumo ngokuvamile zidinga ukufundwa kanye kuphela futhi kungabi nakunaka kwasobala. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukuvuma isivumelwano, ukugunyaza izindleko ezithile, noma ukusekela inyathelo lomthetho.

Iziphakamiso ziyizihlomelo ezingokomthetho zokuthatha isinyathelo ezindabeni zenqubo, ezinqunywa yivoti elula.

Izakhamuzi Zihlanganyela: Inqubo Yentando Yeningi Yendawo

Uhulumeni wendawo uyigatsha likahulumeni oseduze kakhulu nabantu. Ukuhlanganyela enqubweni yomthetho kulula kakhulu lapha kunasezingeni lombuso noma lombuso. Izakhamuzi eziyiqondayo le nqubo zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuthuthukisa imiphakathi yazo.

Ukusakaza I - agenda Nezindlebe Zomphakathi

Isakhamuzi singathola into ethile engqungqutheleni yedolobha ngokuthintana nelungu lomkhandlu waso futhi sakhe umfelandawonye. Ukuqulwa kwecala kwasobala okumiswe ukuze kufakwe. Ukuhlanganyela okuphumelelayo kuhilela ukulungiselela ubufakazi kusengaphambili, ukugxila ekusebenziseni okungokomthetho okuqondile nesimiso esingokomthetho, kanye nasekusebenziseni imingcele yesikhathi. Ubufakazi obulotshiwe bunesilinganiso esilingana nobufakazi bomlomo futhi buba yingxenye yerekhodi elingokomthetho elisetshenziswa abahluleli ukuchaza injongo yomthetho.

Ukubekwa Kwemithetho Yebhola

Inqubo [[QULT:0] evumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqoqe inani elidingekayo lezicelo. kanye ne-'FLT] ivumela abavoti ukuba basebenzise noma bakhiphe imithetho eqondile. Inqubo ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqoqe inani elidingekayo lezicelo zokusayina. I-arendium ivumela abavoti ukuba bavume noma balahle umthetho odluliswe umkhandlu. Nakuba lezi zinqubo zidinga izimfuneko ezikhethekile zomthetho futhi ngokuvamile zinikeza inzuzo.

Ukugijima Ihhovisi lendawo

Amalungu omkhandlu wedolobha, amameya, namalungu ebhodi yesikole ngokuvamile akhethwa. Ukufuna isikhundla kuyindlela eqondile yokuthonya uhlelo lwemithetho. Imithombo enjenge Ballopedia inikeza iziqondiso kubantu abanesithakazelo ekufuneni izikhundla zendawo nokuqonda izimfuneko zobuqotho.

Iziphazamiso Zethonya Lasendaweni: Imingcele Nezinselele

Izishaya - mthetho zendawo zisebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho nesebenzayo elawula imithetho ezingayidlulisela.

Imfundiso Yokuzikhohlisa

Lona isilinganiso esibaluleke kakhulu somthetho ekuhlelweni kwemithetho yendawo. Uma isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni sidlulisa umthetho ngendaba ethile, kungakhulula ohulumeni bendawo ekuqondiseni leyondaba. Isihlengo singachazwa, lapho umthetho kahulumeni wezwe wenqabela khona ngokuqondile umthetho wendawo, noma usho ukuthi, lapho umthetho kahulumeni uphethe khona wonke umkhakha wemithetho. Izihloko ezivamile zezimpikiswano zokukhulula zihlanganisa imithetho yezibhamu, iholo elilinganiselwe, ikhefu elikhokhelwayo, nemithetho yendawo. Imithetho yendawo kumelwe ibekwe ngokucophelela ukuze igweme ukushaywa njengehlahlosiwe.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Ukuphoqelelwa kuyabiza. Omasipala abaningi abancane abanazo izisebenzi futhi abaxhasa ngemali ukuze basebenzise imithetho yabo ngokuphumelelayo. Idolobha lingase libe nomthetho ongcono kakhulu wokuvikela izihlahla kodwa lingabi namuntu ohlola izisebenzi ukuba zihlole ukuphulwa kwemithetho. Imithetho yokugcinwa kwemithetho ingaholela ekuncipheni kwezindawo nokungathembani komphakathi kuhulumeni wendawo.

Izingqinamba Zezombangazwe Nezomphakathi

Umthetho wendawo ulawulwa kakhulu ngentando yeningi, okwenza kube lula ukuthonya nokucindezela kwezombangazwe. I-NIMBYY ("Kungekho Kuyi-Backyard") yezakhamuzi ezimisiwe ingavimbela ngokuphumelelayo ushintsho oludingekayo lwezindlu ezibizayo noma izakhiwo ezintsha. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho nokugcinwa kwayo kulingana ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene kuyinselele eqhubekayo nebucayi kohulumeni bendawo.

Inqubo yokwenza nokumisa imithetho yendawo kuwukusebenzisa amandla nokuyisisekelo kokuzilawula. Kusukela ekuqaleni komqondo kuya ekunqumeni kokugcina enkantolo kamasipala, lesi simiso sibonisa izindinganiso nezinto eziza kuqala zomphakathi. Ukuqonda omakhenikha balesimiso kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokukhalisa, kugcine abaholi bazo belandisa, futhi kulolonge imithetho echaza ukuphila kwabo kwansuku zonke.