Isingeniso

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinguquko zomthetho nemisebenzi yokugcinwa komthetho bunamandla futhi ngokuvamile bunengxabano ehlela yona kanye i-system yomthetho waseMelika. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, imithetho yezimpawu iye yayichaza kabusha indlela iminyango yamaphoyisa esebenza ngayo, indlela izikhulu ezisebenzelana ngayo nemiphakathi, nendlela ubulungisa obusebenza ngayo ekugcineni. Kusukela ekushintshweni okukhulu kwenkathi yamaLungu eMalungelweni enkathini yomthetho kuya ezindaweni zokhuseleko ezisemkhakheni wezweni owe-9/11, ukushintshwa kwemithetho kuveza imiphumela ejulile yokuqeqeshwa, ukulandisa, ukulandisa, ukukhokha izimpahla, nokuthemba umphakathi. Kubafundisi nabafundi abalwayo ngokulunga ubulungisa, ukuqonda lokhu akuyona nje imfundo nje imfundo — kulungiselela imisebenzi emelwe njalo ivumelane ne-ekhawulo elingokomthetho nezinjongo.

Lokhu kuhlola okunwetshiwe kuhlola umlando, izingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho, imiphumela yazo eqondile emikhubeni yamaphoyisa yansuku zonke, izinhlangano eziphikelelayo zibhekene nezinselele, kanye nokuthambekela okuvelayo okuthembisa ukugcinwa komthetho kabusha kuleshumi leminyaka elizayo. Ngokulandelela isisekelo salezinguquko, sizuza ukuqonda indlela imithetho esebenza ngayo kokubili njengamathuluzi enguquko nanjengemithombo yokucindezeleka phakathi kokuphepha komphakathi nenkululeko yomphakathi.

Umlando Wezinguquko Zemithetho

Izinguquko Ezibangelwa Amalungelo Omphakathi

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 no 1960 yadalula ukungabi nabulungisa okujulile kwamaphoyisa, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini yaseAfrika. Izenzakalo eziphezulu ezingokonya — kusukela ekusabeleni konya ekubhikisheni okunokuthula eBirmingham kuya emaqhibeni obudlova asetshenziswa phakathi nohambo lukaSelma — ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni esiqinile. I-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 ne-Voing Rights Act ka-19656 yahlanganisa amalungiselelo aqala ukubeka umthetho obekelwe umthetho ngemithetho yemithetho yokulwa ubugebengu. Lemithetho yabeka isisekelo sezinguquko zamuva ngokumisa iziphathimandla zikahulumeni ukuba zihlole futhi zithathe izinqubo zokungalungisi. Ukushintshwa kwamaphoyisa kwakungaphoqeqe ukuthi izikhulu zemithetho zithathe izivumelwano zomthetho zokulwa ukulwa kobandlululo nokwamukela izinhlelo zomphakathi zokuqala.

Ukulwa Nezidakamizwa

IComprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act ka 1970 kanye neAnti - Drug Abuse Acts ka1986 no 1988 yaphawula ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwendima yabeqaphi bemithetho egunyazwayo ekuqinisweni kwezidakamizwa. I-Act ka-1986, ikakhulukazi, yasungula imigwebo ebekelwe imingcele elinganiselwe ebophelele yecala lezidakamizwa, enokwahlukana okunedumela elingu-100 kuya ku-1-1 kuya ku-impela phakathi kwecrack ne-cocaine. Lomthetho wakhuthaza amaphoyisa ukuba athathe amasuntrala obudlova, kuhlanganise nokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, ukugcinwa ngokufihleka, nokulahlekelwa yimpahla. Umphumela waba ukukhula kwenani eliphansi lokulahlwa kwemidalo ekwa ekuboshweni kwezidakamizwa ngenxa yezidakamizwa. I-Adquader yathola ukuxhaswa kakhulu kwemithetho kahulumeni yemisebenzi yezidakamizwa, iguqula izinto eziza kuqala nobudlelwane bomphakathi phakathi kwamashumi eminyaka.

Imithetho yokulondeka ye-Press 9/11

Ukuhlasela kwango-September 11, 2001, kwabangela ukusabela okusheshayo nokufinyelela kude kwemithetho. I-USA PATRIOTT Act ka-2001 yanikeza umthetho amandla amakhulu okuqapha, kuhlanganise nokuhlola ama-washi, ukukwazi ukufinyelela amarekhodi ebhizinisi, nekhono lokuqhuba "i-sneak nokuhlola" ukuphenya okungaqiniseki. Umbuso namaphoyisa endawo aba yizisebenzi abagxekayo emizamweni yokulwa nomthetho, ngokuvamile phakathi kwezindawo zokulwa kwempi yezempatho nezinhlangano zobutheko lobuphekula. Lokhu kushintsha kwafaka izicelo ezintsha ekuqoqeni ukuhlakanipha nokwabelana ulwazi, kodwa kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka okuqhubekayo ngenkululeko yomphakathi kanye nokupheliswa kwezentenga yeSiphelo sesine. I-AProtension kwadingeka ukuba kulinganiswe izindima ezingokwesiko zokulwa kobugebengu nezokuvikela kwesizwe, ukucindezeleka okuqhubekayo namuhla.

Ushintsho Oluyinhloko Lomthetho Othonyayo

Ukulawula Ubugebengu Nomthetho Onobudlova Ngo - 1994

Ikakhulukazi ibizwa ngokuthi iCrime Bill ka 1994, lomthetho omkhulu wawuwumthetho omkhulu kunayo yonke emlandweni wase-U.S. Wanikeza amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-30 ekuxhaseni imali, wagunyaza ukuqasha izikhulu ezintsha zamaphoyisa, ukuthatha izinyathelo zokusekela amaphoyisa omphakathi, futhi wandisa ukwakhiwa kwejele. Lo mthetho wawuhlanganisa futhi nomthetho owenzile ubugebengu obusha bombuso bobudlova bobudlova bobudlova beze bafakwe futhi unikeze imithombo yezeluleko lokuqeqesha umthetho. Umthetho ugcizelela izikhulu zomphakathi — okuchazwa njengecebo lapho izikhulu zamaqembu omphakathi akha khona izibopholingo zokwakha izinkinga — ukuqeqeshelwa kwamaphoyisa namacebo. Nokho, abagxeki bephikisa ukuthi umthetho wasungula ukuthumba okukhulu ngokuxhasa amajele nangokukhuthaza ukugcinwa kweminyazwa kwemizwanorbibi, ukunezela ekuqhubekisela iziboshwa kwabantu emajele.

Ukuxhumana kwangaphandle: Imiphumela yeCrime Bill ka 1994 ekhuluma ngobupolisa nokuboshwa ihlaziywa ngokujule kakhulu yi-[FLT: 0] Brennan Center ye- Justice.

Umthetho Ka - 2001 Ophathelene Ne - USA

IUniting and Englication and Eving Memoned Memoned to Intercept and Obstrucism Terrorism Act yandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukugcinwa kwamandla omthetho. Amalungiselelo abalulekile ahlanganisa i-FBI i-Cal 215, eyavumela i-FBI ukuba ithole "izinto ezingenakubonwa" — kuhlanganise namarekhodi ezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi, amarekhodi ezamabhizinisi, namarekhodi ezokwelapha — ngaphansi kwe-International Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) ngokunakekela okuncane kokwahlulela. Isenzo sandisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-National Security Letters (NTERers), ngokuvamile efika ngemiyadiyo, evimbela izicelo eziningi zezenzwe zezenteko, izikhululo zeze izikhululo lezelelwe ngezindlela eziningi ze-palse. Izenzo zezentelekelela, i-PTRIP.

Umxhumanisi wangaphandle: I-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) igcina ukuwohloka okubanzi komthetho we-PATRIOT Act ezimpikiswaneni zabo [[FLT: 0] Ukucutha ngaphansi koMthetho wePatriot Act [.

Isigwebo Esifanele Sango - 2010

Kubhekisa kwesinye sokwahlukana okusobala kakhulu kwesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu, i-Fair Sentensing Act (FSA) yanciphisa ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwecrack ne-cocaine eyimpuphu kuya ku-18 kuya ku-1. Umthetho futhi wasusa isigwebo esimisiwe sokuba necrack cocaine. Ukugcinwa komthetho, lomthetho waphawula ukususwa kweSigqisho "Impi Yezidakamizwa". Yadinga abaphathi nabashushisi ukulungisa nokubika imikhuba, ikakhulukazi ngokuvala i-crack cocaine. I-FSA kwakuyisinyathelo elibalulekile ekugwebeni i-crack cocaine. Nakuba iqhubekela ukugwetshwa kwemistsssssssss ezindleleni zokuboshwa nezinqumo. Kamuva, i-Act ofst of 2018 ka-FSActive, ivumela iziboshwa ngezinkulungwane zeziboshwa.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala Ngo - 2018

I-Fourst Step Act yaphawula i-bipartisan engavamile yokuwina inguquko yobulungisa bobugebengu. Yanciphisa imigwebo ebophelele kweminye imilaliso engekho budlova, yandisa "i-parence valve" eyavumela amajaji ukuba asuke ezilinganisweni eziyimfuneko eziyimfuneko, futhi yanciphisa "izigaxa ezintathu" zesigwebo sokuphila. Ukugcinwa komthetho, lesi senzo sagcizelela ukuncishiswa kokuncishiswa kwemithetho nokubuyiselwa kwemithetho. Yayala ukuba iBureauni yamajele isebenzise izingozi futhi idinge idinge idinge imishini efuna ukugcinwa kwemithetho eqinile ukuze isekele izigebengwana ezigebengwini futhi ithuthukise ukwethenjelwa komphakathi. Umthetho wahlanganisa nezinhlelo zokusetshenziswa kwezindlu eziqinile (ukugcinwa) futhi wadinga ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane engcono ekusebenziseni kwezenzo zezenzo zobugebengu. Amaphoyisa amaningi amaphoyisa akwamukele indlela yokulungisa izinkonzo zobugebengu.

Ukuhlobana kwangaphandle: Umnyango we-Bureau of Justice Arception unikeza imithombo eMthethweni Wokuqala osetshenziswayo ekhasini labo elingokomthetho.

Imiphumela Emikhubeni Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Izimfuneko Ezengeziwe Zokuqeqesha

Izinguquko ezingokomthetho ziye zaphoqelela iminyango yamaphoyisa ukuba ifake imali eshisiwe ekuqeqesheni kakhulu. Ukugcizelela kwe-rool Crime Control Act kwe-Dolphine Common Act epholication kwaholela ekubeni inqubo entsha yesikole elawula izinkinga ne-internet. Muva nje, imithetho kahulumeni elandela ukufa kwesofa ephezulu ejele iye yagunyaza ukuqeqeshwa ekuncipheni imingcele, ukungenela, ukungenela, nokucwasana okusobala. Ngokwesibonelo, i-AB 392, emisa indinga ukuqina ekusebenziseni impoqo ekusebenziseni impoqo, idinga izikhulu ukuba ziqeqeshelwe ukugwema noma nini lapho kungenzeka. Izinhlangano ezihluleka ukuthuthukisa ukuqeqeshwa kokubhekana nokulahlekelwa okungokomthetho nokulahlekelwa yizimali. Lemiyayayayaya edingekile, izindleko ezinziswayo futhi idinga ukuhlelwa ngokuqhubekayo njengemiya enziswayo.

Izinyathelo Zokuqala Zezomphakathi

Imithetho egunyaza ukulawulwa kwezisebenzi zomphakathi iye yasuka ezimisweni zobupolisa zomphakathi ukuya ezimfunweni zokukhokha ezindaweni eziningi. I-Office ka-1994 Crime Bill’s COPS (Izinkonzo ze-Communy Orientive Policision) yanikeza imvume ebeka amashumi ezinkulungwane zezikhulu zezikhulu ezindima zobupolisa umphakathi. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi lapho zisetshenziswa ngokwethembeka, amaphoyisa omphakathi anciphisa uvalo lobugebengu, andisa ukwaneliseka kwezakhamuzi, futhi athuthukisa ukugeleza kolwazi phakathi kwezakhamuzi namaphoyisa. Nokho, ukuphumelela kuxhomeke ebuhlotsheni obuqotho kunokuba kube nje ukulungisa. Imithetho yamuva, njengemithetho e-George Flod Justicement ePoliccissing Act (iggcip kodwa engadluliswanga ngokwezinga lombuso), aye azama ukuhlanganisa izindinganiso zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nokukhuthaza ukuhlelwa kwezokuxhumana emphakathini, kuhlanganise nokuhlola nokuhlola kwezokuhlola.

Ukusetshenziswa Kobuchwepheshe Nekhamera Yomzimba

Izinguquko ezisemthethweni ziye zasheshisa ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe e-Polishini. I-USA PATRIOT Act ikhuthaza ukufakwa kwemithetho yezezimayini zokwaziswa nobuchwepheshe bokuhlola. Muva nje, umthetho kahulumeni nombuso ugunyazile noma usungule ukusetshenziswa kwamakhamera omzimba. Ngo-2023, iminyango emikhulu yamaphoyisa e-U.S. inezikhamera zendikimba, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokunikeza imithetho ebophelelwe ukusetshenziswa kwayo. Amakhamera andisa ukukhanya futhi anciphisa izikhalo ngokumelene nezikhululo zezokugcinwa kwemininingwane yempahla, kodwa futhi adala izinselele zokugcina imininingwane nezindaba zomuntu siqu. Imithetho ezindaweni ezinjenge-California ne-Texas manje ilawula izikhathi, imithetho ebomvu, nezimiso zomphakathi. Ngokufanayo, amalayisenselabhusayithi e-amlayisensi (PALR) agunyazweyo futhi ahlola i-ogadayd ngokomthetho wokulawula ukulawulwa kwemithetho ethile, ezinye izigwebo zokuvimbela ukulawulwa kwemithetho.

Ukulandisa Nezinyathelo Zokubona Ingaphandle

Ekusabeleni ekukhaleni komphakathi ngenxa yobudlova bamaphoyisa, imibuso eminingi iye yamisa imithetho eyandayo yokulandisa. Le mithetho isukela ekubikeni okuphoqelelwe kokusetshenziswa kwezenzakalo zamandla kuya ekusungulweni kwemishini yokuqondisa ezimele. Ukufa kwaleli-polensing Reporting Act kudinga izinhlangano zomthetho ezimisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho yokufa ngelungelo le-DOJ. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho evimbela ukuvinjelwa, idinga ukungenela lapho isikhulu sisebenzisa amandla adlulele, futhi silinganisela ukuvinjelwa okufanelekile. Ukusunduza amarekhodi akha phezulu — abizwa ngokuthi "police declice ImentIngment" imithetho ebizwa ngokulula ukususa izikhulu zezokungalawuleki. Lezinyathelo zidinga ukuba izinhlangano zivale izimiso zokubika izinhlelo zezentengo ezivame ukuphikisana nezimiso zemisebenzi ezivamile ezihlangene.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezimo Zomthetho

Izimo Zemali Nezohlelo

Igunya ngalinye elisha lomthetho linendawana. Ukuqeqeshwa okukhuliswe, amakhamera endikimba, ukugcina ukwaziswa, izikhulu ezithobelayo, nezinhlelo zomphakathi konke kudinga ukuxhaswa ngemali evela ezinkokhelweni noma ezilinganiselwe zemali yendawo. Imishini emincane, ikakhulukazi, izama ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko ngaphandle kokunquma ezinye izinkonzo. Ngokwesibonelo, ihhovisi lomphathi wamaphoyisa wasemaphandleni lingase lintule izisebenzi ze-IT ezilawula izinyawo zekhamera noma izimali zokuthumela izikhulu ukuba ziqeqeshelwe ukubulala. Lapho uhulumeni noma imithetho kahulumeni inikeza iziyalezo ezingagunyaziwe, izinhlangano zingaba nomzimba omncane, ziholele ekutuleni isikhulu sokwethuthwa nokuhla kwe-asesiteji. Ukuhlelwa kwe-fical engokoqobo kuhlala kuyinselele ngenselele.

Ukuzicabangela Nokwethemba Umphakathi

Izinguquko ezisemthethweni eziklanyelwe ukwandisa ukulandisa kungabangela ukuncintisana okuxakayo komphakathi uma kungafezwa ngokucophelela. Uma imithetho emisha iqokomisa ukuziphatha okubi kwesikhathi esidlule, umphakathi ungase ugxeke kakhulu, kuholele ekunciphiseni ukubambisana nokubikwa kobugebengu. "Umphumela womthetho womthetho" — isici lapho ukuphoqelelwa komthetho oqinile kwemithetho emisha yokuziphendulela isibopho sokulandisa kubangela ukuba abaphathi bahlukane nomthetho owenziwe ngokusemthethweni — abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izinguquko ezinjengemithetho evumayo (umz., ukuhlola kweDOJ nokwenza inqubo yobugebengu) kuthuthukisa ukwethemba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa ukumelana okufushane kungalulaza imizamo yokuvimbela ubugebengu. I-AProseAdmitteo amaphoyisa kumelwe athathe izinga lokulinganisela lapho abacwaningi begcina imithetho edinga ukuxhumana komphakathi.

Ukulinganisela Ukusebenza Ngobunye Nomphakathi

Ezinye izindawo zomthetho zifaka ukugcinwa komthetho ezindima eziphikisanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukugcinwa kwemithetho yokuhlanganisa abantu kuyisici lapho imithetho kahulumeni ne-ovential Community ivame ukuphikisana. Uhlelo lwezeNtlango ne-Chite 287 (g) izivumelwano zivumela amaphoyisa endawo ukuba asebenze njengabathuthi, lawo amaqembu amaningi omphakathi azibona njengezisongelo ekulondekeni komphakathi ngenxa yokuthi avimbela izakhamuzi ezingabhaliwe ekubikeni ubugebengu. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, "idolobha elivamile" imithetho ilinganisela ukubambisana neziphathimandla zezethuthi lokufuduka ukuze zigcine ukwethenjwa. Ngokufanayo, imithetho ephathelene namakamu angenamakhaya, izinhlekelele zempilo, kanye nokuncishiswa kwezidakamizwa ezingela imingcele yezidakamizwa ukuba zikhethe phakathi kokugcinwa kwemithetho nokulimala okukhulu. Lezi zidinga ukuqeqeshwa nokuqondiswa kwezimiso ezinswe yizinhlangano eziningi.

Izimiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izinkampani Ezishintshayo Zokwahlulela Kobugebengu

Umfutho wenguquko ebanzi uyaqhubeka kuwo womabili amazinga ombuso nohulumeni. Amaqembu okubhalisa alwela ukuqeda ibheyili yemali, ukunciphisa isilinganiso esiyimfuneko, nokunciphisa amacala aphansi asesilinganisweni. UGeorge Floyd Justice in Policing Act, nakuba kungakabi umthetho, usikisela ukuvinjelwa kwezibambiso, ukuqeda ukuvinjelwa okufanelekayo kwabaphathi, nokwakha izinga lesizwe lokubhalisa amaphoyisa ngokungafanele. Izimo eziningi kakade seziye zaveza izinguquko zalezinguquko. Ngokwemithetho, lokhu kusho ukulungiselela ukusabela okungahleliwe esikhathini esizayo lapho ukuvinjelwa kwecala okuningi kungasakhuphulwa khona. Ukuqeqesha ekulungiseni izinhlelo zomthetho, izinhlelo zokulungisa, ukuhlinza, nokungenela kwenhlekelele kuyoba yindiwe.

Imininingwane Nemithetho Ebalulekile

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha, izishaya - mthetho zilwa nezici zemfihlo zamaphoyisa anamuhla. Ukukhathalela komphakathi ngokuqashelwa ebusweni, ukufundwa kwelayisense yelayisense ezenzekelayo, nokusetshenziswa kwemishini yesethi ye-cell kuye kwabangela izikwele zokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwazo. Ngokwesibonelo, amadolobha amaningana aye avimbela ubuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kobuso, futhi izimemezelo ezinjengoVermont noCalifornia ziye zashaya imithetho efuna imvume ye-ALPR search. Umthetho we-Federal ufana neSiphakamiso Sesi-5 Is Not ForSale Act uhlose ukuvala izikhala ezivumela umthetho ukuba ukuvumela ukugcinwa kokwaziswa kokwaziswa kokwaziswa ngaphandle kwemvume. Imishini idinga ukubukezwa kwemithetho yawo yemininingwane yezindaba nokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezindaba zomuntu siqu eyinkimbinkimbi ngokuqhubekayo.

Umxhumanisi wangaphandle: I-Electronic Frontial Foundation (EFF) i-octive slective stative stative stative translate stative [[FLT: 0] yekhasi labo elibhekene nophawu oluqanjiwe.

Impilo Yengqondo Nempilo

Ukuthambekela okukhulayo kwemithetho kukwenza ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuphinde kube yindima ekusabeleni kwenkinga yempilo yengqondo. I-Crisis Activeing Out On Streets (I-CAHOOTS) e-Eugene, e-Oregon, iphefumlele imithetho kahulumeni ekhuthaza ukuthatha ezinye iziphetho ezithumela ochwepheshe bezempilo bengqondo — hhayi amaphoyisa — ekumemeni izingcingo zempilo. Imithetho ye-Florida’Baker Act kanye neminye imithetho yokuzimisela yomphakathi iyashintshwa ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhileleka kwamaphoyisa ekuthutheni abantu ngabanye ukuze kuhlolwe. I-mthetho u-Legillation njenge-Medical Justice Act ne-precial Health Resties Revition Act icebisa ukuxhasa izinhlelo zempilo zengqondo zabantu abakhubazekile kanye nabantu abasuka emajeleni. Kuwo amaphoyisa, le mithetho isho ukuhlikiselwa kweminyango ezisebenzini ezokucabanga kanye nokubambisana kwezokusebenza kahle.

Isiphetho

Umthetho olawula ukugcinwa komthetho e-United States uhlala ungena, uqhutshwa yizimfuno zezentengiselwano zezombangazwe, intando, nezinhlekelele ezinkulu. Kusukela ekushintsheni kwamaLungu Amalungelo Abantu kuya e-PARIOT Act yamandla okuhlola, kusukela ezindlekweni eziqinile ze-1990 ezilawula inguquko eshumini leminyaka elidlule, izinhlangano zomthetho ezintsha ukuze zivumelanise imikhuba yazo, izinto eziza kuqala, nobudlelwane nezindawo ezikhonza kuzo. Izinselele zokulawula ingcebo, ukulawulwa komphakathi, kanye nokubekwa kwemithetho yozwela kusobala: izishaya - mthetho zingenela ngokuqhubekayo emininingwaneni yendlela yokusebenza kwezenzwe ngayo, ukuqeqesha, ukuveza ulwazi, ukuveza ulwazi, ukubonakala okukhulu, kanye nokulandisa komthwalo.

Kubafundisi nabafundi bobulungisa bobugebengu, lezinguquko zemithetho azizona izimpikiswano ezingekho ezingokomthetho — zibumba amaqiniso ansuku zonke ezikhulu eziphethe, amakusasa abantu ababambeke kulesi simiso, kanye nokuthemba okusekela ukuphepha komphakathi. Njengoba ukuthambekela okukhona kwezempilo yengqondo, imfihlo yemininingwane, kanye nokuguqulwa kobulungisa bobugebengu kuqhubeka kuveza, ikhono lokuqonda, ukuqapha, nokusebenzisa lemithetho kuyoba okubalulekile esizukulwaneni esilandelayo sabaholi bomthetho. Ithonya lokushintsha kwemithetho lisemuva futhi lihlala isikhathi eside, futhi ukutadisha kwalo kuhlala kungelinye lezakhi ezibaluleke kakhulu zemfundo yokwahlulela ngokusabisa.