Isingeniso: Ukuhlangana Komthetho Wobandlululo Lweminyaka Nomthetho Wokulwa Nemfundo

Imithetho yobandlululo lweminyaka yakha isivikelo esibucayi sokumelana nobandlululo lweminyaka ezifundeni. Izikole namayunivesithi asiza imiphakathi ehlukahlukene, kusukela kubafundi bezwe elivamile nakulwazi lwasekuqaleni ukuya kubafundi abadala ababuyela ekilasini futhi abasebenza abanolwazi olusha befuna izindima ezintsha. Lemithetho iqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhula akusona isithiyo esivimbela ithuba, ukuhlanganyela, noma ukuphathwa ngendlela engakhethi. Ubudlelwane phakathi kwemithetho yombuso nombuso yobandlululo lweminyaka kanye nezimiso zokulwa kwesizwe zizimele kwakha isakhiwo kodwa isisekelo esiyinkimbinkimbi kodwa esibalulekile sokulawula i-ectly. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela imithetho yobudala yobudala yobuhlanga njenge-Age Discision eMct (AAA) ehambelanayo kwezinye izizwe ezikoleni naseyunivesithi, izinselele zezehlolo, futhi inikeza ukuqondiswa kokuqonda abafundi, nabafundi abafundisa.

Ukuqonda Imithetho Yobandlululo Lweminyaka: Inqaba Engokomthetho

Imithetho yokucwasa iminyaka iyahlukahluka ngokwezikhundla kodwa ihlanganyela umgomo ofanayo: ukwenqabela ukuphathwa ngokungafanele okusekelwe ebudalani. E-United States, umthetho oyinhloko kahulumeni yi- Agegenti eMsebenzini we-1967 (ADEA). I-ADEA ivikela abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 ubudala noma abadala ababhekene nemisebenzi esekelwe ebudaleni. Nakuba i-ADEAAA adrea ngokukhethekile, izimiso zayo zivame ukuthonya izimiso ezibanzi zezemisebenzi. Umthetho usebenza kubaqashi abazimele nabaqashwa abangu-20 noma abengeziwe, uhulumeni bendawo, izikhundla, umsebenzi, nezinhlangano zezemisebenzi. Izinhlangano zezemfundo yomphakathi nezemisebenzi.[8] Izinhlangano zezemfundo zomphakathi kanye nezingasese ngaphansi kokwethungasha ezihlanga lapho zihlangana nomnyango wezisebenzi.

Kubafundi, ukuvikelwa ekukhetheni ubudala emihlelweni ethola usizo lwezimali lukahulumeni kunikezwa nguMthetho we-1975. Lomthetho usebenza ezikoleni, emakholijini, nakuzinhlelo zemisebenzi enikezwa izimali zikahulumeni. Ivimbela ukuthatha igalelo, ukuncishwa kwezinzuzo, noma ukuzithoba ekucwaseni okusekelwe ebudaleni kunoma yisiphi isimiso noma kumsebenzi. UMnyango Wezemfundo weHhovisi Yamalungelo e-Cunial Areal Rights (OCRC) uqinisekisa ukuthi lomthetho uhulumeni awusebenzisiwe ukulinganisela amathuba abafundi abasebasha noma abadala.

Izifunda eziningi zinemithetho eyengeziwe ehlanganisa ukuvikela, ngezinye izikhathi ihlanganisa ukucwaswa kweminyaka ngokumelene naleyo engaphansi kweminyaka engu-40 noma ebhekisa ezindaweni ezingahlanganisiwe yimithetho kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imithetho yezwe iFair Work Practic ivikela bonke abantu ngokukhanyayo kungakhathaliseki ubudala babo kokubili emsebenzini nasemfundweni. Ku-European Union, [[FLT: 0]] i-Employment Edificired (2000/78/EC) ivimbela ukucwasa ngokweminyaka emsebenzini, futhi izifunda zamalungu ziye zafaka lezimiso zemfundo ezimisweni zazo.

Umthetho uhlanganisa izibopho. Iziqu kumelwe zivumelane nemithetho kahulumeni, imithetho, nezimiso zazo zangaphakathi. Uma lemithetho ivumelana, iqinisa umyalezo ocacile: ubudala akumelwe bube yisithiyo semfundo noma semisebenzi. Uma ziphikisana, ngokwesibonelo, lapho umthetho kahulumeni unikeza izivikelo ezilinganiselwe kunomthetho kahulumeni.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko E - ADEA Afanelekile Emfundweni

  • Isiqinisekiso sokwahlukanisa ukwelashwa: Umqashi akanakumphatha ngamabomu umqashwa noma isicelo somsebenzi ngenxa yobudala. Lokhu kusebenza ekuqasheni, ekuphakamiseni, ekuphakamiseni, ekukhokheleni, nasekutholeni izikweleti. Emayunivesithi, lokhu kusho ukuthi izinqumo zokuthatha, izinqumo zezifundo zezemfundo, nokukhushulwa kwezisebenzi ezizimele kumelwe kube ukuthatha imingcele ngokweminyaka yobudala.
  • Imiphumela eguquguqukayo ithi: Ngisho noma inkambiso ibonakala ingathathi hlangothi, kungaba okungekho emthethweni uma ilimaza izisebenzi esezikhulile ngokungenakulinganiswa futhi ingenakuthethelelwa ngesici esinengqondo kunenkathi yobudala. Ngokwesibonelo, ifuna ukuba izisebenzi ezifundisayo zidlulise ukuhlolwa kokushesha okungacazululwa uma abafuni ukuthatha i-FLT bengase babekelwe inselele uma ukuhlolwa kungahlobene nomsebenzi futhi kungavumelani nesidingo sezebhizinisi.
  • Izindawo zokuhlela nokukhulula: Noma isiphi isiphakamiso samalungelo e-ADEA ezivumelwaneni ezinqunyiweyo noma izisusa zomhlalaphansi kumele zihlangabezane nezimfuneko eziqondile zomthetho, kuhlanganise nokunika isisebenzi izinsuku eziyi 21 ukuba sicabangele isivumelwano nezinsuku eziyisikhombisa zokusisusa ngemva kokusayina.

Indlela Imithetho Yobandlululo Lweminyaka Ehlangana Ngayo Nokuphathwa Kwezingane Ezikoleni Nasezandleni

Izinhlangano zemfundo zivame ukusebenzisa izimiso ezibanzi ezimelene nokungavumelani nokunye ukuze zivumelane nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho kanye nesimo sezulu esihlanganisa ukukhula. Lezi zinqubo zihlanganisa iminyaka yobudala evikelwe kanye nohlanga, umbala, umsuka wezwe, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, nenkolo. Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwemiyalo yangaphandle engokomthetho nezimiso zangaphakathi kunezici eziningi.

Izithunywa Zevangeli Nezinkonzo Zabafundi

I-Age Discrimination Act ka-1975 isebenza ngokuqondile ekungenisweni kwabafundi. Iyunivesithi ingase ingamise iminyaka ephakeme yokungena ngaphandle kokuba isilinganiso esinjalo sidingekile ekusebenzeni kohlelo oluthile. Ngokwesibonelo, isikole sezokwelapha singaphikisa ngokuthi inkathi yokuthatha umhlalaphansi edingekile ukuze kuhlinzwe iziguli ezigulayo idingekile ukuze kuphephelwe iziguli kodwa ukuvuma okunjalo kuhlolwe ngokuqinile. Ngokufanayo, ukukholeka kwemali akumelwe kusekelwe ebudalani; abafundi abadala kumelwe bathole ithuba elilinganayo lokuthola izimvume, iminikelo yemali, kanye nezinhlelo zomsebenzi.

Izinkonzo zabafundi − kuhlanganise nezindawo zokuhlala, ezokweluleka, nemisebenzi yangemva kwesikole — kumelwe futhi zihlanganise iminyaka yobudala. Isimiso esinqabela abafundi abathatha ingxenye yengxenye ukuba bajoyine izinhlangano zabafundi singabandlulula ngokungaqondile uma isimo sengxenye sihlangene nobudala (abafundi abaningi abadala abafundayo abafunda isikhashana). Izinhlangano kumelwe zibukeze imithetho yabo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi abakhi imigoqo engadingekile kubafundi asebekhulile ababuyela emfundweni noma kubafundi abasha abangase babe nesiphiwo isiphiwo noma abasheshayo.

Enye indawo yokucindezeleka ihilela ukuhlukanisa okuguga ezinkonzweni zempilo nezinhlelo ezingcono. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhungo sezempilo saseyunivesithi esilinganisela umkhuhlane kubafundi abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-30 singabhekana nokucasuka kobudala. Nakuba kungase kube khona izici ezingokomthetho zempilo yomphakathi zokwenza amaqembu aphezulu e-riski, okumelwe ukuba kubekwe ngokulinganiselwe futhi kusekelwe ebufakazini, hhayi ngokwemibono eguquguqukayo.

Imikhuba Yokusebenza Neyokuxhaphaza

I - ADEA ibusa umsebenzi ezikhungweni zemfundo ngezinga elibucayi:

  • Ukufuna nokufaka imvume: Izikhangiso zomsebenzi akufanele zihlanganise ukukhetha iminyaka yobudala noma ukulinganiselwa. Izimpawu ezinjengo- “aphothulayo” noma“i-DD” engavimbela abantu abadala abacela isicelo ngaphandle uma isikhundla sifuna ngempela iziqinisekiso zamuva zemfundo. Imizamo yokufuna ukufakwa izimpawu zobudala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ngezindlela eziningi.
  • Ukukhokha kanye nezinzuzo: Izilinganiso ezisekelwe eminyakeni yomsebenzi kumelwe ziklanyelwe ukugwema ukucwaswa kobudala. Uma izimiso zokukhula zishaya indiva izisebenzi esezikhulile, kumelwe zithetheleleke. Ukuzuza amasu (ukuvuselelwa, umshuwalense wezempilo, ikhefu) ngeke kunciphise ukuthengwa kwezisebenzi ezindala ngaphandle kwezizathu ezisemthethweni.
  • Incazelo kanye nomphumela: Izinqumo ezithatha i-Tenure zivame ukuhlanganisa ukuhlola okusekelwe ekufundiseni, ekucwaningeni, nasemsebenzini. Uma lokhu kuhlola kuxhomeke ekulinganisweni okuvamile ngokuphathelene nomkhiqizo wezifundo zakudala noma ikhono lokuthola ubuchwepheshe obusha, zingaphula i-ADEA. Izinhlangano kufanele zisebenzise injongo, izimiso ezihlobene nomsebenzi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amakomiti aqeqeshelwe ubandlululo.
  • Ukuhlelwa kwentuthuko nokuphela: amasu okuthuthukisa umsebenzi nezenzo zokuyala kumelwe zisetshenziswe njalo kungakhathaliseki ubudala. Izisebenzi esezikhulile azinakuhlukaniswa ngenxa yezisusa zomhlalaphansi ezicacile, ezingacaci, ezingasebenzisi mthetho womthetho.

Amayunivesithi omphakathi nawo abhekene nokucatshangelwa okungokomthetho. ISichibiyelo se 14th Experimence Protection Claus sivimbela ukucwaswa ngenhloso ngabadlali bombuso abaneminyaka yobudala, kodwa ubudala abusona isigaba esisolwayo. Izinkantolo zifaka isisekelo esinengqondo sokubukeza, okusho ukuthi isimiso siyosekelwa uma sihlobene nengqondo nesithakazelo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni. Nokho, uma isimiso sibhekene nenkathi eqondile, kumelwe siqhubeke sihlolwa kakhulu ngaphansi koMthetho we-Age Discrimination.

Isibonelo Secala: Ukuthatha Umhlalaphansi Okuphola

Kuze kube ngo - 1994, amayunivesithi angagunyaza ukuthatha umhlalaphansi kwabaqeqeshi abakhokhelwayo lapho beneminyaka engu - 70 ngaphansi kwe - ADEA. uMkhandlu wavumela lokhu kukhishwa kwemvume ukuba kuphele, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi uMkhandlu Wezemfundo namanye amaqembu wahluleka ukubonisa ukuthi isimiso somsebenzi sidinga ukuphoqelelwa ukuba umuntu athathe umhlalaphansi. Namuhla, ukuthatha umhlalaphansi okuphoqelelwe ngokuvamile akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho, nakuba ezinye izinhlangano zisazama ukuphoqelela ukuthenga izinto ezisekelwe eminyakeni yobudala noma izinhlelo zomhlalaphansi ezihambisana nemithetho ye - ADEa.

Isivikelo Esingokomthetho Nemishini Ephoqelelwayo

Ukuqonda izindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bayasebenza kusiza izikhungo zilindele izingozi zokuvuma.

  • [[FLT: 0] EOC (I-Equal Opportunity Commission): I-EEOC iphoqelela i-ADEA ukuba iqashelwe umsebenzi. Abantu ngabanye kumelwe bafake icala nge-EEOC ngaphambi kokumangalelwa. Inhlangano ihlola, imithombo yezindaba, futhi ingamangalela. Ngo-2023, i-EOC yathola amacala angaphezu kwe 13 000 obandlululo lobudala, ngemfundo engapheli phakathi kwezemboni eziphezulu.
  • CR (OUMS for Civil Rights): Kukubandlululwa komfundi ofundayo kungaphansi koMthetho we-Age Discrimination Act, i-OCR ihlola futhi ifune isinqumo sokuzithandela. Uma ukwephula umthetho kutholaka, i-OCR kungasusa izimali zikahulumeni. Iziqu zomthetho kufanele zisho ukuthi i-IX/AGA Act i-methone ukuphatha.
  • [ Amacala angokomthetho: Bobabili izisebenzi nabafundi bangamangalela ngokuqondile ngemva kwamakhambi okulawula akhandlayo. Izinkantolo zingakhokha iholo, ukubuyiselwa, ukukhokhwa kwemali, nenkokhelo yabameli. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, isijeziso singatholakala.

E - United Kingdom, i - Examity Rights Commission imisa i - Eformation Act 2010, enqabela ukucwaswa kweminyaka emidala emfundweni nasemsebenzini.

Izinselele Nokulinganisela Izithakazelo Eziyindida

Naphezu kwemithetho ecacile enqabelayo, kuba nezinselele eziningana lapho kusetshenziswa imithetho yobudala yokucwasana ezimweni zemfundo.

Imingcele Yeminyaka Yezinhlelo Eklanyelwe Amaqembu Eminyaka Eqondile

Ezinye izinhlelo zemfundo zifanele ukubonakala ngokomthetho ngokuka-"(ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo olunesiphiwo sasehlobo kubafundi basesikoleni esiphakathi noma ishabhu lokulungiselela abantu abadala abathathe umhlalaphansi. I-Age Discrimination Act ivumela izinhlelo ezinjalo uma zihlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-“egnore” kubantu ngabanye futhi zingabahlukanisi abanye ngokuthanda. Izinhlangano kumelwe zibhale phansi ukuthethelela kokufundisa ngemingcele yobudala futhi zicabangele ezinye izinto ezingaziphathisi kakhulu.

Ukulinganisela Ukungathathi - hlangothi Kweminyaka Nesenzo Esiqinisayo Samaqembu Angaphansi Kombuso

Izinyathelo zomehluko ezihloselwe ukwandisa ukumelelwa kwamaqembu amasha noma amadala zingaphikisana nezimiso zobandlululo lobudala. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lokuhlangana olubhekene ngqo nezisulu “abacwaningi abaqalayo” lungakhetha ngokungaqondi abacwaningi abanokuhlangenwe nakho abashintsha amasimu. Izinhlelo ezinjalo kufanele ziklanywe ngokuthi“ amathuba angokwengqondo” kunokuba zizuzise kuphela, noma kumelwe zixazululwe isenzo esiqinile esivunyelwe ngaphansi kwemithetho ethile.

Izinhlobo Zempucuko Yesizukulwane

Izindlela ezithi “izakhamuzi ezizimele” noma“izisebenzi zokufundela” zingathonya ngobuqili ukuqasha, ukuphakamisa, nokuhlola abafundi. Abaqondisi kumelwe baqeqeshe amakomiti okukhetha ukuze athembele ebufakazini bamakhono nasemisebenzini kunokucabangela iminyaka yobudala. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlolwa kwezifundo okubuza ngo- “enthusiasm” noma“ u-"ikhoso-ms" kungabonisa ukukhetha kobudala futhi kufanele kubukelwe ukuba yiqiniso.

Ukuba Yindawo Engafani Nezinye Izici Ezivikelwe

Ubandlululo lobudala luvame ukusebenzelana nokukhubazeka, ubulili, nohlanga. Abesifazane abadala bangabhekana nobandlululo oluyingxubevange eminyangweni yabesilisa. Izisebenzi zasebekhulile abaNsundu zingathathwa njengezingakhiqizi kakhulu. i-policies kumelwe ikhulume ngokuhlukanisa izici zezindawo ngokuqeqesha ukuze iqaphele izinhlobo eziningi zobandlululo nangokuqoqa ukwaziswa okungahambisani nomthetho wokuhlola.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokukhula Kwabantu Abaphila Ngeminyaka

Izinkampani zingathatha izinyathelo eziqhubekayo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyalalela futhi zithuthukise indawo engenakho ukucasuka kobudala.

  1. Ukuhlanganisa uhlelo lokuhlola: Zonke izimfuneko zezincwadi, izimfuneko, izivumelwano zomsebenzi, nohlelo lokuthola imingcele yeminyaka ehlobene nobukhulu. IFlagi nanoma yisiphi isilinganiso seminyaka, izintando, noma izilinganiso. Kunye, buza: Ingabe lokhu kuyadingeka ukufinyelela umgomo osemthethweni wemfundo noma umsebenzi?
  2. [ Iziqeqeshi nezisebenzi: Ukuqeqeshwa njalo kufanele kuhlanganise izincazelo ezingokomthetho zobandlululo lobudala, izibalo ezivamile, kanye nokubika izinqubo. Izimo eziveziwe zenzakalayo . njengokuhlola isikhalo somsebenzi wabafundi ngoprofesa omdala.
  3. Izindawo zokulala ezifanele: Ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlobene ne-ADEA, izinhlangano zingadinga ukuhlalisa izidingo ezihlobene nobudala, njengezimiso zomsebenzi ezivumelanayo zezisebenzi esezikhulile ezinakekela izimo zempilo noma ubuchwepheshe obusiza abafundi abadala. Nakuba i-ADEA ingadingi indawo yokuhlala ngendlela efanayo ne-ADA, ukusekela okusheshayo kunciphisa ukungezwani nengozi yokuzibamba.
  4. Izinqubo zokubika ezicacile: Ukukhethwa umxhumanisi wobudala wobandlululo. Ukuhlanganisa inqubo yezikhalo kuvame kakhulu. Abakhonondayo bavikelwe ekuphindiseleni.
  5. Imiphumela ye-Monitor: Amanani enani labantu abafaka isicelo, abaqashwa, abanyuselwayo, abangenisi, nokuhlanganyela kohlelo ngeqembu leminyaka. Hlaziya ukuthambekela kokubona izinhlobonhlobo. Uma, ngokwesibonelo, abafundi abangaphezu kuka-40 benqatshelwa ngokungaguquki ukuvunyelwa kohlelo lokuncintisana, isikhungo kufanele sihlole imibandela yokukhetha yokungaqondi kahle kobudala.

Izinkinga Zabafundi Nezisebenzi: Ukuhlanganyela Ekulungeni

Lapho inhlangano isebenzisa izimiso ezihlanganisa ubudala, izinzuzo zifinyelela kuwo wonke umphakathi.

Abafundi

  • Abafundi abadala (ababuyela kubantu abadala, abafundi abahlala njalo): Bathola ithemba lokuthi imigomo yabo yemfundo ngeke ivinjelwe ubudala. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu njengokuzalana kwemfundo ephakeme endala; iNational Center for Education Statistics ibika ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angu-40 angaphansi ayizinkambiso ezimelene nokusekela nokucwaswa kweminyaka nokuphothula kwale nhlangano ekhulayo.
  • Abafundi abasebasha (abantwana abancane, abantwana abanobuphiwe): Bavikelekile ekuphathweni njengokungakwazi ukusebenza umsebenzi wemfundo ophambili ngenxa yobudala. Izinhlelo zokungena ngokufunda, ukufika kwasekuqaleni kwekholiji, nezindlela ezisheshayo kumelwe zisekelwe ekufanelekeni, hhayi ebudalani njengonobhala wokuvota.
  • Isikhathi sengxenye nabafundi abangesibo abezesiko: Bazuza ngokuhlela ukuvumelana nezimo kanye nezinkonzo zokusekela ezingajezisi iminyaka. Izikhulu ezihlanganisa izigaba ezihlukahlukene zokuphila /ukunakekela abantwana, amakilasi akusihlwa, amakhetho olayini-we-inthanethi, bonisa isibopho sobudala obulinganayo.

Abaqashi Nabahle

  • Amathuba amade kakhulu: I-face kungaphishekela ukuthuthuka kochwepheshe, izindima zokuphatha, nezindlela ezintsha zokufundisa ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuthi inkathi izobekwa ngokumelene nawo. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuthuthuka nokuqhubekeka.
  • Izinguquko zomhlalaphansi ezivikelwe: Izinhlelo zomhlalaphansi ezikhishweyo, uma zithenjiwe, kumelwe zibe ezokuzithandela futhi zingadibani. Ukusondela enkathini yomhlalaphansi kunganciphisa amahora ngaphandle kwehlazo noma ukulahlekelwa izinzuzo.
  • Ukubambisana okuphakathi: Lapho ubandlululo lweminyaka luncishiswa, amaqembu angasebenzisa amandla ezizukulwane ezihlukahlukene. Izisebenzi ezisencane ziletha imibono emisha kwezobuchwepheshe kuyilapho izisebenzi ezindala zinikeza ulwazi olujulile lweziqu namakhono okufundisa.

Isiphetho: Ukwakha Indawo Efundisayo Engenakulinganiswa Enkathini Edlulele

Imithetho yobandlululo lweminyaka yenza okungaphezu kokubeka isisekelo esingokomthetho; ibekela izikole zemfundo inselele ukuhlola imikhuba yazo nempucuko nge-lens entsha. Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwalemithetho kanye nezimiso zangaphakathi ezimelene nobandlululo kunamandla. Njengoba ukuqonda komphakathi ngobandlululo lobudala kushintsha, futhi njengoba abafundi nabasebenzayo beqala ukukhula, izikole namayunivesithi kumelwe bavumelane. Izimiso zicacile: ukugwema izinkolelo ezisekelwe ebudalani, kuthethelela noma yikuphi ukuhlukana okusekelwe ebufakazini obuqinile, futhi kunika amandla abantu bonke ubudala ukuba banikele ngokugcwele. Ngokuvumelana nalezi zimiso, izinhlangano azinciphini nje kuphela ukuchayeka okungokomthetho kodwa futhi zithuthukisa ukuzuza ulwazi nendawo ezungezile nokusebenza kuwo wonke umuntu.

Ekulungiseleleni ikusasa, abaholi bemfundo kufanele bahlale benolwazi ngoshintsho lwezenqubo nesiqondiso sokuqondisa. Imithombo enjenge EOC’s Youth eWork[ ne OCR’s FAXS [[FLT:] inikeza amathuluzi asebenzayo okulalela. Umgomo awukona ukugwema nje ubandlululo kodwa ukwakha indawo lapho ubudala bungadingeki ngempela ukuba indawo yokufundisa esendaweni efundisayo.