Ukuqonda Ingozi Kabili Njengesivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Isimiso sengozi ephindwe kabili singenye yezivikelo ezibaluleke kakhulu emthetho wezephula-mthetho waseMelika, ezibekwe phakathi kweSichibiyelo Sesihlanu soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Lesi sivikelo sifuna ukuba kungabikho muntu ozobekwa "esonweni esifanayo ukuze abekwe engozini engeziwe yokuphila noma isitho somzimba." Ngaphakathi, lemfundiso ivimbela uhulumeni ukuba anqande umuntu onecala elingaphezu kwesisodwa ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuqiniseka. Isisekelo salesivikelo sisekelwe kakhulu esifisweni sokuvikela izakhamuzi emandleni amakhulu ezwe, ekuvimbeleni okuvivinywa okuphindwa ngokuphindaphindiwe, kanye nasengozini yokukholelwa okungalungile ngokuqungantengiselwa okungapheli.

Ingozi ephindwe kabili ifeza izinjongo eziningi ezihlobene phakathi kwesimiso sobulungisa. Okokuqala, iqinisekisa ukuphetha kwecala lobugebengu, ivumela abamangalelwa ukuba baqhubeke nokuphila kwabo lapho sekukhishwe isinqumo. Ngaphandle kwalesi sivikelo, abantu bangabhekana nemijikelezo engapheli yokumangalelwa, bekhipha izimali futhi babangele ukucindezeleka okuqhubekayo ngokomzwelo. Okwesibili, ivimbela ukuphambana komshushisi ngokuphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba anikeze icala lakhe elingcono kakhulu, ngokuqhubekayo. Okwesithathu, ilondoloza ubuqotho bezigwebo zejaji ngokufuna imvume yesibili ngemva kokulahlekelwa. Lezi zici zesisekelo zenza izingozi eziphindwe kabili zenqubo efanelekile nokuphatha kahle ngaphansi komthetho.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Nokuziphendukela Kwengozi Kabili

Umqondo wengozi ephindwe kabili uthatha umsuka wayo ubuyele emuva ezimisweni zomthetho zasendulo, kuhlanganise nomthetho wamaRoma nomthetho wesiNgisi ovamile. Isimiso savela njengempendulo ekuxhashazweni kabi kwamakhosi ayezozama ukuphinde azame ukuthatha isiqinisekiso. Umthetho ovamile waseNgilandi waqaphela ukunxusa [ komthetho] komthetho ovamile] u-autrefois Confict [[ (ukungakhohliswanga) kanye neziboshwa [[FLT] iziboshwa) [[[FLTY:3] (impela ezaze zabekwa izikhala zokuqulwa) njengemishukwa ngokulandela. OFathers abafaka lesivikelo kuBill of Rights ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni osanda kumiswa awenziwayo) ngeke ungene emikhubeni enjalo ecindezelayo.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. iye yachaza futhi yacwengisa izinga lezingozi ezimbili. Ezimweni eziphawuliwe njenge [FLT] Benton v. Maryland [[FLT] [1969]], iNkantolo yathi le nhlekelele ephindwe kabili isebenza kuhulumeni ngokuhlela iSimemezelo seSiphemezelo seSinqumiso se 1450 uClause, idlulisela isivikelo somthetho kuzo zonke izigaba zokumangalelwa. Ezinye izinqumo ezibalulekile ziye zacacisa ukuthi isiqu siyini "jeuardy," uma ihlangene phakathi nemicimbi, futhi okusholo ukuthi "isiphakamiso" ngenxa yezinjongo ezingokomthetho. Lezi zilolo lulolo olusebenza ekusebenzeni kweminyameni kwemigqa enkantolo yanamuhla.

Isivikelo Sekhova Esibangelwa Usongo Olukabili

Inombolo yezingozi ezimbili inikeza isivikelo esihlukene kathathu kwabamangalelwa abamangalelwa. Okokuqala, ivimbela ukuquliswa kwecala lesibili ngemva kokulahlwa. Ngisho noma kungavela ubufakazi obusha obubonisa ngokunamandla icala, uhulumeni akanakuzama umuntu oye watholakala engenacala. Lesivikelo siphelele futhi sisebenza njengesiphephelo esinamandla kakhulu kuhulumeni ophathwe ngokuphazanyiswa. Okwesibili, sivimbela ukumangalelwa kwesibili icala elifanayo ngemva kokuboshwa, siqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa ubhekene nesijeziso kanye ngesenzo ngasinye sobugebengu. Okwesithathu, siyakwenqabela isijeziso esiningi ngenxa yecala elifanayo phakathi nokuqulwa okukodwa, sivimbela abahluleli ukuba bathathe izijezo ezingaphezulu kakhulu noma ukukhokhwaswa.

Lesivikelo sisebenza lapho ingozi ike yafakwa "ekuqhubekeni". Ecaleni lejaji, izingozi zikhona lapho ijaji libekwa futhi lifungwe. Ecaleni lebhentshi, izingozi zixhumene lapho ufakazi wokuqala efukwa. Ukuqonda uma ingozi ihlangene mayelana nokuthi ikuphi ukuvimbela okulandelayo akunakwenzeka yini. Ngokwesibonelo, uma icala lixoshwa ngaphambi kokuba izingozi zifakwe, abashushisi bangawabuyisela amaphutha ngaphandle kokukhipha imingcele eyingozi.

Ubukhulu becala lolwembu olusuka ku-"Alagua" Ukuhlola

Umbuzo oyinhloko emacaleni ayingozi kabili uhilela ukunquma ukuthi amacala amabili akha "icala elifanayo" ezinjongweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa uvivinyo lwe- thickburger [, oluthathwe ku- [[FLT]]] i-hitburger v. United States[FLT][4] [FLT] [1932], ukuze ihlole ukuthi icala ngalinye lidinga ubufakazi bengxenye engamelelinye. Uma icala ngalinye linengxenye ehlukile, lithathwa njengecala elihlukile, futhi ukuqulwa okubili kuyavunyelwa. Uma icala liyicala elihlangeneyo, liyicala elihambisanayo liyicala elihlukene ngezimo ezimbili, lihlukene.

Lokhu kuhlola kungaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu emacaleni ahilela imithetho elandelwayo yobugebengu noma ukuziphatha okuhlanganisa imingcele ehlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ummangalelwa ophangwa ngebhange elilodwa angase abhekane namacala okuphanga ngezikhali, ukuhlasela ngezikhali ezibulalayo, kanye nokuphatha izibhamu, uma icala ngalinye lidinga ubufakazi bezakhi ezihlukile. Abashushisi kumelwe bahlele ngokucophelela ukuze bagweme ukwephula iziphetho eziyingozi ezimbili kuyilapho besabeka abamangalelwa icala ngazo zonke izenzo zobugebengu.

Ubunzima Phakathi Kobuthi Obukabili Nobufakazi Obusha

Okunye okunzima kakhulu komthetho oyingozi kabili kuvela lapho kuvela ubufakazi obusha obuqand ’ ikhanda ngemva kokuba icala seliphendulwe. Esimisweni esilungile sobulungisa, iqiniso nokunembe kuhlale kukhona, futhi ubufakazi obunokwethenjelwa bungacatshangelwa noma nini lapho buvela. Nokho, isivikelo esiphindwe kabili sidala isithiyo esinzima sokuphindela emuva ezimweni eziningi, ngisho noma ubufakazi obutholakele bubonisa ngokuqinile ukuthi ummangalelwa okhululiwe unecala. Lokhu kucindezeleka phakathi kokugcina nokunemba kumelela inselele eqhubekayo yefilosofi nesebenzayo esimisweni sezomthetho.

Cabangela isimo lapho ubufakazi be-DNA buveza khona ummangalelwa oboshiwe noma, ngokuphambene, bufaka umuntu olahlwe icala. Endabeni yommangalelwa onecala, amasu osizo ngemva kwecala njenge-habeas corpus izicelo noma ukuthatha uhambo olusha lokuqulwa kwecala kungase kunikeze amathuba okunikeza ubufakazi obusha. Isimiso sobulungisa ngokuvamile samukela ubufakazi obungamangalela obungalungisa izinkolelo ezingalungile. Nokho, uma abamangalelwa belahlisiwe, izingozi eziphindwe kabili ziphinde zacatshangelwa futhi ukuthi kuvela bufakazi obusha. Lokhu kuveza ukuvikelwa kwangaphambi kwesimiso sokuvikela abamangalelwa kuhulumeni ngokulunga ngokuhlangabezana nokulunga kwazo zonke izimo.

Icala Eliphawulekayo Eliqokomisa Inkinga Entsha Yobufakazi

Amacala amaningana aphezulu aye aletha ukunakekela ezimpikiswaneni ezibangelwa ubufakazi obusha kanye nezingozi eziphindwe kabili. Endabeni George Zimmerman, owakhululwa ekudutshuleni ukufa kukaTrayvon Martin, abashushisi babengenakuletha amacala amasha ngisho nangemva kobufakazi obengeziwe noma izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Ngokufanayo, endabeni [ye-. J. Simpson , isigebengu esinecala lokubulala noma isiphi isigebexo esingemthetho sesikhathi esizayo, nakuba umsizi wecala wesizwe kamuva azithola enecala elingafanele ngokufa okungafanele.

Lamacala abonisa umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezenzo zobugebengu nezomphakathi ezisemngciphekweni ophindiwe. Ukumangalelwa kwamacala akubhekwa "ukufa kokuphila noma isitho" ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu, ngakho abamangalelwa bangabhekana necala lomphakathi ngisho nangemva kokulahlwa kwezigebengu. Lomehluko unikeza isilinganiso esithile sokuphepha izisulu nemikhaya yabo kuyilapho ulondoloza isivikelo somthetho-mthethweni ezicaleni zobugebengu. Nokho, uqokomisa futhi umngcele wokuthi akukho bufakazi obusha obunganqoba isigebengu esilahliwe.

Izigebengu Nezinhlangothi Ezihlukene Ezingokomthetho Ezibangela Umonakalo Okabili

Nakuba isivikelo esiyingozi kabili sinamandla, ukuvinjelwa okuningana nokulinganiselwa kuvumela ukuphinde kushushiswe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.

Ama - quary Angewona Awawafanele Ne - Hung Julles

Enye yezici ezivame kakhulu ihilela ukuqulwa kwecala elingalungile. Uma icala liphela enkantolo engalungile ngenxa yamajaji alengisiwe, iphutha le-proced dist, noma ezinye izimo ezingekho ngapha kweqembu, izingozi azivali ukuhlolwa okusha. Isici esiyinhloko ukuthi amaphutha ashiwo yini adingayo noma ngemvume yommangalelwa. Uma inkantolo inquma ukuthi ikhambi yayidingeka ngenxa yezehlakalo ezifile njengejaji elinomthetho, i-jaji elibangwayo, noma ukuziphatha okubi okungalawuleki okungenakuphulukiswa ngeziqondiso, ukuphindela ikhankane, imvume yokuqulwa ivunyelwe.

Nokho, uma umshushisi ebangela ukuba icala litholakale ngamabomu ukuze lizuzise noma lihlukumeze ummangalelwa, ingozi ephindwe kabili ingase ivale ukushushiswa. izinkantolo zihlolisisa ngokucophelela izimo ezihlobene namacala angafanele ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi abashushisi abasebenzisi izindlela zokugwema izingozi eziphindwe kabili.

Imfundiso Yababusi Abahlukene

Okunye okuphawulekayo kuvela emfundisweni ehlukene-hlukene, evumela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezihlukene ukuba ziqunge ukuziphatha okufanayo ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili. Ngaphansi kwalemfundiso, uhulumeni nohulumeni babhekwa njengabakhulu abahlukene, ngamunye onegunya elizimele lokuphoqelela imithetho yawo yobugebengu. Ngenxa yalokho, ummangalelwa okhululiwe okhululiwe enkantolo kahulumeni angabhekana namacala okuziphatha okufanayo, futhi athathe indinganiso ehlukene. Inkantolo ephakeme iphinde yasifaka kabusha lesi simiso .[FLT:]] .[FLD:][5] [20]], ephethe leyomfundiso ehlukene futhi eqinile.

Lemfundiso inemiphumela ephawulekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ummangalelwa ekhululiwe enkantolo yesifundazwe ngenxa yokubulala, abashushisi bakahulumeni bangase balethe amacala ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni yokuzonda ubugebengu noma eminye imithetho esebenzayo. Ngokufanayo, ummangalelwa obekwe icala lokushushumbisa izidakamizwa kahulumeni angase abhekane namacala engeziwe kahulumeni ngenxa yokuziphatha okuhlobene. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imfundiso ehlukile ilulaza izingozi eziphindwe kabili ngokuvumela ohulumeni ukuba baphikise abamangalelwa ngokushushiswa ngokuphumelela. Nokho, abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ihlonipha izithakazelo ezihlukene nobukhosi bezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zikahulumeni.

Ukukhanga Kukahulumeni

Ezimweni ezilinganiselwe, uhulumeni angadlulisa izinqumo ezithile zenkantolo ngaphandle kokwephula izimiso eziphindiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uma inkantolo yamacala ikhipha icala elisekelwe emaphutheni angokomthetho ngaphambi kokuba impoqo inamathele, uhulumeni anganxusa ukuba axoshwe. Ngokufanayo, uhulumeni anganxusa ukuba kuthathwe izinqumo zokugwetshwa noma izinqumo ezisobala ezingaphumeli ekulahlweni. Nokho, uma ummangalelwa ekhululiwe yijaji noma uma ijaji, ukudluliswa kwecala kulinganiselwe kakhulu, njengoba iSiphendulo seFind sivimbela noma isiphi isigwebo sokugumbuqela.

INkantolo Ephakeme idwebe umngcele oqondile phakathi kwezicelo zikahulumeni ezivunyelwe nalezo ezizophula izingozi eziphindwe kabili. [FLT] United States v.Scott [788], iNkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi uma ummangalelwa efuna ukuxoshwa kwamacala ngezizathu ezimelene necala eliyiqiniso, uhulumeni angadlulisa ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili. Lomehluko ulondoloza icala lomshushicileli uma ucabangela isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo.

Indima Yobufakazi Obusha Ekuqhubekeni Kwangemva Komcimbi

Nakuba ingozi ephindwe kabili ibopha amacala ngemva kokulahlwa, imithetho ehlukene isebenza ezimweni lapho abamangalelwa beboshiwe khona. Izenzakalo zangemva kokuthola isigwebo zinikeza amathuba okuveza ubufakazi obusha obungagumbuqela isiqinisekiso esingalungile. Lezi zinqubo zihlanganisa ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuqulwa kwecala elisha, izicelo ze-habeas izicelo zama-corpus, futhi kwezinye izifundazwe, ukusho kobumsulwa kwangempela okusekelwe ebufakazini obusanda kutholakala.

Nokho, izindinganiso zokuthola usizo olusekelwe ebufakazini obusha ziyaqina. Abavikeli kumelwe babonise ukuthi ubufakazi busanda kutholakala futhi abunakutholakala ngaphambili ngokuzikhandla okunengqondo, ukuthi buyinto futhi buwusizo kukuzivikela, futhi bungaveza umphumela ohlukile uma kuqulwa. Izinkantolo ziyanqikaza ukuvulela izinqumo zokugcina ezingekho eziphoqeleleyo, ziqaphela ukubaluleka kokugcina esimisweni sokwahlulela sobugebengu.

Intuthuko Yanamuhla Yezimo Zanamuhla Nezimo Ezingezona Ezinhle

Ukwanda kobufakazi be-DNA kanye nezinye isayensi zobuchwepheshe be-fonsic kuye kwaguqula isimo ngemva kokukhipha i-ligion. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Project ye-Innocence ziye zasebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA ukuze zikhiphe amakhulu abantu ababoshelwe ngokungafanele, abaningi babo abachitha amashumi eminyaka ejele ngenxa yobugebengu obungabenzanga. Lezi zimo zibonisa amandla obufakazi obusha bokuqeda ukuphuphuma kobulungisa kuyilapho ziqokomisa futhi ukulinganiselwa okubekwe yimithetho ye-procedal nezindinganiso ezisobala.

Ngokwesibonelo, ezimweni lapho ubufakazi obungokwesayensi bulondolozwe khona ekuhlolweni kokuqala, ukuhlola kweDNA kwanamuhla kungaqinisekisa khona ukuthi awunacala.

Ukulinganisela Ukugcina, Ubuqotho Nokuphishekela Ubulungisa

Ukushukuma phakathi kwesivikelo esiphindwe kabili nokuvela kobufakazi obusha kuhlanganisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngemigomo yesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu. Kwesinye isandla, ukuphela kufeza izithakazelo ezibalulekile: ofakazi bangaqhubekela phambili, izisulu nemiphakathi kungathola ukuvalwa, futhi isimiso somthetho singanikeza imithombo ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokuphindela emuva amacala amadala ngokungenasiphelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isimiso kufanele silwele ukunemba nokulunga, siqinisekise ukuthi amaqembu anecala abekwe enecala futhi amaqembu angenacala awajeziswa.

Abasekeli benguquko baye bahlongoza izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokusingatha izinselele ezibangelwa ubufakazi obusha. Abanye basikisela ukuhlukanisa izingozi eziphindwe kabili ezicatshangelweni ezihilela ubufakazi obusha obuphoqelelayo bobugebengu obungathi ukubulala. Abanye baphikisana ngokwandisa amakhambi abantu ababoshelwe ngecala elingafanele kuyilapho bevikela ngokuqinile ekunqandeni ukuqulwa kwecala ngemva kokulahlwa. Abanye bagcizelela isidingo sokuphenya ngokunamandla nokuqulwa kwecala esiteshini sokuhlola ukuze banciphise amathuba okuba ubufakazi obubalulekile buvele ngemva kokuba kufinyelelwe isahlulelo.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Ukufinyelela Kwezinye Izimiso Zezomthetho

Izimiso zomthetho ezihlukene emhlabeni wonke ziye zathatha izindlela ezihlukene zenkinga ephindwe kabili. EUnited Kingdom, uMthetho Wobulungisa obuqinile 2003 wavela ngaphandle komthetho owenziwe ngokuyingozi kabili wobubi obungathi sína obubodwa lapho kuvela ubufakazi obusha nobunamandla. Lezinguquko zashukunyiswa ngokwengxenye yintukuthelo yomphakathi ngenxa yamacala lapho abamangalelwa abakhululiwe abavumile kamuva bevuma icala noma lapho ubufakazi obusha obuqinile buvela khona. Okungavumelani nomthetho ocaciswe ngokuphawulekayo, njengokubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphamba, nokuphanga, futhi kudinga ukuvunyelwa eNkabeni yokudluliswa kwecala phambi kokuqulwa kwecala kungaqhubeka.

Amanye amazwe, kuhlanganise ne-Australia, iCanada, kanye nezizwe eziningi zaseYurophu, alondoloza isivikelo esiqinile sezingozi eziphindwe kabili ngaphandle kokulinganisela. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokugcina nokunemba kuyahluka kuyehluka kuye ngamasiko angokomthetho, izimiso zomthetho-mthetho, kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Ukuhlola ngokuqhathaniswa kungazisa izimpikiswano mayelana nezinguquko ezingase zivele e-United States kuyilapho kuhlonishwe ngomthetho wezomthetho-mthetho waseMelika oyingozi ngokuphindwe kabili.

Izincwadi Ezingokoqobo Zokushushisa Nezokuvikela Ama - Attorney

Kudokotela abangokomthetho, ukudlulisa izingozi eziphindwe kabili kudinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela nolwazi olunzulu lomthetho osebenzayo. Abashushisi kumelwe baqiniseke ukuthi baletha wonke amacala atholakalayo ngesikhathi sokuqulwa kwecala, njengoba ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungase kuphumele ekuzameni ukuvalweni kwamuva kokuba ummangalelwa alandise. Lokhu kucabangela ngokuvamile kuholela ezinqumweni ezibanzi ezihlanganisa izinombolo eziningi ezisekelwe ekuziphatheni okufanayo, uma nje besuthisa ukuhlolwa kweBlockburger.

Abameli bezokuzivikela nabo, kumelwe bawavikele ngokucophelela amalungelo abathengi babo aphindwe kabili. Uma kubekwa amacala amasha ngemva komshushisi ongaphambili, iseluleko sokuvikela kufanele sisheshe siphakamise ukuphikisa okuphindiwe kwezingozi futhi sifune ukuxoshwa lapho kufanele khona. Ama-Attorney kufanele abhale futhi aqinisekise ukuthi ingozi ihlangene kahle, agcine umbhalo ukuze abukeze. Ukuqonda ukugqashuka komthetho oyingozi kabili kungenza umehluko phakathi kokuzivikela okuphumelelayo nokungancintisani kwecala kwesibili.

Isiphetho

Ingozi ephindwe kabili iseyisisekelo senqubo yobugebengu baseMelika, ebonisa isibopho soMthetho-sisekelo sokuvikela abantu emandleni anamandla kazwelonke. Isimiso siqinisekisa ukugcinwa, sivimbela ukuhlukunyezwa ngokuqulwa izigwebo ngokuphindaphindiwe, futhi silondoloza ukuthembeka kwesinqumo samajaji. Nokho, ukuvela kobufakazi obusha ngemva kokuphetha icala kuveza izinselele eziphikelelayo ezivivinya imingcele yalesivikelo.

Ukungezwani phakathi kokugcina nokunemba, phakathi kokuvikela abamangalelwa nokuphishekela ubulungisa, kuyoqhubeka kubangela ukuphikisana nokuhlaziywa komthetho. Nakuba ngaphandle kwezindaba ezingalungile, imfundiso ezimele, nezicelo zikahulumeni ezilinganiselwe kunikeza ukuvumelana okuthile, isivikelo esiyisisekelo ekuxazululweni ngemva kokulahlwa sihlala siqinile. Njengoba isayensi evikelayo ithuthuka nelindele ukuba khona kwezenhlalakahle, isimiso somthetho kumelwe siqhubeke silwisana nemibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi ephakanyiswa yizingozi eziphindwe kabili nezinselele zezindaba ezintsha zobufakazi obusha.

Ekugcineni, ukuqondisa lezi zinqumo kudinga ukulinganisela ngokucophelela kwezindinganiso ezincintisanayo: ukuhlonipha izivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo, ukubopheka emiphumeleni eqondile, nokuqaphela izindleko zomuntu kokubili ukulahlwa nokukhohliswa okungalungile. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwezinkantolo, izigebengu, nonodokotela abangokomthetho iyakuhlela ikusasa lomthetho oyingozi kabili nohlelo lwawo osebenza kulo. Kulabo abafuna ukufunda ngokuqhubekayo, [FLT] [DOGY] Inzuzo yezembu jikelele e-Jeophy [3] inikeza isiqondiso esibanzi sesihloko, kuyilapho [FLT:][FLT] [FFFF]