Isingeniso

Isimiso sengozi ephindwe kabili siyisisekelo senqubo yobugebengu e-United States, esibekwe eSichibiyelweni sesihlanu: “Noma ubani ngeke abekwe engozini efanayo ukuze abekwe kabili engozini yokufa noma ukuvikelwa.” Lokhu kuvikela kuhulumeni ukuthi uvimbela umuntu ukuba aquqe noma ajezise umuntu ngokuphindwe kanye ngecala elifanayo. Nokho, izenzakalo zanamuhla zobugebengu zivame ukuveza amacala amaningi – ngokwesibonelo, umuntu oyedwa odakiwe angabekwa ezimangalweni zokubulalana ngemizimba yakhe, i-DuI, ukushayela ngokunganaki, nokuhluleka ukuyeka. Ukuqonda ukuthi izingozi eziphindwe kabili zisebenza kanjani lapho kuvela icala elilodwa lesenzakalo esisodwa. Nokho, izenzakalo ezibonisa ukuthi ingxabano ephakathi kwecala, ukumangalelwa, ukuqulwa okunga okuvamile, nokunye okungagunyaza okuvamile, lokhu kuvumela ukucushwa okungokomthetho, izihloko ezingokomthetho, nokuhluphaza okungokomthetho.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokweqa Icala Okukabili

Isilinganiso sengozi ephindwe kabili seSichibiyelo sesihlanu sisebenza ekumangalelweni kwecala ngeSiphendulo se-Admittery i-Acception’s Accessiste (] Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784]). Isivikelo uma ijaji lifumbekwa ecaleni lejaji, noma lapho ufakazi wokuqala efungela ukuqulwa kwecala. Ngemva kokuvala icala noma ukuqiniseka, uhulumeni ngeke uphinde ubeke ummangalelwa icala elifanayo, futhi ungakwazi ukubeka isijeziso esiphindaphindiphelweni esisodwa esenzeka. Umthetho ufeza izinjongo ezintathu: (1) ukuvikela abantu ekuqulweni kweminyayelo, (2) ukuvikela isahlulelo sokugcina isigwebo, nokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kohulumeni umuntu ongenacala.

“Umthetho-sisekelo owenqabela ukufakwa engozini ephindwe kabili wawuklanyelwe ukuvikela umuntu ekubhekaneni nezingozi zovivinyo nokuqiniseka okungenzeka izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa.” – Luhlaza v. United States, 355 U.S.1957]

Kunini Lapho Umkhuba Wokubhakuza “Ufakwa Khona”?

Ukuqonda ukunamathelana kubucayi uma kuvela izenzakalo ezifanayo. Ingozi ephindwe kabili ayihlanganisi nje kuphela ngenxa yokuthi umuntu uboshiwe noma ubekwe icala. Inamathela kuphela ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa esebekwe engozini – okusho ukuthi, lapho icala seliqalile. Ukuqulwa kwejaji, lokhu kwenzeka lapho abahluleli bebekwa endaweni yokuhlala futhi befunzwe izifungo. Uma icala lebhentshi liqulwa, kwenzeka uma ufakazi wokuqala efunwe ngesifungo. Uma icala lixoshwa ngaphambi kokuba izingozi zibekwe (umz., phakathi nokuqulwa kokuqala) uhulumeni angaphinde asole futhi amacala. Uma izingozi zikhona, ukuvala isigwebo, ukulahlwa ngobandlululo, noma ukukhonzwa komthetho wokuqulwa komthetho ofanayo.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-“Samese": Ukubusa kwe-Blockburger

Umbuzo oyinhloko emacaleni afuna isilinganiso esiphindwe kabili uwukuthi amacala amabili akha “icala elifanayo.” INkantolo Ephakeme yamisa uvivinyo olukhona i-hitburger v. i-United States, 284 U.S.29]. Ngaphansi kokuhlolwa kweBlockburger, amacala amabili ayafana ngezingozi ezimbili uma ngalinye lingadingi ubufakazi beqiniso lokuthi elinye alifuni. Ngamanye amazwi, uma izakhi zobugebengu ezimbili zifana, noma uma enye ihlanganisa isono esincane, khona - ke inecala elifanayo futhi ayinakujeziswa ngaphandle kokuphindwa kabili.

Isibonelo: Ubugebengu Nokuhlasela

Ake sithi ummangalelwa uphanga isitolo ngebhamu. Umbuso ummangalela ngokuphanga (ukuthatha impahla ngempoqo noma ngosongo) nangokuhlasela ngesikhali esibulalayo. Izici zokuphanga zidinga ukuthathwa, kuyilapho ukuhlasela kudinga isenzo senhloso esibangela ukwesaba ukulimala. ] itsheba lamazwi, ubugebengu obubodwa budinga ubufakazi bengxenye engadingi – ukuphanga, kudinga ukuhlasela, kudinga ukulimala (noma ukulimala ngempela) okungadingi ukuthatha. Ngakho, ukukhomba kuzo zombili iziphakaliso akukonakali engozini, njengoba lokhu kungoko kunecala elihlukene.

Okuncane Okuhlanganisa Amaphutha

Uma ubugebengu obubodwa buyicala elincane elihlanganisa ukubulala elinye, izingozi eziphindwe kabili ezihlukanisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubulala okwesibili kuyicala elingaphansi kwelecala lokubulala kokuqala okuphindwe kabili emigadeni eminingi. Uma ummangalelwa ekhululwa ekubulaleni kokuqala, akanakubekwa icala ngokubulala okwesibili ngokubulala okufanayo, ngoba icala lesibili liyicala elifanayo ngezinjongo eziphindiwe.

Iziphakamiso Eziningi Ezivela Enhlekeleleni Eyodwa: Ziyaxazululeka Futhi Azikho

Isenzakalo esisodwa singabangela ubugebengu obuhlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlasela okukodwa kungakha kokubili ibhetri (ukuthinta okungekho emthethweni) kanye nokuhlasela (ukusongela kokulimala), ngalinye elinezici ezihlukene. Abashushisi bavame ukuveza izibalo eziningi zokuhlanganisa zonke izincazelo zecala. Indinganiso ephindwe kabili ayiwunqabi lomkhuba, uma nje icala ngalinye liyicala elihlukile ngaphansi kokuhlola iBlockburger. Nokho, imingcele yemithetho iyasebenza uma ukuziphatha okufanayo kusetshenziswa ukufakazela izikhalo ezihlukene ezithi empeleni ezokona okufanayo.

Isibonelo: IDUI Ne - Vehicular Homicide

Umshayeli ushaya futhi abulale umuntu ohamba ngezinyawo edakiwe. Umbuso ungammangalela nge-DUI nokubulala ngemisipha. Ngaphansi kwe-Blockburger, i-DUI idinga ubufakazi bokudakwa lapho isebenzisa imoto; ukubulalana ngemizwa kudinga ubufakazi bokufa okubangelwa ukushayela kommangalelwa. Ubugebengu obubodwa bunesinye isici esingekho kwesinye: I-DUI ayifuni ukufa, futhi ukubulala ngemisipha akudingi ukudakwa (ezizweni eziningi, ubugebengu obubodwayo", bungahlanganisa nokunganakisisa). Ngakho, izinkolelo ezihlukene zombili ziyavunywa. Nokho, uma umthetho owenziwe ngesivumelwano u-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho ungahlongoba ukuthi i-DuI ayidingi ukufa, uma nje kungumphumela wokubulala abantu ababulawa nge-DEhhayi, kungalandela umphumela ohlukile.

Lapho Kuqedwa Ukukhokha Imali Eningi

Amajaji amabili ezingozi abekwa izigwegwe lapho izikhalo zibizwa ngokuthi “icala elifanayo” ngaphansi kwe-Blockburger. Ngokwesibonelo, Brown v.Ohio, 432 U.S. 16177), ummangalelwa wabekwa icala lokuqala lokujabula (ukuthatha imoto ngaphandle kwemvume) futhi kamuva wamangalelwa ngenxa yengozi efanayo. INkantolo Ephakeme yathi ukuthokozela kuhlanganisa icala elincane lokweba kwezimoto (okufuna ukuba ukwenqabe unomphela). Njengoba ukumangalelwa kwesibili kwakuwukwephula ngokuphindwe kabili. Ngokufanayo, uma ummangalelwa esulwayo esulwa ngokugqeshiswa, isimo ngeke azame ukuzama ukujeza esiphaza esiphaza esiphaza esiphazathwini esifanayo, icala elingaphansi ngenxa yecala elingaphansi.

Imfundiso Yobukhosi Obubodwa

Icala elikhulu elinqabela ukuvikelwa kabili kwezingozi yimfundiso yobukhosi ehlukene, evumela ukuqulwa kwamacala ngokuhlukana ngezikhulu ezihlukene (isibonelo, ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni) ukuze benze isenzo esifanayo. Isizathu siwukuthi umbusi ngamunye unemithetho yakhe siqu nezithakazelo; ukujeziswa kwe-United States akuyona icala elifanayo njengecala eliyalelwe umbuso, ngisho noma ukuziphatha kufana. Ngokwesibonelo, iphoyisa elisebenzisa amandla aphakeme lingase lithweswe uhulumeni ngokuhlasela futhi libekwe futhi limiswe uhulumeni ophethe ngokuphula amalungelo omphakathi. INkantolo Ephakeme ayiphindaphindiwe lemfundiso [[FLT:]. United States[FLD:1] v.[FLD1], Constan.[56], C.[19.[19]

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo

Kusesehlakalweni esisodwa, kokubili amacala kahulumeni nawohulumeni angaqhubeka ngokwahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ukudubula okukhulu kungaholela ekubulaweni kwamacala nokucwaswa kwecala likahulumeni nokubekwa kwezibhamu. Ummangalelwa akanakusho ukuthi usengozini ephindwe kabili ukuvimbela ukuqulwa komthetho kwesibili ngoba lamakhosi amabili anezithakazelo ezihlukene. Amanye amazwe aye abeka imithetho evimbela umkhuba emikhawulweni yawo, kodwa umthetho kahulumeni uyaqhubeka.

Izigaba Nezimpoqo Eziningi

Ubufakazi Obusha Nezimpikiswano Ezingalungile

Ingozi ephindwe kabili ayibangeli ukuqulwa ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala okunganembile lapho “kukhona isidingo” (umzk., ijaji elilengiwe) noma uma ummangalelwa ecela ukuqulwa ngephutha. Ngokufanayo, uma kuvela ubufakazi obusha ngemva kokuthethelelwa, uhulumeni ngeke ambeke ummangalelwa icala elifanayo. Nokho, uma icala lipheliswa ngaphambi kokufakwa izingozi, noma uma ukuvunyelwa kuguqulwa ekudlulisweni kwecala ngenxa yephutha (akuwona ubufakazi obunganele), ukuqulwa futhi kuvame ukuvunyelwa.

Izenzakalo Ezifanayo, Izisulu Ezihlukene

Uma isenzakalo esisodwa silimaza izisulu eziningi, isisulu ngasinye singabangela ukumangalelwa ngokwehlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ummangalelwa ekhipha abantu abathathu esinyatheloni esisodwa, angabekwa icala ngezikhawu ezintathu zokuzama ukubulala noma ukuhlasela. Izibalo ngazinye ziyicala elihlukile ngoba ngasinye sihilela isisulu esihlukile, futhi ukuhlolwa kweBlockburger akuzihlanganisi. Lona umthetho oweqinisiwe; izingozi ezimbili azikuvimbeli ukujeziswa kwezenzo ezifanayo lapho izisulu eziningi zilimala.

Imiphumela Engomphakathi Neyobugebengu

Imithetho ephindwe kabili enikeza isigwebo sengozi isebenza kuphela ekumangaleleni, hhayi emacaleni obugebengu noma ombuso. Ngakho, umuntu angase abhekane nakho kokubili ukumangalelwa kwecala lobugebengu kanye nokumangalelwa kwecala komphakathi ngenxa yesenzakalo esifanayo (umz., ukufa komphakathi okungalungile ngemva kokulahlwa ngokulahliwe). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulahlekelwa yisizwe, ukuvinjelwa, imvume yokujeziswa, noma ukujeziswa kochwepheshe akubhekwa “ukujeziswa ngezingozi eziphindwe kabili ezimweni eziningi, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukunqulwa okulinganiselwe lapho“ ijeziswa ngokungemthetho" ( eUnited States v. Halper, [31]], 490, U.U.U.59], kamuva i-expowenziwa ngemithetho yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-onke).

Ukucatshangelwa Okukahle Kwalabo Abavikelayo Nabakhandi Bezinto Eziyigugu

Uma isenzakalo esisodwa siholela ekumangalelweni okuningi, iseluleko sokuvikela kumelwe sihlaziye ukuthi iziphi izikhalo ezifanayo noma zingaphansi kwe-Blockburger. Uma kunjalo, ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulahla amacala okuzenzela amaphepha kufanele kubekwe phambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ummangalelwa ekhululiwe ecaleni elikhulu, iseluleko kufanele sisheshe sihlole ukuthi amacala angaphansi yini asele akhona futhi sithathe isinyathelo sokuwalahla.

Ukugwenywa Nokugwetshwa Kwamabhande

Umonakalo ongathinta izivumelwano ezidingwayo. Ummangalelwa akanakumangalela icala elifana necala ayekhululwe ngalo ngaphambili. Nokho, uhulumeni uvame ukubeka icala lokufaka izicelo eziningi zokuzifaka icala. Ekugwebeni, inkantolo akumelwe ibeke isijeziso esiningi ngecala elifanayo. Isijeziso esiphindaphindiwe akumelwe sidlule kulelo eligunyazwe ngokomthetho nganoma yiliphi icala uma icala litholakala lifana nelodwa ngaphansi kwe-Blockburger.

Ukukhanga Nokuhlasela Okunamandla

Uma ummangalelwa eboshelwa emacaleni amaningi aphula izingozi eziphindwe kabili, ikhambi liwukulahla ukuvunyelwa kwalelicala. Kwezinye izimo, inkantolo ingahlanganisa izinkolelo. Izinkantolo zecala zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa okufanayo kwe-Blockburger de novo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingozi ezimbili zingaphakanyiswa nge-habeas corpus uma zingalondolozwa ngokufanelekile lapho kuqulwa icala, nakuba imithetho ehleliwe esemthethweni ingasebenza.

Intuthuko Engokomlando Nezimpikiswano Zanamuhla

Impoqo yengozi ephindwe kabili isuka ekujuleni komthetho wesiNgisi ovamile, lapho isicelo se- samukela khona isimiso, kodwa ukusebenza kwaso ekumangalelweni okuningi kwesenzakalo esisodwa kuvele kakhulu. [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] u-autrefois iziboshwa[[, iNkantolo yagxila ezingeni zomthetho ezilandelanayo, ukuhlola okuthi abanye abagxeki baphikisene ngakho kungavumela uhulumeni ukuba usebenzise inqubo yobugebengu enziwa ngezenzo eziningi zobugebengu.

Ezinye izazi ezingokomthetho ziye zasekela “ukuziphatha okufanayo” kunokuhlolela“amalungu” ukuvimbela ukuphaphazeka kukahulumeni. Grady v. Corbin, 495 U.S.508.1990), iNkantolo yathatha kancinci ukuhlolwa okubanzi“ okukodwa” kodwa yabuye yalawula kakhulu eminyakeni emithathu kamuva eUnited States v. Dixon, 509], U.S. 688 (1993), [[FLT:] [FLD] [FLD] [FLT:] yabuyisela izilinganiso ze-BMbongo njengesilinganiso esikabili sezelelwe ukunquma ukuthi yini izingozi ezingokomthetho ezimbili.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo

Izifundazwe ezizimele zikhululekile ukunikeza isivikelo esikhulu esiyingozi kakhulu kunesidingo soMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Ezinye ziye zamukela “ubufakazi” obufanayo noma“ ukuhlolwa kwentengiselwano”, okuvikela kakhulu kune-Blockburger. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo yokudlulisa izikhalo yaseNew York isebenzisa isivikelo esiqinile“intengo eyodwa” ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wayo, ngokuvamile ifuna ukuba wonke amacala abangelwa ukuthengiselana ubugebengu ahlolwe ndawonye. Ngokufanayo, izinkantolo zaseCalifornia ziye zasebenzisa indinganiso“ yokuziphatha okufanayo” emophisweni. Izikhulu ze-Practiotioctions maziqaphele isivikelo esiqinile lapho zimelela izikhalo zecala ezivela kumthetho ezikalweni ezifanayo.

Isibonelo: Umthetho Ongasodwa WaseOregon

Umthetho wengozi ophindiwe we-Oregon (osususiwe kumthetho wezwe nasemacaleni) ngokuvamile wenqabela ukukholelelwa okuningi ngesenzo sobugebengu esifanayo, ngisho noma amacala anezici ezihlukene. Statel v. Umthetho weWeist, 89 P.79 (Or. 2004), i-Oregon Court ePhakeme uveza ukuthi ukuhlasela okubili okuvela ekushayeni okukodwa kwesekwe ngokuphindwe kabili, njengoba umbuso uhlulekile ukubonisa ukulimala okuhlukeneyo kwecala ngalinye. Lokhu kudlulela ngalé kokuhlaziya kwe-divinicletude.

Isibonelo Esiwusizo: Ubugebengu Nokuhlaselwa

Cabangela ummangalelwa ongena esitolo esilula, ofaka ummese, afune imali, abese ehlaba umabhalane lapho umabhalane emelana, ebangela ukulimala okungathi sína. Lesisenzakalo siveza amacala amaningi: ukuphanga, ukuzama ukubulala ngezinga lokuqala (ukubulala ngenhloso), ukuhlasela ngezinga lokuqala (ukulimala okukhulu emzimbeni ngesikhali esibulalayo), ukuba nesikhali sobugebengu, nokusongela (kubeka esinye ngokwesaba). Ngaphansi kokuhlolwa kweBlockburger, icala ngalinye linezici ezihlukile:

  • [[UMTHO:0] IRobbery: uthatha impahla ngamandla noma usongo lokusebenzisa amandla.
  • Ihlose ukubulala: Ukufuna ukubulala kanye nenyathelo eliqondile eliholela ekubulaleni.
  • Assault kuqala: Ukuzimisela ukubangela ukulimala okungathi sína komzimba noma ukuhlanganyela esimweni esibangela ukulimala okunjalo ngesikhali esibulalayo.
  • [[[UMTL:0] i-Weaton: ngasese iphethe isibhamu noma isikhali esiyingozi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuhlanganisa: Ngenhloso ukubeka omunye ngokwesaba ukulimala okungathi sína okuseduze.

Ngenxa yokuthi ubugebengu obubodwa budinga ubufakazi bento obungadingeki ukuba abanye baphange (isibonelo, ukuthatha inhloso yokubulala ngokuzama ukubulala, ukuphatha isikhali ngezikhali), zonke izikhalo ezinhlanu zihlukene ngezinjongo eziphindwe kabili, ngisho noma zonke zisuka esenzekalweni esisodwa. Ummangalelwa angabekwa icala kuwo wonke amacala amahlanu ngaphandle kokuphula iSichibiyelo sesihlanu. Nokho, uma isigebengu sasihlose ukuba icala elilodwa libe eliphansi lihlanganise icala lomunye (umz., isig., isigqebhekq. lingasekuba linezelwe ukuphanga impatho uma usongo lukhona kuphela phakathi nokuthatha), inkantolo kumelwe iboshe noma ikhiphe ukuqiniseka okuko.

Isiphetho

Izimpawu eziphindiwe zengozi ziwukuvikela okubalulekile komthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo ezinqikazaneni eziningi ezivela esenzekweni esisodwa akuyona into elula. Ukuhlolwa kwezimo ze-Blockburger kuseyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokunquma ukuthi amacala amabili anecala elifanayo yini. Amacala amaningi ngokuvamile ayavunyelwa uma ngalinye liqukethe isici esihlukile futhi isishaya-mthetho esihloselwe ukuhlukanisa. Umbuso wombuso ohlukene uvumela ukumangalelwa okuhlukene kwezwe nombuso, futhi izikhalo ezihilela izisulu eziningi ezihlukene njalo. Abameli kumelwe bahlaziye ngokucophelela ukumangalelwa ngakunye ngobufakazi kanye nezici ezikhona ukuze baphawule noma izingozi ezingaphindeka kabili. Njengoba iNkanto ePhakakhulu igcizelela, uhulumeni awukwenqabi ukumangalelwa okuhlukahlukene ngenxa yezenzo ezifanayo - kuphela uhulumeni oye wazama umuntu oyedwa.

Ukhiye:[

  • Izingozi ezimbili lapho ijaji lifungela (noma okokuqala ufakazi ecaleni lebhentshi).
  • I-Blockburger ukuhlolwa (“amakhemikhali") ibusa ukuthi ukumangalelwa okubili kuyisiphambeko esisodwa.
  • Ukumangalelwa ngezici ezihlukahlukene, ngisho nakuleso senzakalo esifanayo, ngokuvamile kuyavunyelwa.
  • Icala elincane elihlanganisa amacala ngeke lijeziswe ngokwalo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukulahlwa kwecala elikhulu.
  • Ubukhosi obubodwa buvumela ukuba kubekwe umbuso ohlukene noma uvivinywe.
  • Imithetho kahulumeni ingase inikeze isivikelo esibanzi.
  • Ubugebengu ngabunye obuhilela isisulu esihlukene buyicala elihlukene.

Kulabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe, bhekisela ku- Cornell Legin Information Institute ukucaciswa kwengozi ephindwe kabili, ukuthathwa kweSigebengu seZizumbuluko zeMagemfe kusengozini ephindwe kabili[, kanye ne-[FLT]Contitution [[4] Controlition Anotection on the Findmentmentment [. Njengesikhathi sonke, izindaba ezithile zidinga iseluleko kummeli wesigebengu ofanelekayo.