UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States ungaphezu nje komthetho-mthetho; uyisisekelo esiphilayo esilinganisela izimiso eziyisisekelo kanye nezifiso ezihlanganisa umphakathi ohlukene. Phakathi kwemibono yawo ehlanganisayo, ukulingana nobulungisa bezenhlalo kumi njengezinsika ezimbili, ngasinye sinikeza ulwazi futhi siqinise esinye. Nakuba ukulingana kuvame ukubhekisela ekuvikelweni okungokomthetho okungokomthetho ekukhetheni, ubulungisa bezenhlalo budlulela phambili ekubhekaneni nezimo ezingekho ngokomthetho futhi buqinisekise ukuhlukaniswa ngokufanele kwemithombo yempahla namathuba. Lesihloko sihlola ubuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwalemiqondo njengeminye esekelwe eMthethweni-sisekelo, ilandelela intuthuko yayo engokomlando, izincazelo eziphikiswayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamanje.

Ukulingana Njengesimiso Somthetho - sisekelo

Ukulingana akushiwo ngokuqondile eMthethweni woMyalo wokuqala ka-1787. Eqinisweni, umbhalo wokuqala wamukela budedengu ubugqila nokuthotshiswa kwabesifazane. Igama elithi “ukulingana” aliveli ndawo eziHlulweni noma eBill of Rights yokuqala. Kunalokho, isimiso savela ngokuguqula umthetho-sisekelo kancane kancane sibe umthetho-siseko wamalungelo alinganayo.

Ukuyekethisa Kwezisekelo Nendlela Yokuthola Isichibiyelo

UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wawunamalungiselelo amaningana alondoloza ukungalingani: amaFenth - Feedman abalwa abantu abagqilazwe njengezifethu ezintathu zomuntu okhululekile ukuze amelelwe futhi akhokhe intela; isigqila esingumFugisi uClaus sasifuna ukubuya kwabantu abaphunyukile abagqilaziwe; futhi i-Electoral College nesakhiwo seSigele sahlanekezela amandla okuvota emibuso engami kakhulu kodwa futhi safaka futhi izikhundla zobuhlanga nabesifazane. Sathatha impi yombano nochungechunge lwezinguquko ukuze kuqale ukulahla lezizakhiwo.

  • Isichibiyeli sesithathu (11865):[ Ubugqila nokugqilazwa okuzenzekelayo, ngaphandle kwesijeziso secala. Lokhu kuqedwa ngokusemthethweni kobugqila bezingxoxo kodwa kushiyelwe igumbi izimiso zokubopha ezisalokhu zikhona namuhla.
  • Isichibiyeli se-14th (168): Isivikelo Sayo esilinganayo u-Clause saba ithuluzi eliyinhloko lomthetho-sisekelo elibekela inselele ukucwaswa kobandlululo. Ukulungisa futhi kuchazwe inqubo yesizwe, kuqinisekisiwe, futhi kwenqatshwe ukuphika noma yimuphi umuntu “isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho.”
  • Isichibiyeli se-15th (1870): Ukuncishwa kwelungelo lokuvota okusekelwe embangweni wezinhlanga. Nokho igwebu elinjengentela yokuvota, ukuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, kanye namasu okwesabisayo akhubazeka cishe iminyaka eyikhulu.
  • Isichibiyeli se19th (1920): Abesifazane banikwa isijeziso esengeziwe, nakuba abesifazane abaningi abanombala besabhekene nemithetho yokuvota esekelwe ezinhlangani kuze kube i-Overtic Rights Act ka-1965.
  • Isichibiyeli se24th (1964): Izintela zokuvota ezikhishwe kukhetho lukahulumeni, kususwa unqano lwezimali olwaluthinte ngokungenakulinganiswa abavoti abamnyama nabahlawulwa imali ephansi.

Lezinguquko zibonisa isibopho somthetho-sisekelo sokulingana okungaphazima kweso futhi okungaphelele. Ngasinye sasimelela ukunqoba okunzima kwezimiso eziqinile zokucindezela, futhi ngasinye sasidinga izinhlangano eziqhubekayo zezenhlalo ukuba zifezeke.

Izinhlobo Zokulingana EMthethweni Womthetho - sisekelo

Izazi ezingokomthetho zihlukanisa phakathi kokulingana okungokomthetho, − nokuphatha abantu ngokufanayo, futhi abalinganayo, abaqaphela ukuthi ukungalingani komlando kungase kudinge ukuphathwa ngendlela ehlukile ukuze kufinyelelwe ubulungisa bangempela. I-Uncime Protection Clausle ichazwa njengesusela lokuvumelana kokubili, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ivame ukusebenzisa uhide oluhlolweyo:

  • Strict Scrutiny: Isetshenziswa lapho imithetho ihlukanisa ngokohlanga, umsuka wesizwe, noma amalungelo ayisisekelo. Uhulumeni kumelwe abonise isithakazelo esishukumisayo nokuthi umthetho ulungiswe kancane. Lendinganiso yavela ezimweni ezifana Koritatsu v. United States [1944] futhi yacwengisiswa ku [[FT: 4)] abakhi. Pedardands v. [1995]
  • I-Scrutiny extermeterte Scrutiny: Ibhekiswe ekuhlelweni kwesigaba sobulili nasekuhlelweni ngokomthetho. Uhulumeni kumelwe abonise isithakazelo esibalulekile nokuthi umthetho uhlobene kakhulu naleyosithakazelo. Craig v. Boren [6] wasungula loluvivinyo.
  • Rational Basiss Review: Ibhekiswe kwezinye izimo zezomnotho nezezenhlalo. Umthetho udinga ukuhlobana kuphela ngokomthetho nesithakazelo sikahulumeni. Lendinganiso ephansi ivame ukusekela imithetho ethinta amaqembu angaphansi ngokungenakuqhathaniswa ngaphandle kokuba abheke “isigaba sezentengiselwano.”

Le ndlela elandelanayo ibonisa indlela uMthetho - sisekelo obheka ngayo ukulingana hhayi njengomyalo owodwa, kodwa njengesimiso esihlukile esivumelana nobukhulu bobandlululo oluhilelekile.

Isimiso Somqondo Sobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Ubulungisa bezenhlalo, nakuba bungelona igama elitholakala eMthethweni ngokwawo, buye baba yisici esichazayo abasekeli abaningi nabahluleli abaqonda ngaso izinjongo ezibanzi zencwadi. Ubulungisa bezenhlalo abudingi nje kuphela ukungabi nalubandlululo olungokomthetho kodwa futhi nokuba khona kwezimo ezilinganayo zemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, indawo yokuhlala, nethuba lezomnotho. Kudinga ukuhlola indlela imithetho nezimiso okuzibangela ngayo ukungathathi hlangothini ngisho nalapho zingathathi hlangothi.

Umsuka Ongokwefilosofi

Inkolelo-mbono yobulungisa bezenhlalo yanamuhla idonsela kakhulu emsebenzini wesazi sefilosofi yezombangazwe uJohn Rawls. Imfundiso yoMahluleli [[FLT: 1] (1971], Rawls waphikisa ngokuthi umphakathi onobulungisa ungomunye lapho uhlelo oluyisisekelo lomphakathi luvikela khona inkululeko eyisisekelo kubo bonke futhi uhlela ukungalingani kwezenhlalo nokwezomnotho ukuze kuzuzise okungcono kakhulu. Le simiso “esiphambene” sivumelana nombono womthetho wemithetho wokuthi ukulingana okungaphansi komthetho kumelwe ngezinye izikhathi kuhlanganiswe ngezindlela zokuyekelela. Nakuba u-Danwls ngokwakhe engabhalanga ngomthetho womthetho ka-mthetho, imibono yakhe iye yathonya indlela izazi ezichaza ngayo i-Eal Seal Protection Clauslective nemfanelo kahulumeni.

Ezinye izazi zefilosofi, njengoMartha Nussbaum no Amartya Sen, ziye zasungula “indlela yokuthatha isinyathelo sokulawula,” eveza ubulungisa ngalokho abantu abakwaziyo ukukwenza nokukwenza. Ngokwezimo zomthetho-sisekelo, lesi sici sibuza ukuthi uhulumeni uqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zinamandla yini okuhlanganyela ngokugcwele kwezombangazwe, ezenhlalo, nakwezomnotho. Lombono uye wabhexwa ezimpikiswani zokusekela imfundo yomphakathi, ukuvota, nokuthola imvume, kanye nokunakekela impilo.

Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Izindlela zokuchaza indlela yokulawula inqubo zilawula indlela ubulungisa bezenhlalo obungena ngayo emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo. Izazi zakuqala ziphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo yayimiswe ngesikhathi sokudilizwa nokuthi abahluleli akumelwe badlulisele imiqondo yamanje yobulungisa bezenhlalo. Abaphili bomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi amagama abanzi alencwadi (njengesithi “isivikelo esilinganayo” kanye“ nenqubo yokuqala”"""" kumelwe ivele ifikele ezimweni ezintsha. Ukungavumelani phakathi kwalezi zimo kusekujuleni kwemithetho eminingi engokomthetho.

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) yahlehlisa imfundiso elinganayo” ye Pnevy v. Ferguson (1996). INkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwakungenakulinganiswa, ngisho noma izakhiwo zazilingana ngokwegama. ISikhulu uWarren Warren sabhala ukuthi imfundo “ilungelo okumelwe litholakale kubo bonke ngemibandela elinganayo,” iqaphela ukulimala okungaphazami kwencube yezingane.
  • Roe v. [1903] wasekela ilungelo lowesifazane lokukhetha eMhlelweni Wezinqumo ze-Claus e-Act Claus ye-145th Reformation, ukuveza inkululeko yokuzala njengengxenye eyinhloko yokulingana. Isinqumo kamuva sabekwa umthetho kumaDobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202]), sibuyisela umbuzo ukuze sisho futhi sibangele impikiswano enzima ngesivikelo somthetho-mzitho.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) wakholelwa ukuthi imibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo inelungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada ngaphansi kweNkathi Efaneleyo neSivikelo sika-Celas. Umbono kaMahluleli uKennedy wagcizelela ukuthi umshado “uyisihluthulelo sokuhleleka kwethu kwezenhlalo” nokuthi ukukhipha imibhangqwana efanayo exhunyiweyo kwalulaza isithunzi sayo nenkululeko yayo.

Lezi zimo zibonisa indlela ukuchaza umthetho - sisekelo okungafeza ngayo ubulungisa bezenhlalo ngokuqaphela izindinganiso ezishintsha isithunzi nokulingana.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Zokulinganisela Nobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Naphezu kwesiqinisekiso somthetho - sisekelo, ukungalingani kwezakhiwo kusekhona emphakathini waseMelika.

Ukusakaza Amalungelo

Ilungelo lokuvota lisekelwe ekubusweni kwentando yeningi nasebulungiseni bezenhlalo. Ngemva kokudlula kwe-Voning Rights Act ka-65, ukubhalisa nokuvala phakathi kwenani elincane labantu kwanda ngokuphawulekayo. Nokho, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Shelby County v. Hander[ [2013]) yalahla amalungiselelo ayinhloko eMithetho edinga izifundazwe ezithile nomlando wobandlululo ukuze ithole ukusungulwa kwemithetho yokuvota. Ngokulandela imithetho ye-[[FLT] [FLT] [FLT:] [i3], izigaba eziningi ezishaya umthetho oqinile ovotayo, ukuvota, ukuvota, ukucola, ukuvota, nokuvala izindawo zokuqala ezisezindaweni ezimbalwa.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buyashintsha

I-United States ibulala abantu abaningi kunanoma iliphi elinye izwe lentando yeningi. Ukuhluka kwezinhlanga ekuboshweni, ekuqinisekini, nasekugwetshweni kusobala: Abansundu basemaMelika baboshwa ngokuphindwe kahlanu kwenani labamhlophe. ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu seSichibiyelo sezenzwe “ukugqilazwa okungenhloso” njengesijeziso sobugebengu bezenzo zobugebengu. Izehlulelo zezempathiso zokusebenza ejele eziyekwa abagxeki abathile bazibiza ngokuthi uhlobo lwanamuhla lobugqila. Izimiso ze-Bail ezivimbela abantu ukuba bangakwazi ukukhokha, imithetho emithathu ephoqa isigwebo sokuphila ngenxa yezenzo zobugqila, futhi impi yezidakamizwa yezidakamizwa iye yanezela ezindaweni ezihlukene. Imithetho yezenhlalo isekela ukuthi isithembiso somthetho wezentengiselwano ebanzi, kuhlanganise nokuncishiswa kwemithetho encishisiwe emphakathini.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nokuthola Ubulungisa

UMthetho-sisekelo awuqinisekisi ilungelo lokuthola indawo yokuhlala, ukudla, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, noma umholo osebenzayo. Nokho ukungalingani kwezomnotho kululaza ikhono lamaqembu angaphansi lokuhlanganyela ngokulinganayo ekuphileni komphakathi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi i-Unicial Protection Claus ayifuni ukuba umbuso unikeze imali elinganayo ezikoleni zomphakathi ([] u-Santion Autoconfic School u-v. Rodriguez[[FLLD]]], 1973), futhi ayifuni ukufinyelela ukunikezwa kweseluleko ezicabeni ( Lassiter v. Umnyango wezentengo zezentengo yezentengiselwano yeze-mthetho wesizwe [[FLT]]][FLT]],[16],[16]],[8]]). Lezi zinqulusuku zishiya izikhala eziphawulekayo ekwakhiweni zomthetho womthetho womthetho womphakathi womphakathi womphakathi womphakathi. Abamelezelela ukuqondwa ukuba bangabantu ukuba baqonde kakhulu, mhlawumbe babophe isibopho

  • Ukuvikela: I-Afford Care Act yasinda ezinkingeni zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, kodwa amashumi ezigidi asaphikiswa. Izinhlanga nezinhlanga ezimbalwa zibhekana nemiphumela emibi kakhulu yempilo cishe kuzo zonke isilinganiso, umehluko ophakanyiswe yizinto ezingekho ngokomthetho ekutholeni, ekwelapheni, nasezimweni zendawo ezungezile.
  • Imfundo: Ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezifunda zesikole ezicebile nezimpofu kuqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani. Ezinye izinkantolo eziphezulu zikahulumeni ziye zawisa izimiso zezemfundo ngaphansi kombuso ezilinganayo zokuvikela, kodwa umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni unikeza inzuzo elinganiselwe.
  • Ukucwasa kwezindlu kuyaqhubeka naphezu koMthetho weFair House Hoss. Ukulahla, ukuhlukanisa, nokuhlanganisa zonke zinezilinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo, njengoba zithinta ikhono lamaqembu ahluliwe lokuphila emiphakathini enemithombo eyanele.

Ikusasa Lokulunga Okulinganayo Nokwahlulela Komphakathi EMthethweni Womthetho - sisekelo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokulingana nobulungisa bezenhlalo abuyona into ekhona. Buyashintsha ngokulungiswa komthetho - sisekelo, izinqumo zokwahlulela, ukumiswa kwemithetho nezinhlangano zezenhlalo.

Ukuqamba Kwakuqala Okuphikisanayo NoMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

INkantolo yamanje ePhakeme kakhulu inenani elikhulu elithatha isikhathi eside, abaningi babo basekela ukusungula noma ukubhalwa kwemibhalo. Emacalani ahilela ukuvumela isenzo, amalungelo okuvota, nokukhipha isisu, iNkantolo iye yazishintsha izenzakalo ezincike ekuqondeni okubanzi kokulingana nobulungisa bezenhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, [[[FLL:0]] imelene noFair Adgigistrations v. [[FLLT:1] [2023] [2023]) yayeka ukuvuma ngezwi lokungazethembi emakholishini, iphethe ukuthi izinhlelo ezinjalo ziphula iSivikeli sika Claus. Abaningi baphikisa ukuthi umthetho womthetho umpulahlo, isikhundla esisekela ukucwa komlando. Okwamanje, izindaba zenkululeko yenkolo ziyaqhubeka nokuhlola imingcele yokulingana kwale mithetho yemithetho elandelanayo.

Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Nobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Njengoba iNkantolo ePhakeme kahulumeni ivala isivikelo esithile somthetho-mthetho, imithetho-sisekelo yombuso iyaqhubeka iba izinkundla zobulungisa bezenhlalo. Imithetho-mthetho eminingi yombuso iqukethe iziqinisekiso ezicacile zamalungelo alinganayo, imfundo, noma inhlalakahle ebanzi kune-Constitution kahulumeni. Izikhulu ziye zaphendukela ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuze zivikele amalungelo okuvota, inkululeko yokuzala, neLGBTQ+ amalungelo. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakathi yePennsylvania ikholelwa ukuthi umthetho-mthetho-mthetho wezwe uvikela ukukhishwa kwesisu. Ngokufanayo, inkantolo yezwe laseWashington yanquma ukuthi isivikelo esifanayo sidinga ukuxhaswa kwesikole okungagwenywa ngokungafanele. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ikusasa lokulingana nobulungisa emphakathini lingaba elihloniphekile, ngokunikeza umbono wezwe ngalinye umbono ohlukile.

Indima Yokufundiswa Nemfundo

Ushintsho lomthetho-mthetho alukho kuphela ezinkantolo. Izinhlangano zezenhlalo zenza kube nokuncintisana kwe-Civil Rights Movement to Black Lives Confect kuya ekulweleni ukulingana kwemishado [1] ziye zaguqula ukuqonda komphakathi futhi zacindezela izishayamthetho nezinkantolo ukuba zenze. Imfundo ngezimiso zomthetho-mthetho nomlando wobulungisa bezenhlalo ibalulekile ekusekeleni lezinhlangano. ICurricula efundisa ngeSichibiyelo se-14, inkathi yokuvuseneka kweNguquko, kanye nokulwela ukulingana kwenza izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukusekela ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuhlelwa kwezakhamuzi, ukungalaleli kwezakhamuzi okungenamthetho, nokukhuthaza ukuthuthukisa inqubo yezenhlalakahle yomthetho kusemkhankathini.

  • Izinhlelo zokuguqula: Izinhlangano ezinjenge [ Brill ye-Institut yamalungelo [ ne [ iproject [[[FLT:]] Oyez][ inikeza imithombo yokufunda ngomthetho-mgano-siseko nangemiphumela yayo yezenhlalo.
  • I-Protosy Advocation: Amaqembu anjengenkululeko yomphakathi yase-America ehlangene ne Isikhungo soMthetho wobuLuntu saseNingizimu ne-partum yemiyalo evikela imiphakathi ehlukene.
  • Isivumelwano seNkathi yoMhlangano: Ukuhlanganyela kuhulumeni wendawo, ukuvota kuzo zonke izinqumo, nokusebenza emabhodini okuqondisa kuyindlela abantu abangaqhubekisela phambili ngayo ubulungisa bezenhlalo phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.

Ekugcineni, ukuhlobana phakathi kokulingana nobulungisa bezenhlalo eMthethweni weSizwe kuyindaba yokufisa nokulwa. Lencwadi ngokwayo iqukethe imbewu yakho kokubili inkululeko nokucindezela. Ukuchaza kwayo kuye kwakhula futhi kwathatha isikhathi, kubonakalisa izingxabano zezombangazwe nezokuziphatha zenkathi ngayinye. Ukuqonda ukuthi umlando () kanye nokuhlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo () kubalulekile kunoma ubani ozinikele ekwakheni umphakathi ophila ngokuvumelana nesithembiso sobulungisa kubo bonke abantu.