Table of Contents

Ukuphathwa kwenhlangano kahulumeni kumelela omunye wemithwalo yemfanelo ebaluleke kakhulu ye-United States Congress. Lomsebenzi obucayi uqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe lisebenza phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho, lisebenzisa imali ekhokha intela ngokunenzuzo, futhi lihlala linesibopho kubantu baseMelika. Ukuqonda indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziqondisa ngayo isilinganiso esinikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni okusekela ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika.

Iyini Indikimba Yebandla?

Ukuqondisa kwe-Congress kuchazwa ngokuthi ukubukeza, ukuqondisa, nokuqondisa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinhlelo, imisebenzi, nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso. Lencazelo ebanzi ihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi yokushaya umthetho futhi ayibekeli umsebenzi wokwengamela ezinjongweni ezithile, imigomo, noma amasu.

I - Legislative Reorgantation Act ka - 1946 iyala ukuba amakomiti "ayoqhubeka eqapha ukubulawa kwezinhlangano eziqondisayo ezikhathalela imithetho ethile". Nokho, ukuqondisa kwenhlangano yanamuhla kuye kwavela ngalé kwalegunya lokuqala lokuhlanganisa iziteshi eziningi, izinhlangano, nezakhiwo eziklanyelwe ukugcina icala lohulumeni.

Usosayensi wezombangazwe uJoel D. Aberbach uchaza ukuqondisa ngokuthi “ukubukeza okuphambene kwezenzo zeminyango kahulumeni, izinhlangano, nezokukhomba kanye nezinhlelo namaphoyisa abawanikezayo, kuhlanganise nokubukeza phakathi nesimiso kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso kanye nangemva kwaleliqiniso. Lencazelo ibonisa kangcono ukuqonda kwemisebenzi yempatho ekhona manje enikezwa uKhongolo.

Isisekelo Sobubonisi Somthetho - sisekelo

Ukuphatha kuyigunya elisikiselwayo kunokuba libe amandla avezwa ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., njengoba umthetho kahulumeni ungaliniki ngokuqondile igunya loMkhandlu lokuhlola noma ukubuza kwesikhulu, ukuba ube nezincwadi noma izinto ezigcinwe umphathi, noma ukukhipha amaphepha angaphansi ezincwadi noma ubufakazi obuvela kumphathi.

Ukuntuleka kwenkulumo - mpikiswano ngemibuso yobubonisi eMhlanganweni Womthetho - sisekelo kwakungenxa yokuthi ukuqondisa negunya layo eliyizikhonzi kwabhekwa njengamandla angokwemvelo emihlangano yabameleli eyayimisa umthetho womphakathi.

Isisekelo sefilosofi sobubonisi yisimiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwesishaya-mthetho, isikhulu, nejaji. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa likahulumeni elingasebenza ngaphandle kokulandisa kwabanye.

Izindlela Eziyinhloko Zokuhlela Izinhlangano

ISishaya - mthetho siqondisa igatsha eliphethe ngokubukeza, ukuqondisa, nokuqondisa ukumiswa kwesimiso somphakathi, sisebenzisa amasu asungulwe amaKhomishane okuqala ngokuhlola okukhethekile, ngokubika izimfuneko, nangokusebenzisa inqubo yokunikeza izicelo, futhi namuhla siqondisa cishe noma yimuphi umsebenzi wemithetho nangezinqubo ezihlukahlukene, izinhlangano, nezakhiwo.

Ukuqulwa Kwezindaba Nokuphenywa Kwekomiti

Izinhlu zamakomiti zimelela elinye lamathuluzi abonakalayo kakhulu nanamandla akhona omqondisi otholakala kuKhongolo, ngalezi zenzo ezingokomthetho, amakomiti angenza izikhulu zezinhlangano zifakaze ngemisebenzi yazo, izinqubo, nokusetshenziswa kwezimali zazo ezifakiwe. La makhambi afeza izinjongo eziningi: abangela ukuqashelwa komphakathi kwemisebenzi yezinhlangano, akha umlando ongokomthetho wokusebenza kwenhlangano, futhi avumele amalungu eSishayamthetho ukuba abuze ngokuqondile izikhulu ngezenzo zawo.

Izingqungquthela zisebenzisa leligunya ikakhulukazi ngesimiso sazo sekomiti yenhlangano, futhi ukuqondisa kwenzeka emisebenzini eminingi ehlukahlukene yenhlangano ehlangene nasemongweni wendaba. Amakomiti akhona athatha ukuqulwa kwamacala njalo ezindabeni ezisebusweni bawo, kuyilapho amakomiti akhethekile noma akhethayo engase akhiwe ukuze ahlole izindaba ezithile noma amahlazo.

Eminye imisebenzi yokuqondisa esakazwa kakhulu ukuphenya okungavamile ngokukhetha amakomiti emisebenzi emikhulu noma eminyangweni yegatsha elikhulu alahleka, njengokubuza ngesikhashana amakomiti akhethiwe ekutholeni kwezikhali zenuzi zaseChina ngo 1999, ukuhlasela kweIran-Contra ngo 1987, kanye nokuxhashazwa kwezinhlangano zokuhlakanipha ngo-1976.

Nakuba imizamo ebonakalayo ibalulekile, ngokuvamile ibonisa ingxenye encane yengqikithi yomzamo wokwengamela woMkhandlu, ngokubukeza okwengeziwe nokuhlola njalo, ukuqapha, nokuqondisa okwenzeka kwezinye izinto zobuhlanga kanye nakweminye imikhakha, ikakhulukazi ekuzweni kwemikhankaso yezibalo ezikweminye izinhlangano kanye nokugunyaza ukuzwa kwezinhlelo ezikhona.

Ukuhlaziya Nokubukeza Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Amandla esikhwama semali amelela enye yezindlela zobungameli eziphumelela kakhulu. Ngenqubo yokwalathisa, uMkhandlu ulawula ukuxhasa imali okutholwa izinhlangano zikahulumeni, unika izishayamthetho ithonya elikhulu ezikongweni eziphambili zezinhlangano nemisebenzi. Ukubukeza uhlelo lwemali kuvumela uKhongolo-kahulumeni ukuba luhlole ukuthi izinhlangano zangaphambili ziye zasebenzisa kanjani iziphakamiso zemali futhi zenze izinqumo eziqondiswe kahle ngemali ezaziwayo ezizolandela.

I-Congregational Baccoral and Impoundment Control Act ka- 1974, njengoba ilungiswa, yathuthukisa ikhono legatsha lemithetho lokuhlela uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, inemiphumela emikhulu neyokuhlela eMkhandlwini ngokudala i-Committee entsha ye-Debial, iKomiti yendlu yoHlalo, ne-CBO , nezindlela zokumisa ezivumela uKhomishane ukuba unqume uhlelo lokuhlela imali njengemali ephelele futhi ihlanganise nezinqumo zokusebenzisa imali.

Inqubo yokuhlela inqubo eqashelwa ngezigaba eziningana. Ngemva kokuba uMongameli enikeze izimali zikahulumeni ezigunyaziwe kuKhomishane, iya eMakomitini Ohlelo Lwezigele ukuze ihlele ingqikithi yemali yonyaka kahulumeni wombuso wonke ngonyaka, bese ibhekisa eNdlu neSigele lapho ikamelo ngalinye libheka izinqumo zalo ezizimele namavoti, bese iqala ukuhlangana ukuze ifeze ukuhlukana kwezinyathelo ezimbili, bese inqumo yokubuyisana inikezwa eNdlini neNdlundlo yeSigebe.

Ngale nqubo, uMkhandlu ungavuza izinhlangano ezisebenzisa imali eningi noma zijezise izindleko ngokunciphisa imali eziyisebenzisayo.

Ukubika Izimfuneko Nemikhankaso Yokuhlola

ISishaya-mthetho sivame ukucela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zinikeze imibiko yasikhathi sonke ngemisebenzi yazo, imishini yokusebenza, nokusetshenziswa kwezimali.

Kwezinye izimo, uMkhandlu umisa izimfuneko zokucwaninga nezokubika zeGAO, abahloli, nezinhlangano ezitusa ukumiswa kwenhlangano noma ukumiswa kwezinhlangano, ezinikeza kokubili ukwaziswa nemibono yokuqondisa ukuze kwenziwe imithetho engenzeka, futhi njengoba iSishaya - mthetho siye sandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okuqondisa awenza asebenze kalula, siye sagxilisa ukunakekela okwengeziwe ekuthuthukiseni umthetho onjalo, siqondisa ukumiswa kwawo, futhi sihlaziya ukuphumelela kwawo.

Ama-arhente anikeza enye indlela yokwengamela egxekayo. Izingqungquthela zingacela ukuhlolelwa kwezinhlelo ezithile zezinhlangano ezizimele ukuze zihlole izinhlelo ezithile ze-accompation noma imisebenzi. Lokhu kuhlola ngokuvamile kuveza i-ifficiencies, indle, ukukhwabanisa, noma ukuxhaphaza okungase kungabonwa.

Ukuhlola ukusebenza kohlelo

Ukuhlolwa kohlelo lokusebenza kuseyinqubo elungisayo yokuqondisa, ngohlelo lwanamuhla lokuhlola ngokusebenzisa isayensi yezenhlalo kanye nezindlela zokulawula inqubo − njengokuhlola, ukuhlola okubizayo, kanye nokuhlola ukusebenza kwezinhlelo eziqhubekayo, futhi ukwaziswa okuphathelene nohlelo kungaba usizo kuKhomishane njengoba yenza izinqumo mayelana nohlelo lwezinhlelo zikahulumeni kanye nemali ezosetshenziswa.

Lokhu kuhlola kudlulela ngalé kokuhlola okulula okuphathelene nemali ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi izinhlelo ziyayifinyelela yini imigomo yazo ezihloselwe yona nokuthi zimelela ukusetshenziswa kwemali ekhokha intela ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu. Ukuhlola umsebenzi kungaholela ekulungiseni uhlelo, ukulungisa, noma ngisho nasekususeni izinhlelo ezingaphumeleli.

Imisebenzi Yokunakekela Ethukela

Imisebenzi yokwengamela iCongress Congregational isukela ekuqulweni kwekomiti kuya ekuthintaneni okuvamile nezikhulu noma izisebenzi, kusukela ekuhlolweni kwezisebenzi kuya ekusekeleni ukubukezweni kwezezimali, nakusukela ekuqulweni kwecala okwenziwa amahhovisi asemaLungu kuya ekuhloleni okulungiselelwa yizinhlangano ezingalwi njengezisebenzi ezisebenza noma izingqongqo.

Amalungu ezisebenzi zenhlangano axhumana njalo nezikhulu zezinhlangano ukuze aqoqe ukwaziswa, axazulule izinkinga eziqhubekayo. amalungu ngamanye oMkhandlu angase aqhube imisebenzi yawo siqu yokuqondisa, nakuba lemizamo ingase ilinganiselwe kakhulu ngaphandle kwegunya eliphoqelelwe lamakomiti.

Amathuluzi Nemibuso Yokuqondisa

Igunya Lasenyameni

Amandla oMkhandlu okuthola ukwaziswa egatsheni eliphethe noma emphakathini wonke avulekile kakhulu. Uma izinhlangano noma abantu benqaba ukubambisana ngokuzithandela nophenyo lwenhlangano, amakomiti angaphoqa ompoqo ukuba baphoqelele ubufakazi noma ukwenziwa kwezincwadi.

Ukwengamela nokuhlola kwe - Congregational kungabangela ukudalulwa kwenqubo, ikakhulukazi lapho isigungu sihloselwe ($h_aba umuntu siqu, inhlangano, noma inhlangano yegatsha ephethe) kunikeza ukwaziswa okubhekwa njengokudingekile ekuphenyeni kwayo, futhi kulezozimo, lenhlangano ehloselwe ukuzama izindlela eziningana zokugwema ukuthululwa, njengokugomela ukuthi ukwaziswa akunakuvezwa ngenxa yomthetho othile, umthetho, noma isinqumo esingokomthetho.

Isimiso sokuqinisekisa ukuthi iSishaya - mthetho singathola ukwaziswa okudingekayo ukuze sikwazi ukuqondisa izinto ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuncishwa Kwezishaya - mthetho Nokuphoqelelwa Kwawo Wonke Umphakathi

Lapho abantu noma izinhlangano zenqaba ukuvumelana nama - communionpoena, iSishaya - mthetho sinezinketho eziningana zokuqinisekisa ukuthi inkantolo ifuna ukuquliswa kwecala lomphakathi.

Lezi zimiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi kugcinwa umthetho zimelela ukumiswa kokugcina kokuqondisa ukuhlanganisa, kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi uMkhandlu ungaphoqelela ukubambisana ngisho nakofakazi noma izinhlangano ezimadolonzima. Nokho, izenzo zokuphoqelelwa kungaba ukuthatha isikhathi futhi kube yingxabano kwezombangazwe, ngakho uMkhandlu ngokuvamile uzisebenzisa kuphela uma ezinye izindlela zihlulekile.

Isinyathelo Sokubukeza Senhlangano

I-Congressional Review Act (CRA) inikeza uMkhandlu ithuba lokubukeza futhi ngokunokwenzeka ungayivumeli imithetho, kwezinye izimo, ngaphambi kokuba iphumelele.

Ngaphansi kwe-CRA, izinhlangano kumelwe zinikeze imithetho emisha kuKhongolo ngaphambi kokuba isebenze.Khona - ke ifasitela lilinganiselwe lokudlulisa isinqumo esihlangene sokungamukeleki. Uma isinqumo esinjalo sidlula kokubili futhi sisayinwa nguMongameli, umthetho uphothulwa futhi inxusa alikwazi ukukhipha umthetho ofanayo ngaphandle kwemvume entsha yokushaya umthetho.

Izisekelo zokugunyaza

Amandla eSigele okuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni anikeza enye inqubo ebalulekile yokuqondisa. Ngenqubo yokuqinisekisa, abameli bangahlola izimfanelo zamalungu, imibono yezimiso, namacebo okuqondisa izinhlangano zabo. Le nqubo ivumela uMkhandlu ukuba uthonye ukuhola kwezinhlangano kanye nokuqondisa phambi kokuba izikhulu zithathe isikhundla.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala kuveza nokulindela ukusebenza kwenhlangano futhi kwakhe amarekhodi angabhekiselwa emisebenzini yokuqondisa esikhathini esizayo.

Indima Yehhovisi Lokulandisa Likahulumeni

I-Hulumeni Accounting Office yaziwa ngokuthi "i-correnational schemeog" futhi iholwa ujenene we-coptorer wase-United States. Le nhlangano ezimele, engeyoya-partisan yenza indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni imisebenzi yokuqondisa i-cornication.

Ukuthunywa kuka GAO kanye nokwakhiwa

IGAO inikeza ukwaziswa okusekelwe eqinisweni, okungasekelwe eqenjini le-comparital ku-Congress futhi ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-ganoregog" njengoba ihlola ukusetshenziswa nokusebenza kukahulumeni. I-GO yakha i-GAO eMthethweni woHlalo no-Akhawunting ka1921 ukuze isize ekukhululweni kwemibuso yayo eyisisekelo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Umongameli umisa umongameli futhi ngeseluleko nangemvume yeSigele, ngeminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, igama elingabuye livuseleleke, umongameli ekhetha ummeya ohlwini lwabantu abathathu abatuswa yilungu le-bipartisan, i-biobaral commissions yabaholi bobukhomanisi. Lenqubo ekhethekile yokumisa isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuzimela kuka GAO kuwo womabili amagatsha aphethe ne-propatia.

Indlela IGAO Esekela Ngayo Ukuqondisa Kwezindikimba

Umsebenzi weGAO wenziwa ngesicelo samakomiti omphakathi noma sezikhulu noma esigunyazwe imithetho yomphakathi noma imibiko yamakomiti, futhi uqala nokucwaninga ngaphansi kwegunya likaMphathi - jikelele.

IGAO isekela ukuqondisa kwenhlangano ngokuhlola izinhlangano zezinhlangano ukuze kutholakale ukuthi izimali zikahulumeni zisetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo yini, iphenya izinsolo zemisebenzi engekho emthethweni nengafanele, ibika indlela izinhlelo zikahulumeni nezimiso ezihlangabezana kahle ngayo nezinhloso zazo, futhi yenza izinqubo zokuhlaziya nokuveza izindlela zokucabangela ukumiswa kwenhlangano.

Lo msebenzi ngokuvamile uzuza ekuhloleni nasekuhloleni kwezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nabahloli - jikelele ne - Government Accounting Office (GAO), enemithetho eqondile evela eSishaya - mthetho kuya emfucumfucwini, ekukhwabaniseni nasekuxhashazweni ezinhlanganweni.

IGAO ihlola indlela imali ekhokha intela esetshenziswa ngayo futhi inikeza izinhlangano zoMkhandlu nohulumeni ukwaziswa okunenjongo, okungeyona ingxenye, okuyiqiniso okusiza uhulumeni ukuba alondoloze imali futhi asebenze ngokunenzuzo, okubonisa ukuthi uhulumeni unezinzuzo ezingokwezimali eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - R37.

Izimiso ze-GAO nomphumela

Yonke imizamo ka GAO yokulwela iziKhongolose iqondiswa yizindinganiso ezintathu eziyisisekelo: ukulandisa : GAO usiza uKhongolo ukuba lwengamele izinhlelo nomsebenzi kahulumeni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulandisa kubantu baseMelika; futhi i-Faithrity − GAO imisa izindinganiso eziphakeme ekuphatheni umsebenzi wayo.

Phakathi neminyaka, iGAO ibibizwa ngokuthi "i-Congregal Watchdog" ne "Umngane Woqobo Wentela" ngenxa yokuhlola kwayo njalo nokuhlola nophenya kwayo imibiko eye yaveza udoti nokungagculisi kuhulumeni, nemithombo yezindaba ivame ukudonsela ukunakekela emsebenzini we-GAO ngokunyathelisa izindaba zalokhu okutholwe, iziphetho, nokutusa kwemibiko yayo, kanye namalungu eSishayamthetho futhi evame ukucaphuna umsebenzi ka-GAO ezindabeni, ezizwayo, nezimpikiswano zasesitezini ezisesitezini ezihlongomthetho ohlongozwayo.

Indima Yezinhloli Ezizinhloli

Ngaphandle kweGAO, iziKhongolo zincike kujenene (IGs) ophethe izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze zinikeze ukuqondisa okuzimele.

Abahloli baqala ukuqapha izinkinga ezisezinhlanganweni. Bangabona udoti, ukukhwabanisa, ukuxhaphaza, nokuphatha kabi ngaphambi kokuba lezizindaba zikhule zibe amahlazo amakhulu noma izinhlekelele. Ama-IG anegunya elizimele lokuhlola nokuhlola, futhi awanakususwa ngaphandle kokwaziswa kuKhondlale.

Isimiso se-IG sikha uhlelo lokubika oluphindiwe oluthuthukisa ukulandisa. Nakuba i-IGs isebenza phakathi kwezinhlangano futhi ibika kumanxusa, ifaka imibiko evamile kuKhongolo futhi ingaxhumana ngokuqondile namakomiti omphakathi uma kudingekile. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi iSishaya-Mkhandlu sithola izinqumo eziqotho zemisebenzi yezinhlangano ezivela kubantu abaneziqu.

Izinjongo Nemigomo Yokuqondisa Izishaya - mthetho

Izinjongo zobungameli ezisungulweyo zihlanganisa ukuhlola amandla egatsha eliphethe, ukuhlola indlela umthetho osetshenziswa ngayo, nokwazisa iKhongolose nomphakathi, ngalezizinjongo ezifanele ukuphawulwa ngokukhethekile ngoba zikhonza ukuvikela amagunya omphakathi futhi ziqinisa ikhono lomphakathi waseMelika lokuhlola imisebenzi nezenzo zokubusa.

Ukusekela Isivumelwano Esingokomthetho

Enye yezinjongo eziyinhloko zokwengamela kwenhlangano iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zivumelana nemithetho yeSishaya - mthetho esiye samiswa. Izimo zinekhono eliphawulekayo ekusebenziseni umthetho, futhi ukuqondisa kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi zisebenzisa lokhu kuqonda ngokuvumelana nenhloso yokumisa.

Abahlaziyi abaningi, abahlaziyi bezimiso zomphakathi, nabashaya imithetho bathi omongameli nezikhulu eziphethe bangase bangayinaki noma bangayiqondi ngokungeyikho injongo yokuhlela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.

Ukuvimbela Udoti, Ukukhwabanisa Nokuxhaphaza

Ukuqondisa kweKhomishane kufeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni imali ekhokha intela echithwayo, ekukhwabaniseni nasekuxhashazweni.

Lomsebenzi wokuqapha wonga izinkulungwane zezigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka. Uma uMkhandlu uphawula ukuchitha imali noma imisebenzi yokuphamba, ungathatha isinyathelo sokulungisa ngokushaya umthetho, ngokuhlela uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, noma ngokukhipha izikhokhi zokumangalela ngecala lobugebengu. Usongo nje lokwengamela luvimbela izenzo ezimbi zezikhulu zezinhlangano ezizaziyo ukuthi izenzo zazo zingahlaziywa.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukusebenza Kwama - arhente

Ukugada akukona nje kuphela ukuveza izinkinga; futhi kuhloselwe ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni.

Ukwengamela kweKhomishane kungaholela ezinhlanganweni ezithuthukisa ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo, imisebenzi elandelanayo, noma ivumelanisa izinhlelo nezinjongo zazo. Lesi sici esakhayo sokuqondisa sizuzisa uhulumeni nezakhamuzi azisebenzisayo.

Ukuhlela Izinqumo Zomthetho

Imisebenzi yokuqondisa inikeza iziKhomishane ukwaziswa okubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo zemithetho ezinolwazi. Ngokuhlola indlela imithetho nezinhlelo ezikhona ezisebenza ngayo, uMkhandlu ungaveza izikhala ezingokomthetho, imiphumela engahlosiwe, noma izindawo lapho kudingeka khona imithetho emisha.

Le nqubo yokunikeza impendulo phakathi kobubonisi nomthetho iqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu usekela umthetho wawo ekwakheni ubufakazi bezwe langempela kunokuba ucabange ukuthi liyini. Ukuqondisa kwembula ukuthi ikuphi okusebenzayo nokungeyikho, ukuvumela iziKhongolo-khampani ukuba zicwengisise futhi zithuthukise imikhiqizo yazo yokushaya umthetho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukulondoloza Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Mhlawumbe ngokuyisisekelo, ukuqondisa kobuhlanga kulondoloza isimiso somthetho - sisekelo sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ngokuhlola igatsha eliphethe, uMkhandlu uqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha likahulumeni elinamandla kakhulu noma elisebenza ngaphandle kokulandisa.

Lomsebenzi wokuhlola uvikela ukubusa kwentando yeningi nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Uma izinhlangano zazi ukuthi kumelwe ziphendule kuMkhandlu, zithambekele kakhulu ekuhlonipheni imingcele engokomthetho egunyeni lazo futhi zicabangele amalungelo nezithakazelo zezakhamuzi ekwenzeni kwazo izinqumo.

Ukubusa Okuhlukahlukene Kwezombangazwe

Izinjongo zezombangazwe zokwengamela zihlanganisa ukusakaza kahle abamisimthetho, ukuthola ukusekela kokhetho kwabahleli namaqembu angaphandle, nokuphikisa ukugxekwa kwezinhlelo ezithandwayo noma izinhlangano, okuhambisana nokuqondisa okwenzeka emongweni wezombangazwe oqhubekayo lapho ubuhlobo boMkhandlu nezinhlangano ezibusayo bungasuka ekubambisanani kuya ezimpikiswaneni, futhi kukhona izingxabano eziyisisekelo zomthetho - sisekelo kanye noMongameli phakathi kweSishaya - mthetho kanye noMongameli ngisho naphakathi kwezikhathi zikahulumeni onobunye.

Ukucabangela Okuhlukile

Ukwengamela kwe-Congress kuhilela ukucatshangelwa kwezombangazwe. Iqembu elilawulayo livame ukugxila ekuqondiseni izinhlangano eziholwa izikhulu ezivela eqenjini eliphikisayo, kuyilapho libonisa ukuzithoba okukhulu ezinhlanganweni eziholwa amalungu eqembu lalo. Lo mbuso onamandla ungathinta impikiswano ezihlolwayo futhi uphishekele ngonya ukucwaninga.

Nokho, ngisho nokuqondisa kokwengamela abahlukanisi kungafeza izinjongo ezifanelekile. ukuqondisa kweqembu lokuphikiswa kungase kwembule izinkinga ezingokoqobo iningi elikhetha ukuzishaya indiva.Isimo sokuncintisana kwezombangazwe ezihlukanisayo eqinisweni singathuthukisa ukwengamela ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi okungenani amanye amalungu oMkhandlu anezisusa ezinamandla zokuhlola imisebenzi yezinhlangano.

Ukulandisa Komphakathi Nokubona Ingaphandle

Ukuqulwa kwamacala e - Congregary kuvame ukudonsa ukunakekela kwemithombo yezindaba, kuveza imisebenzi yezinhlangano emphakathini.

Izindaba zomphakathi zingafundisa izakhamuzi ngezindaba ezibalulekile nemisebenzi kahulumeni.

Izinkonzo Eziwusizo

Imisebenzi yokuvelela ivame ukuhlobana nezinkonzo ezihlangene. Lapho izakhamuzi zibhekana nezinkinga nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, zivame ukuxhumana nabameleli bazo eSishaya - mthetho ukuze zicele usizo. Lamacala angaveza izimpikiswano ezibanzi ezidinga ukuhlolwa komthetho.

Isehlulelo se-opera ye-conoration with component sho ukwaziswa okubalulekile ngendlela izinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo ngempela. Izimpawu zezikhalazo ezihlangene zingaqaphelisa uMkhandlu ngezinkinga ezidinga ukunakwa kwemithetho noma ukuqondisa.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa Kokunakekela Komphakathi

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Uhulumeni omkhulu, onezinhlangano eziningi nezinhlelo zokuqondisa. Amakomiti eSishaya - mthetho anezisebenzi ezilinganiselwe nesikhathi sokunikela emisebenzini yobubonisi, okwenza ukuba ukugadwa kwazo zonke izinhlangano kube okungenakwenzeka.

Lokhu kulinganiselwa kwemithombo yemali kusho ukuthi uMkhandlu kumelwe ubeke imizamo yawo ephambili, ugxile ezindabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu noma ezinhlanganweni ezinemali eningi kakhulu.

Imidanti Yolwazi

Izinhlangano ezizimele zinokwaziswa okuningi kakhulu ngemisebenzi yazo kunoMkhandlu. lokhu kwaziswa kwenza ukuba umqondisi abe yinselele, njengoba uMkhandlu kumelwe uthembele kakhulu ezinhlanganweni ukuze unikeze ukwaziswa okunembile nokuphelele ngemisebenzi yazo.

Izinkonzo eziphuthumayo zingase zishukumisele abantu ukuba bangabe besamukela noma bakhiphe imisebenzi yabo ngendlela eqondile.

Ilungelo Eliphethe Nezimfihlo

Ngezinye izikhathi igatsha eliphethe limelana nokuqondisa kwenhlangano ngokumisa ilungelo lokuphatha noma ezinye izinkulumo eziyimfihlo. Lokhu kugomela kungaholela ekulweleni okuqhubekayo okungokomthetho ngenxa yelungelo loKhongolose lokuthola ukwaziswa noma ukuphoqelela ubufakazi.

Iminyaka eminingana edlule iye yaba inkathi enamandla yokuqondisa imithetho nemikhuba yokubusa kwezinhlangano, kuhlolwe izinhlobonhlobo zokuhlola okuye kwabangela ukunaka okukhulu komphakathi, futhi kokubili igatsha eliphethe neSishaya - mthetho lakha amathuluzi amasha nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho zokuphikisa izimpikiswano zobubonisi, kuyilapho izinkantolo ziye zaphendula imibuzo ethile ngokuphathelene namandla obubonisi kuyilapho abanye beshiya bengaxazululiwe.

Izinselele Zokubambisana

Lokhu kuhlukana kungaholela emizamweni yokuphindaphindeka noma ezindaweni lapho kungekho komiti enomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlola imisebenzi ethile.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwamakomiti ngokuvamile kunzima ngenxa yezingxabano ezikhona nokuncintisana kwezinto eziza kuqala.

Intuthuko Yamuva Ebuthweni Lemikhandlu

Ukuqondisa Amandla Obuqaba Anamuhla

IHhovisi likaHulumeni lase-U.S. lokuQulisa i-Accounting Office muva nje ixoxe ngezinguquko esithombeni esivamile somthetho nesimiso ekuphenduleni isicelo samalungu eSishaya-mthetho owacela iGAO ukuba ahlole izindlela zokuthuthukisa ukuqondisa kwe-Congress ekumiseni imithetho yezinhlangano, ngokuhlaziya ukuthi i-GAO kufanele yini iseke amahhovisi amabili angewona amasigaba angewona amanxusa aqondisa umthetho omthetho: i-Congregational Office of Regatoriation Review ne-Congregational Office of Leav.

La mahhovisi ahlongozwayo ayezonikeza iSishaya - mthetho ikhono elikhulisweyo lokuhlola nokuhlaziya izimiso zikahulumeni. lelihhovisi elisha lingaqondisa ukubukezwa kwemithetho ngezikhathi ezithile, lilinganise ukulawulwa kwezindinganiso zezezimboni, futhi linikeze ikhono lalo lokusiza ekuqondiseni ikomiti yezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

I-Congregational Office of Regatorial Review ingafaka i-"seneza i-ex sheecha emsebenzini wezimiso zikahulumeni, ukunikeza i-Congress ukuhlaziywa okuzimele kokushaya imithetho yezinhlangano ezilingana nehhovisi legatsha eliphethe le-Information and Reguatory Affairs.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokuhlolwa Kokwaziswa Okuthuthukisiwe

Izingqungquthela zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe nokwaziswa ukuze zithuthukise amakhono azo okuqondisa. Ukwaziswa okuthuthukile kungasiza ekuboneni izindlela zokulahla indle, ukukhwabanisa, noma ukuhluleka okungase kungabonakali ngezindlela zobubonisi ezingokwesiko.

Amathuluzi emishini enza kube lula ngeKhomishane ukuba ilandele imisebenzi yezezinkonzo, ihlole izindleko, futhi ihlaziye ukusebenza kwezinhlelo. Le ntuthuko yobuchwepheshe isiza uMkhandlu ukuba unqobe ezinye zezithiyo ezivimbela ukuphatha okungalawuleki kakhulu ngokwesiko.

Izivikelo Zokuphehla Umfutho Eziqinisiwe

Le mishini ikhuthaza izisebenzi zezinhlangano ukuba zidlulisele ukwaziswa ngezinkinga, inikeze iSishaya - mthetho umbono obalulekile ngemisebenzi yezinhlangano.

Ukwaziswa okuvubukulayo okuvame ukubangela uphenyo lwama-conoilil futhi kungaveza izinkinga ezingathi sína ezingase zihlale zifihlekile. Izivikelo ezinamandla zokufutha ikhwelo zithuthukisa ikhono loMkhandlu lokuthola ukwaziswa okunembile ngemisebenzi yezezimali.

Isimiso Sekomiti Yokuqondisa

Amakomiti Amile

Izindawo eziningi zokwengamela kwengqungquthela zenzeka ngamakomiti amisiwe, anezikhundla ezihlala njalo ezindaweni ezithile zezimiso nasemahhovisi asebenza kulezo zindawo.

IKomiti Yendlu Yenguquko YeSishaya - mthetho neKomiti YeSishaya - mthetho Yezindaba Kahulumeni, ephethe cishe wonke uhulumeni kahulumeni, zigunyazwe ukubukeza nokuhlola ukusebenza kwemisebenzi kahulumeni ukuze kuhlolwe umnotho nokuphumelela kwazo nokunikeza ukutusa okusekelwe emibikweni yeGAO, futhi imithetho yeNdlu ifuna ukuba lokho okutholayo nokutuswa yiKomiti Yenguquko kaHulumeni ibhekelwe ngokugunyaza iziphakamiso, uma zinikezwa ngendlela efanelekile.

Khetha Amakomiti Akhethekile

Ngezinye izikhathi kumiswa amakomiti akhethekile ukuze ahlole izindaba ezithile noma amahlazo. Lamakomiti esikhashana angagxila kakhulu ezinkingeni ezithile ngaphandle kwezicelo ezincintisanayo amakomiti amile abhekana nazo.

Amakomiti akhethiwe ngokuvamile anamandla akhuphukayo futhi angahlanganisa amalungu amakomiti amaningi azimele anolwazi olufanele. Avame ukuncibilika ngemva kokuqeda uphenyo lwawo nokukhipha imibiko yokugcina.

Izivumelwano Ezingaphansi

Umsebenzi wobubonisi omkhulu wenzeka ezingeni eliphansi lekomiti, lapho amalungu engathuthukisa khona ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile ezicini ezithile zenqubo. Ikomiti engaphansi iphatha ukuqulwa kwamacala, imibiko yezinhlangano, futhi ilondoloze ubuhlobo obuqhubekayo nezinhlangano eziziqondisayo.

I - University and Investigations Committee iphethe inhlangano ngayinye nesimiso ngasinye esiqondiswa iKomiti ephelele, ngokuqondisa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni okuyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yomthetho, futhi kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo - 1700, ukuqondisa ukuhlanganisa nokuhlola kuye kwathuthukisa ukulandisa kukahulumeni futhi kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezimiso ezinkulu.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuphumelela Ebuthweni

Ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo

Ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuqashelwa okuqhubekayo, hhayi ukunakekelwa okunganqamuki. AmaKomiti alondoloza ukuxhumana njalo nezinhlangano, abukeze imibiko yezikhathi ezithile, kanye nokuqulwa kwamacala okuvamile okuvamile kungcono ukuze kubonwe izinkinga zisezingeni eliphansi futhi kuqinisekise ukulandisa okuqhubekayo.

Ukugada okuqhubekayo kusiza futhi amakomiti ukuba athuthukise ulwazi lwezikhungo ngemisebenzi yezinhlangano, okwenza ukuba zengamele futhi ziphumelele. Ukuhlangana njalo nezinhlangano kwakha ubuhlobo obungasiza ekuhlanganyeleni nokuxazulula izinkinga.

Ukubambisana Ne - bipartisan

Lapho bobabili bevuma ukuthi indaba ethile idinga ukuphenywa, imisebenzi yokuqondisa inokwethenjelwa kakhulu futhi ithambekele kakhulu ekukhiqizeni izinguquko ezinengqondo.

Ukuqondisa kweBharpitan kunciphisa futhi ingozi yokuthi ukucwaninga kuyodedelwa njengokuzivivinya okuhlukanisayo. Izimo eziphuthumayo zithatha ukuqondisa ngokungathi sína kakhulu lapho zibona bobabili behlangene ezinkathazweni zabo.

Landela Ngokutusa

Ukuhlola nemibiko kufeza okuncane uma uMkhandlu uhluleka ukulandelela ukutusa. Ukwengamela okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuba uMkhandlu usebenzise amandla awo okumisa nokukhipha izimemezelo ukuze usebenzise izinguquko ezisekelwe ekutholeni ukuqondisa.

AmaKomiti kufanele ahlole ukuthi izinhlangano zisebenzisa izinguquko ezituswayo futhi zigcine amacala alandelanayo ukuze kuhlolwe intuthuko. Lokhu kulandela ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqondisa kuveza intuthuko engokoqobo kunokumane kubangele imibiko.

Ukubambisana Neminye Imizimba Eqashelwe

ISishaya - mthetho kufanele siqondise imisebenzi yaso nezinye izindikimba eziqondisayo, kuhlanganise nabahloli - jikelele, i - GAO, nohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni bendawo.

Ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa nokuhlela ukuhlolwa kungenza ububonisi bube obuphumelela kakhulu. Izindikimba ezihlukene zongamele ziveza imibono engafani namakhono, futhi ukubambisana kuzenza zikwazi ukuphelelisa umsebenzi womunye nomunye.

Ikusasa Lokubuswa Yizindlwana

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezinselele

Njengoba uhulumeni eba yinkimbinkimbi futhi intuthuko yobuchwepheshe iqhubeka, ukuqondisa kwenhlangano kumelwe kuvumelane nezinselele ezintsha. Izimo eziphuthumayo zisebenza kakhulu ezindaweni zobuchwepheshe ezidinga ulwazi olukhethekile ukuze zikwazi ukuqondisa ngokuphumelelayo.

Izimpikiswano ezinjengokungaqiniseki nge - Internet, ukuhlakanipha kokuzenzela nokungawatholi amarekhodi kuletha izinselele ezintsha zokuqondisa ezingase zixazululwe izindlela ezivamile.

Ukuqinisa Amandla Ezinhlangano

Ukuze ikwazi ukuqondisa kahle ekhulwini lama - 21, kungase kudingeke ukuba iSishaya - mthetho siqinise isikhundla saso sokuqasha izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe, sifake imali ekwazini ubuchwepheshe nemininingwane yezobuchwepheshe noma simise amahhovisi amasha okusekela asiza emisebenzini yokwengamela.

Izihlongozo ze - Congregational Office of Reguliation Review and Congregational Office of Legal Council Council zimelela izibonelo zendlela iSishaya - mthetho esingathuthukisa ngayo isisekelo saso sokwengamela.

Ukulondoloza Ithemba Lomphakathi

Lapho izakhamuzi zibona ama - Congress ehlola izinhlangano futhi ezibheka izinhlangano futhi ezilandisayo, ziqiniseka ngokwengeziwe ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza ngokukhathalela umphakathi.

Uma iSishaya - mthetho sihluleka ukubona noma ukusingatha izinkinga zezinhlangano, izakhamuzi zingase zilahlekelwe ukholo kuzo zombili izinhlangano kanye neSishaya - mthetho ngokwaso. Ngakho - ke, ukulondoloza amakhono aqinile okuqondisa kubalulekile ekutholeni igunya lombuso wentando yeningi.

Isiphetho

Ngokuhlolwa kwezindaba, ukuhlolwa kwezinhlelo zokuhlelwa kwemali, nezinye izindlela, iSishaya - mthetho siqondisa izikhungo zezinhlangano ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvunyelwa ngokomthetho, kuvinjelwe ukulahlwa nokusetshenziswa kabi kwemfucumfucu, kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza nokugcinwa kwezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo.

Nakuba ukuqondisa kubhekene nezinselele ezihlanganisa imingcele yemali, ukwaziswa, kanye nezingxabano zezombangazwe, kusebalulekile kuhulumeni olandisayo. iHulumeni Accounting Office, i - Governmenter senest, ujenene, namakomiti enhlangano asebenza ndawonye ukuze kuqashelwe igatsha eliphethe.

Njengoba uhulumeni eshintsha futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha, ukuqondisa kwenhlangano kumelwe kuvumelane futhi kuqinise. Ngokugcina amakhono aqinile okuqondisa nokuwasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo, uMkhandlu ungaqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zikhonza abantu baseMelika ngokuphumelelayo, ngokomthetho, futhi ngokusobala. Ukuqonda indlela lesimiso sobubonisi esisebenza ngayo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuba zibe nesibopho sokufeza kwazo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana nokuqondisa kobuphathi, vakashela i I-Cuartional Treaty noma imibiko yokuhlola evela eHhovisi lobuQhobo-Qongozelo .