Ukubulala izinambuzane emithonjeni yamanzi kudala inselele enkulu empilweni yomphakathi nasekulondekeni kwendawo ezungezile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imithi, imikhiqizo yokunakekela umuntu, namakhemikhali ezezimboni angakalawulwa ngokugcwele noma angaqondwa. Ukulungisa lezi zinsongo kudinga amasu asebenzayo amanzi avumelana nentuthuko entsha yesayensi. Ubunkimbinkimbi bala ma-antimenti axume, kanye nemiphumela yawo ethatha isikhathi eside, kudinga isimiso esinenzuzo nesesayensi esingavela lapho kuvela ukwaziswa okusha.

Inselele Yokuhlanganiswa Kwezitho Zokuhlanzwa

Izinga lokubulala izinambuzane, ezibizwa nangokuthi izinto ezibangela ukukhathazeka okuvelayo (i-CEC), zihlanganisa izinto eziningi eziye zatholakala ezintweni zamanzi kodwa azikakwazi ukugadwa njalo noma ukulawulwa kabusha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amakhemikhali abulala i-endone-discine (i-EDC), izinto ezibizwa ngokuthi i-athorometics (i-PFAS), imicroplastics, i-antibiotics, nezakhi zofuzo ezimelana namagciwane. Ukuba khona kwawo emanzini aphuzwayo, amanzi aphansi, namanzi akhulisa izingozi zempilo yabantu njengezinkinga zokuzala, ukukhula, ukushesha kwengozi yomdlavuza.

Imikhiqizo eminingi evelayo isuka emisebenzini yabantu yansuku zonke. Imithi yokwelapha nemikhiqizo yokunakekela umuntu ingena emanzini ngezindawo zokukhipha nokulahla okungafanele. Amakhemikhali emboni aphuma ezindaweni zokwakha, imikhiqizo yabathengi, kanye nezindawo zokulapheka imfucumfucu. I-atmorical coffoff iphatha izibulala zinambuzane, imithi yezilwane, namahormone. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zinto zivame ukuba khona ngesilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu (ingxenye yezigidigidi noma izigidi eziyinkulungwane), izindlela zokwelapha ezivamile zingase zingazisusi ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuntula ulwazi olubanzi lwesayensi yezobuthi olunoshevu ugesi lubangela ukuba kube yinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu ukuhlola nokulungisa inqubo yezomthetho.

Ukuqonda okungokwesayensi kokuvela kwezinto ezingcolisayo kuyakhula, kodwa izikhala eziphawulekayo zisekhona. Ngokwesibonelo, imiphumela yokufakelwa kwezithako eziningi ezikhona kanye kanye emanzini ayiqondwa kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhiqizo yokuguqula eyenzeka lapho izinto ezingcolisayo ziwohloka endaweni ezungezile noma phakathi nokwelashwa kwamanzi ingaba nobuthi kakhulu kunezakhi zomzali. Lokhu kudinga indlela yokuphepha enkambisweni yamanzi, igcizelela ukuvinjelwa, ukuhlolwa nokucwaninga.

Isimiso Esiyinhloko Samanzi Sivimbela Ukuhlanzwa Okuhlanganisayo

Inqubo yamanzi ephumelelayo kumelwe ibe namandla futhi isekelwe kubufakazi. Amasu amaningana ayinhloko angasiza ekulawuleni izithako ezivelayo futhi avikele impilo yomphakathi.

Ukuhlolwa Nokukhuphuka Kwemali

Ukuhlolwa njalo kwemithombo yamanzi emisha kubalulekile ukuze kuhlolwe futhi kuhlolwe izingozi. Ama-oversity amaningi manje asebenzisa izinhlelo zokuhlola i-CEC ebhekene nezindlela ezithile zokusebenzisa, ubuthi, nokuphikelela kwendawo ezungezile. I-United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) iqhuba i-Contaminant Monitoring Source (UCMR) ukuze iqoqe ukwaziswa okufinyelela kuma-ECECC aqalayo okusekelwe ezindleleni zokusebenzisa, ubuthi obungaba nobuthinamba, nokuphikelela kwendawo ezungezile. Ukuhlola okunjalo kunikeza isisekelo sezinqumo zesayensi esekelwe esayensini engokwesayensi futhi kusiza ukucwaninga izimali nokwelapha. Ukuhlola izinhlelo ukuze kuhlanganise amanzi asemhlabeni, izimfihlo, imidlalo eyimfihlo, namanzi okuzijabulisa kungathatha isithombe esiphelele sokungcoliswa kwezinto.

Ukucwaninga Nokuvuselela

Ukusekela ukucwaninga kwezesayensi kuholela ezindleleni zokuthola kangcono, ezobuchwepheshe zokwelapha, kanye nokuqonda okunobuthi. Ukuxhasa kwezimali zikahulumeni ekusunguleni izinto ezibangela ukusungulwa kwemishini ehamba phambili, njenge-spectromistry ephezulu ne-bioassasy. Lamathuluzi asiza ukuhlukanisa izithako ezingaziwa ngaphambili nemikhiqizo yazo yokuguqula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucwaninga ngezobuchwepheshe zokwelapha ezifana nezikhangiso zekhabhonithi, izinqubo eziphambili zokwehlisa igesi, ukuncishiselwa kwemizwa, nokuwohloka kwemisebe ephilayo kuyingozi ekususeni izakhi ezithathelwanayo. Ubudlelwane bomphakathi nezinhlangothi zobuchwepheshe obungasaziwe ezenzelwe ezesayensi yezesayensi yesayensi yokuhlola icarbon emboninicwe yonke.

Ukuhlaziya Okuqondiswayo

Izindinganiso zokuvuselela kanye nezimiso zokuhlanganisa ukuvela kwezisekelo zokuvikela ziyagcinwa. Indlela engokwesiko yokumisa amazinga aphakeme okuhlanganisa i-contaminima (MCL) esekelwe ekuhlolweni okuningi kwezingozi zingathatha kancane. Abanye abenzi bemithetho basekela amanye amapulani, njengasempilweni, amazinga okuhlolwa, ukusungula amazinga okuhlola, noma ubuthi obulinganayo bokuxuba. I-European Union’s Water Framediomactive Directionive, ngokwesibonelo, isebenzisa uhlu lwe-washi ukuze ibone izinto ezingase zibe ingozi enkulu futhi zidinge ukuhlelwa kabusha. Ku-U.S., njengokuseCalifornia noMichigan, i-PFAS i-gas i-gate imikhawulo yazo yokuhlola amanzi, izinqubo zokuphuza amanzi, ngokwesibonelo, i-projectalmentationssions of areal.

Imfundo Yomphakathi Nokushintsha Kokuziphatha

Ukwakha imiphakathi eyingozi kukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa nokulahlwa kwamakhemikhali okunengxenye ekungcoleni. Imikhankaso yezemfundo yomphakathi ingahlasela ukulahlwa okufanele kwemithi engasetshenziswayo (umzk., ithathe izinhlelo ezingezizo), ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwensipho yokwelapha ngemithi elwa namagciwane nezinye imikhiqizo zokunakekela ezinezinto eziphikisana nempikiswano, futhi inciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali otshani nasengadini. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuhlobana phakathi kwezenzo zazo zansuku zonke namanzi, zithambekele kakhulu ekusekeleni izinyathelo zenqubo futhi zithathe ukuziphatha okunciphisa ukulayisha emthonjeni.

Izinselele Ekusebenziseni Umthetho Wamanzi

Naphezu kokubaluleka okuqashelwe kokubhekana nezinhlayiya ezivelayo, izithiyo eziningana zivimbela ukumiswa kwezimiso okuphumelelayo.

Ukwaziswa Okungokwesayensi Okulinganiselwe

Inani elikhulu lamakhemikhali ezentengiselwano − angaphezu kuka-350 000 ebhaliwe embulungeni yonke − Far idlula amandla ezinhlangano ezilawulayo okuwahlola onke. Kuningi okuvelayo, akwanele ukwaziswa ngezenzakalo, izindlela zokuchachacha, imiphumela yobuthili, nokunakekelwa. Leligebe lokwaziswa likwenza kube nzima ukumisa imingcele esekelwe kubufakazi nezenzo zokuhlela izinto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhamba kancane kwengozi okungokwesiko kusho ukuthi inqubo ethile ihlelwe, kungenzeka ukuthi kakade ikhona i-protheni ezungezile. Umthetho kumelwe ulinganisele isidingo sokuqiniseka okungokwesayensi kanye nokuphuthuma kwempilo yomphakathi.

Izindleko Eziphakeme Zokwelapha Okuthuthukile

Ukususa izinto ezingcolisayo ezivelayo ngokuvamile kudinga ubuchwepheshe obuphambili bokwelapha ngamanzi obubiza kakhulu kunezindlela ezivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-rannacular ibangela ukuhlaziywa kwecarbon, i-osmosis, i-ozonication, nezimiso zokubukisa i-UV eziphambili zinezindleko eziphakeme. Imiphakathi emincane neyasemaphandleni, ngokuvamile engenayo imithombo yezimali nezobuchwepheshe, ingase ilwe kanzima ukuze ikwazi ukuthenga lokhu kukhuphuka. Lokhu kudala ukuhlukahluka ezingeni lamazinga nakuvikela impilo yomphakathi. I-polices enikeza usizo oluxhasa izimali, njenge-Diptowater State Revoigangation Fund eU.S, ingasiza, kodwa ifuna imali engcono kakhulu.

Ukulinganisela Izinto Eziza Kuqala Ezomnotho Nasempilweni Yomphakathi

Imishini yamanzi esebenza ngokusebenza namanzi nezimboni kumelwe zilinganisele izindleko zokuthobela izinzuzo zezingozi zempilo ezincishisiwe. Kwabanye abahlohli, umthwalo wezomnotho wokwelashwa ungalingana nezinzuzo ezilinganiselwayo zempilo, ikakhulukazi uma amazinga okuchayeka ephansi. Nokho, imiphumela enqwabile neyobude yezimo ze-octiminfectors eziningi ezisanda kuvela ayitholakali kahle ekuhlolweni okungokwesiko. Abenzi bemithetho kumelwe bacabangele ukulinganisela, ukulinganisela, ukulinganisela, kanye nokungalungiseki kwengozi eyingozi. Izimiso ezibonisa ukubukeka kalula ezihilela abafaki zingozi, imishini ehlanganisa namanzi, imishini elawula imvelo, amaqembu engochwepheshe bezempilo yomphakathi, indawo ezungezile, kanye nemiphakathi ethinte ukuncintisana kwalokhu kulokhu kuphikisana.

Indlela Eyinkimbinkimbi Yokufinyelela Izindaba Eziphumelelayo

Ukukhuluma nezinqubo ezivelayo kudinga ukubambisana ezingxenyeni eziningi zikahulumeni.

Izikhungo Zokucwaninga Nokwephuthuma Kukahulumeni

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinhlangano zendawo ezungezile, iminyango yezempilo, nabacwaningi bezemfundo busiza ukuba ukwaziswa kwabelane, ukusungulwa, kanye nokusungulwa kwamakhambi abizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Geological Survey (USGS) isebenzisana ne-EPA ukuze ihlole ukuvela kwezithako emifuleni nasemifuleni. Ucwaningo olunjalo olubambisanayo luye lwembula ukuthi imithi ethile ikhona emanzini amaningi aphezulu, iholela ekunakekelweni okwengeziwe kwezikhungo zokwelapha ezikhucuzayo ezidalekayo nangezini zokulawula imithombo.

Ukuba Abaphathi Bezemboni Nokubuyiselwa Kwawo

Imishini yokwakha nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe bamanzi zinendima ebalulekile. Abanye abakhiqizi bamakhemikhali baye bahlela ngokuzithandela ezinye izakhi ze-PFAS ngenxa yomfutho womthetho kanye nokukhathazeka komphakathi. Imboni yokwelapha amanzi ithuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obuphumelela kakhulu nobungabizi, njengezimiso zolwelwesi oluthambile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamagesi. Izinhlangano zezezobuchwepheshe, njenge-Water Environment Federation, zikhuthaza imisebenzi engcono kakhulu nokucwaninga ngokuvela kwabakhiqizi be-PFAS. Ithuthukisa umthwalo wemfanelo wezenkampani ngemithetho − njengemithetho yomganiso ebanzi (EPR) yemikha yokulawula ukungcola kokungcola kusuka kubenzi bamanzi.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nezenzo Zokuphoqelela

Imiphakathi yendawo ethonywe ukuvela kwezithako ngokuvamile ishintsha isimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, izakhamuzi zase Hoosick Falls, New York, naseBennett, Colorado, zayisekela ngokuphumelelayo impumelelo inqubo kahulumeni nohulumeni ngemva kokuthola ukungcola kwe-PFAS emanzini ayo okuphuzwayo. Izingxingxiphiso zomphakathi, izintambo zomphakathi, nezenzo zomthetho ziye zacindezela abalawuli ukuba bamise imingcele eqinile futhi banikeze izimali zokulungisa. Izinhlangano ezishintshanayo ezihlolayo nokwenza izinqumo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso ziveza izidingo nezindinganiso zendawo, futhi zakha ukuthembela ezimisweni zamanzi.

Imibono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nemishini Yesakhelo

Izifo ezibulala abantu ziyinkinga yomhlaba wonke, futhi ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke kubalulekile ukuze kuqondiswe kahle.

I - European Union Isebenzisa Uhlaka Lwamanzi

I-EU ibingumholi ekukhulumeni nezindawo eziqalayo ezihlanganisa amaqembu akhona nge-Water Frame Workic Directive (WFD). I-WFD isebenzisa “uhlu lokuhlola” ukuze ibone izinto ezidinga ukugadwa. Ukuhamba kwemikhakha efana nemithi ethile ethakazelayo nezibulala zinambuzane, kuqashelwa ukuba kuqoqe amazwe angamalungu ukuze kuqoqe ukwaziswa okwenzekayo. Uma izingozi ziqinisekisiwe, izakhi zinganezelwa ohlwini lwezinto eziza kuqala kanye nezimiso zokukhipha. Lendlela yokuzivumela ukuba zikwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha uma kuqhathaniswa nezinqubo ezingokwesiko. I-EUM ibuye ibeke izindinganiso zendawo ezisemgangathweni zezindawo ezithile eziphambili futhi ikhuthaze ukuvikelwa kokungcoliswa kokungcola emthonjeni.

Izinyathelo Ezithatha I - United States

Kungekho zimiso zikahulumeni ezibanzi zezindawo eziningi ezivelayo, izifundazwe zase-U.S. ziye zahola. ICalifornia isungule amazinga okwaziswa namazinga okusabela kwemishini ethile enjenge-1,4-dioxane ne-hexianant chromium. IMichigan yathatha ezinye zezilinganiso eziqinile kakhulu zamanzi alesizwe e-PFAS, ehlanganisa izakhi eziyisikhombisa ezihlukene. Amanye amazwe, njengaseNew Jersey, New York, neVermont, aye amisa imingcele yawo siqu noma aqala ukuhlola izinhlelo. Le misebenzi yamazwe akha umsebenzi owenziwe ngendilinganiso kodwa futhi adonsa ukunakekela kwesizwe futhi anikeze izibonelelo zezimiso zesikhathi esizayo zesimiso sikahulumeni.

Imizamo Yembulunga Yonke Nenhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo

INhlangano yezempilo yeZwe (WHO) iye yakhipha iziqondiso zezinga lokuphuza amanzi ahlanganisa ukutusa kwabasubathi abaningana. I - WHO futhi isebenza namazwe ukuze ithuthukise amapulani namasu okulawula izingozi. INhlangano ye-Mbiko yeZizwe Ezihlangene (UNEP) ihilelekile ekuhloleni ukuvela kwembulunga yonke kwezinto ezingcolisayo ezivelayo nokuthuthukisa ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali anengqondo. Ukubambisana kwezesayensi kwezizwe zonke, njengokuhlanganisa i-NORMAN eYurophu, kuhlanganyela ukwaziswa nezindlela zokuveza izinqubo zokubulala izinambuzane, izindlela ezivumelana.

Indima Yokushintsha Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi

Ubuchwepheshe bezokwelapha obuthuthukile bubalulekile ekususeni izinto ezingcolisayo, kodwa kumelwe zibe ezibizayo nezingakhokhiwe.

Ikhabhoni Ekhanyiswe Nezinhlayiya Eziphambili

Ikhaboni elivundisiwe nelakhiwe nge-operar (PAC/GAC) iphumelela ekukhangiseni izikhanyisi eziningi ze-octromenic, kuhlanganise nemithi ne-PFAS. Nokho, i-PAC ne GAC zidinga ukuvuselelwa noma ukubuyiselwa, izindleko ezikhudlwana. Inqubo yokukhuliswa kwe-ozonidayo (I-AP), njenge-ozone/hydrogen peroxide ne-UV ihlangene ne-peroxides, ingalula izithako ezimelana nokwelashwa ngesayensi emelana nokwelashwa ngesayensi yamakhemikhali.

Ukuhlanzwa Kwegazi Nokuhlalwa Kwemithi

U-Nanofiltiation (NF) kanye nokubuyisela i-osmosis (RO) kungasusa izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinga-nyezi ezivelayo, kuhlanganise namamolecule amancane nama-aspectron. RO uphumelela kakhulu ekususeni i-PFAS, kodwa uveza indle egcwele ekumelwe isuswe. Ubuchwepheshe obuxubile obufana nolwelwesi olukhuculi olukhuculisiweyo nolungaphambili bubonisa isithembiso sokwelapha imifudlana ye-osterolic. I-projectiveoperbox ne-aloracter, njenge-pixene oxide dioxide, bucwaningwa ekususweni nasekungcolisweni kwe-colium. Nakuba kusekhona kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-opalthi, lezizinto zingaholela ekusetshenzisweni okunenzuzo nancibilikayo esikhathini esizayo.

Ukwelashwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo Nezindawo Ezisakhiwe

Ezinye izinto ezidala ezingase zihlanzwe ngemisebe yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Izindlela zokwelapha ezikhuliswe kabusha, njengemisebe ye-biorecters (i-MR) ne-sl dash ebizwa ngokuthi i-conicien, ziye zabonisa ukususwa kwe-efficiencies yemithi ethile. Amaxhaphozi akhiweyo, asebenzisa izitshalo namagciwane ukuze ahluze futhi angcolise izinto ezingcolisayo, anikeza indlela ephansi, eqinile yokwelapha amanzi angcolile kwezinye izakhiwo. Nokho, amandla awo ahluka kakhulu ngemishini ye-antiminetic ne-atmome, futhi awakufanelekeli zonke izicelo.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Zomthetho Wamanzi Ngokuhlangana Kwamanzi

Ukuze kutholakale ikheli eliphumelelayo, inqubo yamanzi kumelwe iqhubeke iguquka futhi ihambisane nezindlela eziningi.

  • Izindlela zokuhlola izingozi ezicabangela ukuchayeka okunqwabeleneyo ngezindlela eziningi (amanzi okuphuza, ukudla, umoya) kanye naphakathi kwemiphakathi esengozini (izingane, abesifazane abakhulelwe, asebekhulile).
  • Isimiso seProcautiome lapho, naphezu kokungaqiniseki, kuthathwa khona izenzo zokuvimbela ingozi engase ingenzeka ngisho noma isayensi ingaqiniseki ngokugcwele.
  • Izimiso zokuthakwa kwemithi yohlaza nokuvimbela ukungcola ezikhuthaza ukuklanywa kwamakhemikhali aphephile nezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezigwema ukubangela izinto eziphikelelayo noma ezinobuthi.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukubona gca kanye nokufinyelela komphakathi ekuhloleni imiphumela ephambili yamanzi, ukuvumela imiphakathi ukuba yenze izinqumo ezinolwazi futhi igcine izinto ezisebenza ngaphandle kolwazi zinesibopho sokulandisa.
  • [ Abaphathi bamanzi abafakelweyo abahlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwenhlabathi, imikhuba yokulima, ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolileyo, nokuphuza amanzi okunciphisa ukulayisha okungangeni amanzi.
  • [ Ukufakwa kwezesisekelo nentuthuko yomsebenzi [ ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto ezisemzimbeni wamanzi zinemithombo yemali nobuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa ukwelashwa okuthuthukile lapho kudingekile.

Isiphetho

Isimiso samanzi esisebenzayo sibalulekile ekulawuleni ukuvela kwemishini exubanayo nokuvikela impilo yomphakathi. Ngokufaka imali ekucwaningeni, ekulungiseni izimiso, nasekusekeleni ukubambisana, imiphakathi ingazisingatha kangcono lezi zinsongo ezijikelezayo futhi iqinisekise ukuthi amanzi ahlanzekile akhona. Indlela engaphambili idinga inhlanganisela yokusungula isayensi, ukuvumelana komphakathi, nokuhlangana komphakathi. Akukho hlelo noma ubuchwepheshe obubodwa obungaxazulula inkinga, ukuhlelwa kwemiyaluza nokuzivumelanisa. Njengoba abangenisi-yo entsha be-ansimi bayaqhubeka bephuma futhi bezwa, inqubo yamanzi kumelwe ihlale isebenza ngokuvumelana, i-ubufakazi obuvumelanayo, futhi iboshelwa nesimiso sokuthi ukufinyelela amanzi ahlanzekile kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Izigxobo, kodwa ngenkampanelo, sibalulekile, njengoba kuyimfuneko yokuphatha amanzi nenkathi ezamuva nezokukhula.