Imiswe eSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., isebenza njengegatsha lomthetho likahulumeni kahulumeni, isebenzisa amandla ahlukene okubhala, ukuphikisana, nokunikeza imithetho. Yaklanywa ngamabomu njenge "Igatsha Lokuqala" ngabasunguli, eyayifaka ngokuhlobana okuqondile nabantu kanye nesimiso esikhulu kakhulu semibuso ehlelwayo. Ukuqonda ukuthi uKhongolo lusebenza kanjani akuwona umthwalo wemfundo ophambili; kuwumthwalo wemfanelo oyisisekelo wokuba nesabelo sesizwe. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukucacingisiswa okubanzi kwesakhiwo, izinqubo, nemisebenzi yeSishayamthetho, kanye necebo elisebenzayo lokuhlala ungazi lutho nokuhlanganyela esimisweni sezombangazwe esilawula ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke.

Umshini Wokwakha Izakhiwo: Isakhiwo Nokubeka Izakhiwo

Sona kanye isakhiwo soMkhandlu siwumphumela wenye yezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika: Ukuhlehla okukhulu konyaka ka-1787. Lesi sivumelwano samisa i-bimaral isishaya-mthetho somkhandlu wendlu-mthetho /igumbi elihlukene, iNdlu yabameleli neSigeqe-indlu (isibonakaliso sokulinganisela amandla ezwe elinabantu abaningi nezithakazelo zemibuso emincane.)

Indlu Yabameleli: Izwi Labantu

Indlu yabameleli iklanyelwe ukuba ibe yigumbi eliseduze kakhulu nabantu. Amalungu ayo okuvota angu-435 ahlukaniswa phakathi kwezifunda ezisekelwe emphakathini, ilungu ngalinye limele isifunda esithile esikhethekile. UMthetho woku Vuselelwa kwe-1929 uvala inani labameleli ngokungenasiphelo ngo-35, okusho ukuthi njengoba inani labantu likhula, ilungu ngalinye limelela ukunqanda okukhulu. Amalungu endlu akhonza izigaba ezimbili zeminyaka, umjikelezo omfushane ohloselwe ukuba enze ukuba bathathe imizwelo eshintshayo nezidingo zabo zendawo.

Indlu iphethe amagunya amaningana akhethekile. Zonke izikweleti zokuphakamisa intela kumelwe zivele eNdlu. Emkhubeni we-Electoral College kukhetho lobumongameli, i House inquma umphumela. Indlu futhi iphethe okuwukuphela kwamandla okungagunyazi, isebenza njengejaji elikhulu lokumangalela izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli. Indlu iyindawo ehleleke kakhulu, eneKomiti enamandla [[[FLT:] iphethe izibopho zokumangalela kanye nezintambo ze-amperence cishe zonke izimali ezinkulu.

ISigele: ISaucer Epholile

ISigele sathathwa njengendikimba elula nezinzisayo, echazwa uGeorge Washington njenge "souser" yomthetho. Izwe ngalinye, kungakhathaliseki inani labantu, limelelwa ngokulinganayo yizigebengu ezimbili, ingqikithi yamalungu ayikhulu. Lesi sakhiwo sivikela ithonya lamazwe amancane esimisweni sikahulumeni. Ama-Senator akhonza amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha, nengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zomzimba ukuze aphinde ahluzwe njalo eminyakeni emibili. Leligama elide nomjikelezo wokhetho oshekayo livikela izinkanuko ezisheshayo ze-votatemo, livumela ukucatshangelwa okude kakhulu kwezindaba zesizwe.

Amagunya eNdlu yeSigele akhethekile ayizimo eziqinile. Inikeza "imvume nemvume" ezivumelwaneni zikamongameli, ezidinga ama-35 amaningi ukuze ahlonishwe. Ibuye iqinisekise ukumiswa okukhulu komongameli, kuhlanganise nonobhala bamaKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni, namanxusa, ngevoti elivamile. ISigeqe sisebenza njengejaji ekuhlolweni kwezeluleko. ISigeqe siqine kancane kunendlu, sisebenza kakhulu ngemvume yesandla [[[FLT:] . I-senator eyodwa ingafaka "balawuli" esigebengweni noma ekuhlolweni kwecala, nesiko le-palster evumela ukuba kuphele kuphela ukuncintiswana [FFOLT] [FFFFF] [12] [FFFFOLT], okudingeka yi-ormotive.

I - Labyrinth Engokomthetho: Indlela Ibhuloho Eliba Ngayo Umthetho

Uhambo lwemali olusuka embonweni oya emthethweni lude futhi lunzima, luklanywe ngamabomu ngezindlela eziningi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ikhona yini inqubo efanayo kuwo womabili amagumbi, nakuba imithetho nezinqubo eziqondile zingafani.

Isingeniso Nesivundo Sekomiti

Yilungu leKhongolo kuphela elingangenisa isikweleti ngokomthetho. Uma selimisiwe, isigwebo sinikezwa inani futhi sibhekiswe ekomitini efanelekayo noma kumakomiti ephalamende. Isimiso sekomiti yi- "inkampani" yeSishayamthetho, futhi lesisigaba se-arhente siyisehlulo sokuqala esibalulekile. Isikhulu esiphethe igumbi ngalinye sinethonya eliqinile lapho ikomiti ithola khona isikhwama somthetho.

I - Committee: Izindlebe Nezimpawu

Ingxenye enkulu yemali esekweletini .angaphezu kuka-90% .indawo lapho kwenziwa khona umsebenzi ongathi sína womthetho. AmaKomiti athatha ukuzwa [ ukuqoqa ukwaziswa kubaphathi bakahulumeni, ochwepheshe bezindaba, abameleli bezemboni, namaqembu afuna ukubhalisa izimpahla. OFakazi bayafakaza, futhi amalungu ababuza ukuthi bangaqonda imiphumela yemali.

Ngemva kokuzwa, ikomiti iqhubekela esiqephini sokuphawula . Phakathi nophawulo, ikomiti icabangela umugqa wecala ngelayini, impikiswano nokuvota ezilungisweni. Yilapho isikweleti sibunjwa khona, sibhalwe phansi, noma sikhutshwe ngokuphelele. Uma isigqebhezana siphelele, ikomiti ivota ukuthi kuya "bika" yini incwadi yomthetho esemthethweni esemthethweni egumbini eligcwele.

Isinyathelo Esilula: Impikiswano Nesichibiyelo

Uma isikweleti sesibikiwe ekomitini, sibekwa ekhalendeni ukuze sihlolwe phansi. Inqubo esendlini ilawulwa ngokuqinile yi-Mislig Committee, ekhipha "imithetho" echaza ukuthi impikiswano izothatha isikhathi esingakanani futhi isiphi isilungiso esingase sikhishwe. Lokhu kuvimbela iqembu elincane ukuba lingayivimbeki lenqubo.

KuyiSigele, isenzo sasesitezi sivumelana kakhulu futhi asiqondakali. Izinkampani zingaphikisana isikhathi eside uma nje zifisa ukuba kukhethwe i-commantssion. Lelikhono le-palbuster lisho ukuthi umthetho omkhulu udinga umnyango owe-60 owengeziwe wokudlulisa iSigele. Umholi weningi usebenzisa amandla akhe ukuhlela izikweletu, ngokuvamile udinga ukuxoxa nomholi wedlanzana ukuze aqinisekise imvume edingekayo ukuze aqhubeke kahle.

Ukulungisa Ukungezwani: AmaKomiti Engqungquthela

Ngaphambi kokuba kuthunyelwe incwadi yemali kuMongameli, kumelwe idlule kokubili iNdlu neSigele ngendlela efanayo. Ngenxa yokuthi la magumbi amabili avame ukudlula izinguqulo ezihlukene zomthetho ofanayo, ikomiti yokuxhumana [ imisiwe. Lekomiti yesikhashana yakhiwa amalungu amakomiti amadala asebenzayo kuwo womabili amakamu. Axoxa ngesivumelwano sokuhlehla, okumelwe adlulise kokubili iNdlu neSishaya-gele ngaphandle kokuqeda. Uma ihluleka egumbini, isibhamu siyafa noma inqubo kumelwe iqale.

Isenzo Sobumongameli Nenqubo Ye - Veto

Uma isikweleti sidlulisa amagumbi womabili afanayo, sithunyelwa kuMongameli. UMongameli unezinsuku eziyishumi (zidlule ngamaSonto) ukuba enze isenzo. UMongameli angasayina umthetho [ umthetho. Uma uMongameli angathatha isinyathelo futhi angawuthathi umthetho, uma uMongameli engenzi lutho, noMkhandlu ushaya umthetho. Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo futhi engawutholi, umbiko ufa [[FLT:] uyakwazi njenge-'ocket'.[FLD:]

UKhongolo-khampani lunamandla okugumbuqela i-veto engumongameli, kodwa ludinga amavoti amabili-sithathu [ kokubili eNdlu neSigeqe. Lena ibhande eliphezulu elingahlanganwa kakhulu, lenza i-veto ibe ithuluzi elinamandla legatsha eliphethe.

Ubunzima Obubucayi: Ukugada Nokuphenya

UKhongolo-mthetho aluyona nje indlela yokwengamela uhulumeni kahulumeni. Lo "watchdog" umsebenzi ubaluleke njengokudlulisa umthetho. Ngamandla awo okuphenya, uMkhandlu uqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe igatsha nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zimisa imithetho njengenjongo nokukhokha imali ngokukhokha imali.

Amandla Okuthenga

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo sinikeza iSishaya-Mnyango weSikhwama semali. Ayikho imali engasuswa kuBeki yezimali ngaphandle komthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhlelo ngalunye nohlelo lukahulumeni luxhomeke ekuxhaseni iSishaya-Mnyango. Inqubo yokuhloba inqubo yaminyaka yonke lapho i House neSigele zinquma ukuthi malini ekufuneka inikezwe imisebenzi ehlukene kahulumeni, kusukela ekuvikeleni ukuya emfundweni kuya emfundweni. Lena i-Congress Congress ehlolweni engcono kakhulu kunayo phezu kwegatsha elikhulu.

Ukucwaninga Nezindlebe

Amakomiti e-Congressbational anamandla amakhulu okuphoqelela ubufakazi namaphepha. Amacala afeza kokubili ukulandisa kanye nokulandisa komphakathi. Angaqokomisa ukulahlwa, ukukhwabanisa, nokuxhashazwa phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ukuphenya okukhulu ezindabeni ezinjengokuphambana kukahulumeni, ukuhluleka kwesizwe, noma ukungaqondi kahle kwezomnotho kungaguqula umbono womphakathi futhi kuholele ekwakheni umthetho omusha. Ngezinye izikhathi amakomiti akhethekile akhiwa ukuze ahlole izindaba ezinkulu, futhi iNdlu ingamisa ikomiti ekhethiwe enegunya elithile elikhethekile.

Amandla Afunayo

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza indlu amandla okungavumelani nokukhishwa. Nakuba ivela kancane, lo mbuso usebenza njengenhlolo ephethe amagatsha omthetho wombuso nakwahluleli. Iningi elivamile eNdlwini lidingeka ukuba lilahle isikole, kanti inani elikhulu eliyisithathu esigebengwini liyadingeka ukuba liboshelwe isigwebo futhi lisuse isikhulu esisemthethweni.

Ukusekela Izimo Zokuphuthuma Okungezona Izigaba

UKhomishane uncike kumanxusa amaningana angewona amasigaba ukuze anikeze ukuhlaziya okunenjongo nokwaziswa. Ihhovisi lokulandisa leGovernment (GAO) ihlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni futhi ihlola indlela imali esetshenziswa ngayo intela. [[FLT:] Ihhovisi lezemali (CLT) [FLT] inikeza izindleko zemithetho ehlongozwayo, iveza imiphumela yemali ekhona phakathi kweshumi leminyaka elilandelayo. Inkonzo yokucwaninga yezezimali zokucwaninga [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLD] [FLT] inikeza isimiso esibanzi nokuhlaziya okungokomthetho amalungu ayo nezisebenzi. Lezi zinkampani ezibalulekile zesinqumo sezezenziwa.

Ingxenye Yomuntu: Izindima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yamalungu

Ukuqonda lezindima kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde izenzo zazo namavoti.

Ukumelela Nokuqulwa Kwecala

Umsebenzi oyinhloko welungu uwukumelela izithakazelo zabo. Lokhu kuhilela isenzo esiqhubekayo phakathi kokwenza njenge- dégate (isebenza ngokulandelana ngokulandelana komzwelo wesigodi) kanye nokuthemba [ [ukuhlanganisa] [ukusekela ngokwabo] kwahlulela nokwazi kwabo). Ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi selungu isetshenziselwa "umsebenzi wesicathulo""", ukusiza abantu ukuba baqondise izikhawulo ze-social quective, activericity, marfectivessss, transs, nezinhlangano ezithile.

Ukuhola Kweqembu Nomsebenzi Wekomiti

Kuyi-Congress yanamuhla, ukuhlangana kweqembu kubusa inqubo yomthetho. Iqembu elikhulu egumbini ngalinye lilawula izikhundla zobuholi (umzk., uSithethi seNdlu, uMholi) futhi limise uhlelo lwemithetho. Iqembu ama-wips[ linecala lokubala amavota nokukhuthaza amalungu ukuba angene emgqeni. Ilungu ngalinye lithola amandla nethonya elikhulu ezabelweni zalo. Isihlalo ekomitini enamandla enjenge-Approprias, iMizila ne-Mishwa, noma i-Judiary sivumela ilungu ukuba likwazi ukuma ngokuqondile ukuvota futhi lisebenzise inqubo ezindaweni eziyinhloko.

Indima Yenhlangano

Ngaphandle kokumelela isifunda sabo neqembu labo, amalungu anomthwalo wemfanelo wokusekela i-Congress ngokwayo. Lokhu kuhilela ukusekela imithetho, ukuhlanganyela ekuvoteleni nasekuphikisaneni kwe-tem, nokuqinisekisa igatsha lomthetho lihlala lingumngane olinganayo kuhulumeni kahulumeni. Lendima yenhlangano ivame ukuvivinywa ukucindezela kwabashokobezi kanye nokuncishiswa kwezimali okuqhubekayo.

Ukuveza Iqiniso Lanamuhla: Amadili, Ukuhlanyiswa Kwelanga, Nenqubo

ISishaya - mthetho sanamuhla sisebenza endaweni ebangela ukuhlukana okukhulu kwezombangazwe futhi sivame ukuqamba iziqu zomthetho.

Ukuphakama Kobunye Beqembu

Kumashumi eminyaka ambalwa adlule, ukuvota kuye kwaba yinqubo ejwayelekile. Isikhungo semibono siye sancipha, futhi izivumelwano eziphambanayo azivamile. Ukuhola kweqembu kuye kwaqinisa amandla, kusebenzisa ukulawula izimali zomkhankaso, izabelo zamakomiti, nesimiso sokumisa imithetho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukujezisa. Lokhu kuye kwenza ukuhlehla kwaba nzima kakhulu futhi kwanika amaqembu anamandla akhulu kakhulu akhulumayo nangokwengqondo phakathi kweqembu ngalinye.

Impi Yemvelo Nenkindlane Ye - grid

Ngenxa yokuqina kwemigqa kokubili eMzini naseSihlalweni, iqembu elincane linamathuluzi anamandla okuvimbela uhlelo lweningi. Enkabeni, i-finbuster iye yaba ithuluzi lenqubo ledlanzana, idinga i-60-evate ephezulu ukuze idlulise umthetho obaluleke kakhulu. Endlini, "Umthetho we-Hattet" (isimiso sethukela sokuthi umholi weningi ngeke azise isigebeko phansi ngaphandle kokuba iningi leqembu liyisekela) ngokuvamile livimbela ukulinganisela ekusebenzeni ngaphesheya kwe-pale. Lempi ye-occulture iholela ngokuqondile e-rockbock, lapho ngisho nomthetho othandwayo ungafa khona ngenxa yokulawula.

Ithonya Lokubusa

Lendawo iholele ekubusweni kwezimiso zokuhlela imali, izinqumo eziqhubekayo, nokusebenzisa izikweletu zemali. Futhi iye yashintsha amandla egatsheni lemithetho yaya egatsheni eliphetheyo, njengoba amongameli bethembela kakhulu eziyalweni eziphetheyo ukuze bafinyelele izinhloso zenqubo lapho uMkhandlu ungakwazi ukwenza. Kubantu, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuqonda i-minututie yeSigele kanye nezinga langaphakathi lendlu eningi kubaluleke kakhulu kunokumane nje bafunde umbhalo wesimemezelo somthetho.

Izwi lakho emshinini: Icebo Lesakhamuzi

Ukuhlala unolwazi futhi wenze izwi lakho lizwakale esimisweni esiyinkimbinkimbi njengecebo leSishaya - mthetho. Nazi izinyathelo eziwusizo isakhamuzi ngasinye esingazithatha ukuze sibe nengxenye ephumelelayo enqubweni yentando yeningi.

Imithetho Nemishini Elandelanayo Esikhathini Esingokoqobo

Imithombo ethembekile yokwaziswa ngezindleko, amavoti, nemisebenzi ye-Congress ingu- .Gov. . Le ndawo esemthethweni ikuvumela ukuba ufune noma isiphi isikweleti ngenombolo noma ngegama eliyintloko, landela intuthuko yayo ngekomiti nangesenzo sophansi, futhi ubone ukuthi ilungu ngalinye livotelelwe kanjani. Uma usebenzisa i-utholome ojwayelene nolwazi lwe-data, [[FLTLT:] [[FLT:] [FLT] Govrack.[FLT6] [FLT:] [FL:7] uyakwazi ukuqaphelisa iqoqo lesithathu lezinto. Ungahlela izihloko eziqonde ngokwezinqubo.

Qaphela Izishaya - mthetho Zisebenza

Ukukhanya kwelanga kuyisibulala - zinambuzane esingcono kakhulu. [FLT][FLT] kunikeza i-lil-too-isandla, ukuhlanganisa okungahleliwe kwendlu nendlu yeSigele, kanye nokuzwa kwekomiti. Amakomiti amaningi avala izindlebe zawo emawebhusayithi awo siqu. Ukubuka kukunika umbono ongakhanyisiwe wendlela amalungu abuza ngayo, isimiso sengxoxo, kanye nokuxhumana.

Xoxani Ngokuphumelelayo Nabameleli Bakho

Izwi lakho libaluleke kakhulu uma liqondiswe kubantu abakumelelayo. Ukuthola ummeleli wakho, sebenzisa ithuluzi e .[FLT] House.gov. Ukuthola izimende zakho, vakashela [FLT].[FLT] .[FLT]

[[[UMTL:0] Izindlela zokuxhumana okuphumelelayo:[

  • sho ngokuqondile:[ ukhomba inombolo eqondile yenombolo (umz., H.R. 1234 noma S. 567).
  • Yisho kafushane: Ukuma kwakho kubekwe ngokucacile nangesikhashana. Abaqondisi bafunda amakhulu emilayezo ngosuku.
  • Yiba ngumuntu siqu:[ chaza ukuthi umthetho uzokuthinta kanjani wena, umkhaya wakho, noma umphakathi wakho. Indaba yomuntu siqu ithinta kakhulu kunegama lefomu.
  • phikelela: ucingo, i-imeyili, kanye nokuya emahholo edolobha. Ukubopha njalo kwakha ukuqashelwa kwegama nethonya.

Imithombo Ethenjwayo Nengakhonzi

Izindaba ziveza i-Propeact uSishaya-cingo Politiko, i-Hill , kanye ne-Profellal Sign Ucingo[ inikeza ukuhlanganisa okukhethekile kweSishayamthetho. Nokho, ukuqonda ithonya langempela ngaphandle komfumbatho womthetho, kubalulekile ukufunda imibiko ethathwe ngokuqondile ezinhlanganweni ezingekho ngxenye ezikhonza iNgqungquthela. [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT:] [FLT] iHHHM] izindleko zezomnotho ezibhekwa njengetsheliwe kakhulu. Imibiko ye-Hulumendstu (inxa nezinhlelo zehhhhhst) eziseqelelwe (irst).[FLT:

Ukuhlanganyela Ngaphandle Komlotha

Nakuba ukuvota kukho konke ukukhetha okukhona (kuhlanganise namaphakathi) kubucayi, ngokuvamile okhetho oluyinhloko lwenziwa lapho kwenziwa khona izinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni "ezilondekile". Yiba khona emahholo edolobha nasehhovisi lesigodi elivulekile. Landela abameleli bakho bezokuxhumana ukuze bathole izincazelo zangempela. Amalungu amaningi eSishaya-mthetho aphethe amakomiti alwayo noma imikhandlu yentsha. Kulabo abafuna ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqhubekayo, besebenza emkhankasweni, benikela, noma ngisho nokugijimela ihhovisi endaweni yendawo, ziyizindlela ezinamandla zokulungisa iRiphabliki.

Imishini ye-Congress iyinkimbinkimbi, ithatha kancane futhi ikhungathekisa. Iklanywe ngaleyo ndlela. Kodwa ilokhu iyigatsha likahulumeni elinamandla kakhulu nelisabelayo. I-sakhamuzi esinolwazi nesomshado asiyona nje inzuzo esimisweni; isici esibalulekile esenza isimiso sisebenze. Ngokuthatha isikhathi ukuqonda imithetho nokusebenzisa amathuluzi akhona, ungaqinisekisa ukuthi izwi lakho liyingxenye yengxoxo eqhubekayo echaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika.