Indlela INhlangano Yokukhetha Evikela Ngayo Amalungelo Ayisisekelo Ezikoleni Zomphakathi

E-United States, uMthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa amalungelo ayisisekelo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, kodwa lamalungelo awasebenzi ngokuzenzekelayo kuhulumeni nasehulumenini bendawo, kuhlanganise nezikole zomphakathi. Imfundiso engokomthetho ye ekhetha ukuhlanganiswa [ iqinisekisa ukuthi amaningi alamalungelo avikelwe ngokwezinga likahulumeni nge-Bill of Rights esetshenziswayo kumazwe ngeSiphendulo se-14. Le nqubo, yasungulwa ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka lesinqumo seNkanto ephakeme, iye yalungisa kakhulu indawo engokomthetho yabafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo.

Ukuqonda Ukukhetha Okubalulekile

Ukukhetha kuyinqubo engokomthetho iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. kancane kancane iye yasebenzisa isivikelo esithile esivela eSigqeni Samalungelo esizweni. Kunokuba ihlanganise wonke uBill of Rights ngesikhathi esisodwa (eyenqatshwa ecaleni lika-1833] Barron v. Baltimore), iNkantolo iye yathatha indlela yokuthatha indlela yokuthatha i-Curtumal, inquma ngesisekelo sokunene ukuthi isivikelo esithile siyini i"isisekelo secebo lobulungisa laseMelika.""

Isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sokukhetha izakhamuzi ezihlangeneyo siseSichibiyelweni seshumi elinesine], sagunyazwa ngo-1868, esithi ngokwengxenye: "Awukho uHulumeni ozomisa noma uphoqelele noma yimuphi umthetho ozovala amalungelo noma ukugonyelwa kwezakhamuzi zase-United States; noma iliphi iZwe ngeke lincike noma imuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." INkanto ePhakathi yeNkantolo ichaza i-UMbuso ye-Clauscesce njengemoto edinga ukusebenzisa uBill wesivikelo samalungelo emibuso. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi ingenakuphula amalungelo ayisisekelo anjengalawo akhululekile, inkululeko yenkolo, nenkululeko yokungasese.

Ukuthuthuka Okungokomlando Kokukhetha

Lemfundiso yaqala ukumiswa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka. [FLT] .GUTY] GOW [ [1925] , iNkantolo yathi inkululeko yeSimemezelo Sokuqala yenkululeko yokukhuluma esetshenziswa ezindaweni ngenqubo ye-Octal Claus. Ubulungisa u-Edward Sanford wabhalela iningi ukuthi "ngenjongo yamanje singase siphethe leyo nkululeko yokukhuluma neyezindaba ezivikelwe yiSichibiyelo sokuqala esivikelwe yiMithelelaniso yeSishayamthetho iphakathi kwamalungelo omuntu siqu ayisisekelo ne-'ama-'libreat' ivikelelwe ngenqubo efanele ye-Gradition esukela ekukhubazeni kwe-149) ezweni encishisiwe eUnited States."

Izimo ezilandelanayo zanwetshwa zahlanganiswa namanye amalungelo: [FLT][FLT] buyell v. Minnesota ihlanganisa inkululeko ehlanganisiwe yomshini wokunyathelisa; [[[FLT:][FLT]][FLT]][FLT] v. [[FLT][FLT][FLT][45]] [4][45] [4] [4] [4] [i-ConfLT] [4] [i-[FLT] [inanithiwe] [inani eliwukhulu] [inani elingaphezulu,[FLT] [inani elingaphezulu] [inani elingaphezulu] [inani eliwuhluliwe kakhulu] [i, futhi elingekho ku-onke, izisekelelo ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni ezibekwe ngokusetshenziswayokuhlukunye i-Esase.[19] [i, iziphansi] [i,

Umphumela Ezikoleni Zomphakathi

Izikole zomphakathi zithinteka ngokuqondile kulemfundiso ngoba kumelwe zisekele amalungelo omthetho-mthetho wabafundi. Izinkantolo ziye zanquma ukuthi abafundi abalahlekelwa amalungelo abo lapho befunda, kodwa lamalungelo angalinganiswa ngokumelene nesidingo sesikole sokugcina ukuhleleka nesiyalo. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme ibizwa ngokudume ngokuthi [FLT][FLT]] . Dess Independent Community School District[ [1969]]: "Akungangangaphikiswa ukuthi abafundi noma othisha bangayidelisela amalungelo abo omthetho enkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma esazini sesikole."

“Akunakuphikwa ukuthi kungaba abafundi noma othisha balahla amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo enkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma esangweni lesikole. — Justice Abe Fortas, tens v. Des Moines [1969]

Lesisimiso siye sasetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi zomthetho - sisekelo, siqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo esifakwe eSichibiyelweni seshumi nane sidlulela emakilasini, emaphasishini, nasemisebenzini yesikole.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Elinye lamalungelo abaluleke kakhulu avikelwe ngokukhetha i- inkululeko yokukhuluma[. Abafundi banelungelo lokuveza imibono yabo, uma nje ingawuphazamiseki ukufundisa. Izenzakalo zemali njenge [FLT]][FLT]] . [FS MOLT] v [[FLT] ibeka isibonelo sokuthi isikhululo sabafundi sivikelwe ezikoleni.

. . . . iNkantolo yasekela ilungelo labafundi lokugqoka izibopho ezimnyama ukuze baphikise iMpi yaseVietnam, bathola ukuthi isikole asizange sibonise noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka kwezinto ezibonakalayo. UMahluleli u-Abe Fortas wachaza ukuthi "ukwesaba noma ukwesaba okungaguquguquki kokuphazamiseka akwanele ukuqeda ilungelo lokukhuluma." Lelicala lafaka isivikelo sokukhuluma kwenkululeko yokuqala yeSimemezelo somphakathi emongweni wesikole, okwenza izikole ziphendulelwe ezindinganisweni zomthetho-mthetho.

Nokho, imithetho elandelayo iye yaveza okubalulekile. iBethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser (1986), iNkantolo yathi izikole zingajezisa amanyala, noma inkulumo engcolile elulazayo elulaza umsebenzi wesikole. [[FLT][FLT]][5]] [[U-Hazelthiod School v.][[=FLT:] [1998] [1998] [FLT] [FFLT:], iNkakhululo yecala elishosholo ukuthi isikole sikhululwe futhi lingalawulwa uma kuhlangene "i-"'isigungu-Fogn.[5] [5] [inani]

Namuhla, inkulumo yabafundi ibuye idlulele nasezikhungweni zomphakathi ze-operad. Izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zalwa nokuthi izikole zingayala yini abafundi ngenkulumo ye-inthanethi ebangela ukuphazamisa. Ezinye izifunda ziye zasebenzisa i- mpindo ye-Tinker[, kuyilapho ezinye zihlukanise inkulumo ye-campus. Inkantolo ePhakathi kakhulu ikhuluma ngale ngxoxo [FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [20], inquma ukuthi isikole singeke sijezise umfundi ngenkulumo engcolileyo exhunyiwe, ngoba isithakazelo sesikole siqala ukuqondisa isithakazelo futhi asihile lapho singenzi macala esikoleni. [[FLTLT:] [2]

Ilungelo Lenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Izikole zomphakathi kumelwe zihloniphe nenkululeko yabafundi engokwenkolo. Izinkantolo ziye zathi abafundi bangathandaza noma baxoxe ngenkolo yabo, uma ingaphazamisani nomsebenzi wemfundo wesikole. Lesivikelo sisuka ekuhlanganisweni kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala Inkululeko yokuzivivinya [ kanye [FLT]] ne

Ukwakhiwa kuka-Claus kwafakwa ku-. ku-Everson v. ibhodi yemfundo (1947), eyasetshenziswa kuhulumeni nakuhulumeni bendawo umthetho wokuthi "akukho intela nganoma iyiphi imali, enkulu noma encane, ingafakwa ukusekela noma yiyiphi imisebenzi yezenkolo noma izinhlangano. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni kufakweni uchungechunge lwezinqumo zezwe nomthandazo owezenkolo ezikoleni zomphakathi: [[FLT:][FLT:][12][10][12] i-FLT].[FFLT] Izivumelwano zeBhayibheli.[12][12][12]

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i Free Exening Claus , i-Free Expression , ifakwe .Connecticut (1940]]]]] ivikela amalungelo abafundi omthandazo wokuzithandela, ingxoxo engokwenkolo, kanye nokusakaza izincwadi zenkolo, isikhathi eside kakhulu uma ingaphazamisi imisebenzi yesikole noma ukuphoqelela abanye abafundi. Izikole zinganakekela nezidingo zabafundi ezingokwenkolo, njengokungaphunyuswa kweholide yezenkolo noma ukuyeka ukudla. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokuzimela nokuzivivinya nokuzivivinya umzimba kuhlala kuyinto ethambileyo, ngokuvamile exazululiwe [FOL:] [FFF]] ngaphansi kwemin, iziphakaliso zezezezentengo.[3][11] [F]

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa Nokuvikeleka Ekucwaningeni Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine, esifakwe ngokumelene nezifundazwe [[FLT]] Mapp v.O. (1961]]], sivikela abafundi ekuphenyeni ngokungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni ezikoleni zomphakathi. Nokho, indawo yesikole idinga izinga eliphansi kunembangela egcwele. [FLT]]][FLT]] New Jersey v. T.[FLT.] [1985]), iNkanto ephakeme yayidinga ukunyuswa okunengqondo kuphela. [kudinga ukuthenjelwa okufanelekile] kubafundi. Ukuseshwa kwempahla kumele kuhlolwe "kulungiselwe" futhi kuchazwe izimo ezise "kulungiselwe ukuvumelana" ezimweni zokuqala."""""

Lokhu kulinganisela kusho ukuthi nakuba abafundi bejabulela amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, abaphathi besikole banendlela enkulu yokuhlola ukuqondisa ukulondoloza ukuqondisa nokuphepha. Ukuhlola izidakamizwa kwabafundi kwasekelwa [FLT]]Vernonia School District 47J. Acton[ (1995] [195]) futhi kwanwetshelwa abafundi abasebenza kakhulu emsebenzini wangemva kwesikole [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [FLT] Board yemfundo. [2002] [2002] [2002] [FLT] [[FLT]]. Ngokungajwayelekile ukuhlola izidakamizwa uma isikole sibonisa isidingo somthetho ovamile. Kodwa ukunyundelwa kwensimbi.

Enkathini yezibalo, ukuphenywa kocingo lwabafundi kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo emisha. INkantolo Ephakeme [ku-[FLT]] Riley v. California [2014 isebenzisa imfuneko yemvume yokufaka ukwaziswa kocingo ukuze kuboshwe abantu abadala, kodwa izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zasebenzisa indinganiso ebekekayo ebekekayo kubaphathi besikole. Ezinye izifunda ziye zabeka imithetho elinganisela ikhono lezikole lokuhlola izingcingo zabafundi ngaphandle kwemvume noma imvume yabazali, ibonisa ukuzama okuqhubekayo phakathi kokuphepha kwesikole nasese sabafundi.

Inqubo Efanele Ezindinganisweni

Ukuhlanganiswa kudlulela nasezivikelweni ezifanele zenqubo engokomthetho ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane. [FLT] Gos v. Lopez[19975][, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi abafundi ababhekene nokukhishwa kwezenzwe kwezinsuku eziyishumi noma abangaphansi bafanele inqubo efanelekile: umlomo noma isaziso esibhaliwe samacala, incazelo yobufakazi, nethuba lokuveza uhlangothi lwabo. Izigwebo noma ukuxoshwa, izinqubo eziningi ezisemthethweni ziyadingeka ngokuvamile.

Lelicala lahlanganisa i-Currect Process Claus esikoleni, ivimbela izenzo zomthetho noma zokungalungi. Inkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi imfundo yomphakathi iyisithakazelo sempahla esivikelwe yiSichibiyelo seshumi nane, nokuthi idumela lomfundi namathuba esikhathi esizayo aveza isithakazelo senkululeko. Nakuba izikole zikwazi ukwenza izinto ngokushesha eziphuthumayo, kumelwe zilandele izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zokungakhethi.

Eminyakeni yamuva, ukukhathazeka ngezimiso ze-zero-tolence nesiyalo esingenakulinganiswa sabafundi abambalwa kuye kwaholela ezinkingeni zomthetho eziphikisayo ukuthi lezimiso ziphula inqubo efanele noma isivikelo esifanayo. Nakuba ukuhlanganisa i-octal engagunyazi ngokuqondile ukulingana kwe-octive-reversion ye-14neth (efakwe ngokwehlukile Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo[ [1954]) )] ivimbela ukucwasana okungenanjongo, futhi izikole kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi isiyalo asisebenzi ngendlela ye-divolution.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa

Nakuba ukuhlanganisa ngokukhetha kuvikela amalungelo amaningi, kunemingcele. Izikole zingabeka imingcele enengqondo yokuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuhleleka. Ngokwesibonelo, inkulumo ekhuthaza ubudlova noma inzondo ingavinjelwa ngisho noma inkululeko yokukhuluma ivame ukuvikelwa. INkantolo Wissin v. Mitchell [1993] isekela izijeziso ezikhuthaziwe ngenxa yobugebengu benzondo, futhi izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zavumela izikole ukuba zijezise ubandlululo noma ukuhlukunyezwa kwezemfundo eyingozi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuzona zonke izivikelo zamalungelo ezifakiwe. ISichibiyelo Sesibili sinelungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, nakuba sihlanganisiwe [FLT]][FLT]]McDonald v. Chicago[ (2010), ivumela izimemezelo zokulawula izibhamu ezindaweni ezizwelayo njengezikole. ISichibiyelo sesithathu sokulwa kwemithetho asizange sisetshenziswe ezifundazweni. Imfuneko enkulu ye-jajiyelo yesihlanu ayikafakwanga, izincazelo zingasebenzisa izimemezelo ezidluliselwe phambili esikhundleni seziqu zomthetho omkhulu. Futhi iSimemezelo secala sokulunga sokuqungamele ukuqulwa kwenkantolo.

Kule sikole, izinkantolo zivame ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa okulinganiselayo okulinganisela amalungelo omfundi angokomthetho ngokumelene nesithakazelo sesikole sokulondoloza indawo ephephile, ehlelekile, nengokwemfundo. Lokhu kulinganisela kucacile futhi kungaholela ekuxazululeni okungavumelaniyo ezikhundleni ezihlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifunda ziye zasekela imithetho yesikole evimbela imiyalezo yezombangazwe, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zayibulala kakhulu. Imfuneko yokuba izikole zikwazi ukusingatha ukuveza izinkulumo ezingokwenkolo ngezinye izikhathi eziphikisana nezimiso ezimelene nemithetho yokulwa nobandlululo, njengoba ibonwa ezingxabanweni zezezezezeze zesikole ezivimbela izigijikijo namaqembu abafundi abahlwi bezenkolo.

Izinkinga Ezisandulelayo: Ezobuchwepheshe Nezomphakathi

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe kuyaqhubeka kuhlola imingcele yokukhetha. Izikole manje ziyamelana nokusebenzisa i-inthanethi, ukusongela kolwembu, kanye nenkulumo yomfundi engekho emakhazeni. INkantolo Ephakeme inqumo] ku-2021] inikeza isiqondiso kodwa zishiye imibuzo eminingi ivulekile. Izinkantolo ezisezansi kumelwe zinqume ukuthi isikole singayala nini umfundi ngemisebenzi yezezenhlalo ebhekisela esikoleni noma kubafundi baso. Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa 'ston's "isilinganiso sezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yesikole", kuyilapho ezinye zidinga ukuthatha i-nex''.

Enye impikiswano ephumayo ukusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa nokuqapha ezikoleni. Ukuqashelwa kobuso, ukuqashelwa kwemishini yesikole esuswe, nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa kuphakamisa izikhalo zeSichibiyelo sesine. Nakuba izikole zingaba nokuqonda okukhulu ngaphansi T.L.O., ezinye izinkantolo zithole ukuthi ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ngaphandle kokuqashelwa kungaphazamisa izimfuneko ezinengqondo zabafundi zokwethulwa. Amazwe aqala ukumisa imithetho edinga ukucaca nomthetho wobuchwepheshe bokuqapha isikole.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwezincwadi Nokulawulwa Kwesimiso Sokufundisa

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sibuye sifinyelele ekwazisweni. [FLT]] iBoard of Education, Island Parents Union Free School District v. Pico (19982]], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi amabhodi esikole awakwazi ukususa izincwadi ezimitatsheni zezincwadi zesikole ngenxa nje yokuthi awafuni imibono ekhona. Umbono ophakathi kwezikodwa washo ukuthi "amabhodi esikole akhona anezakhono elibanzi ekuphathwa kwezindaba zesikole, kodwa kumelwe asebenzise lelo suselo ngendlela edlulayo yeSigqi Sokuqala seSimemezelo somthetho". Nakuba lokhu kuveza ukuthi abafundi abanalwazi olulungile, futhi basusa umbono okhungeyo wezincwadi zokuqala.

Iminyaka yamuva nje kuye kwaba nokwanda kwezinselele zezincwadi, ngokuvamile zibheke phambili ezincwadini eziphathelene nohlanga, ubulili, kanye nobulili. Izinkantolo ziphikisana ngokuthi amabhodi esikole angasusa yini izincwadi ezisekelwe "enhlamba engcolile" (njengaku Pico[) noma uma ukukhishwa okunjalo kuwubandlululo olungaqondakali. Ukuhlanganiswa kweSimemezelo sokuqala seSichibiyelo ngokukhululekile nezinkulumo ezikhululekile nezigwebo zezindaba ezikhululekile kusho ukuthi isifundazwe kanye namabhodi esikole kumelwe sihloniphe lemingcele yomthetho-mthetho.

Isiphetho

Ukukhetha kufeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni amalungelo ayisisekelo abafundi ezikoleni zomphakathi. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-mthetho asikho ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni kuphela kodwa sidlulela ezifundeni ezizungezile, sikhuthaza indawo lapho amalungelo ehlonishwa khona futhi asekelwa khona. Kusuka ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile nasenkululelweni engokwenkolo ukuya enqubweni eyimfihlo nasenqubeni efanele, iBill of Rights, esetshenziswa ngeSigqizeko seshumi nane, inikeza isivikelo okufanele zonke izikole zomphakathi zihlonipheke.

Nokho ukusebenza kwalamalungelo akuphelele. Izikole kumelwe zilinganisele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokumelene nezidingo ezihlangene zokuphepha, ukuhleleka, nomsebenzi wemfundo. Njengoba kuphakama ubuchwepheshe obusha nezinguquko zezenhlalo, izinkantolo zizoqhubeka zicwengisisa imingcele yokusebenzisana ngokukhetha ezikoleni. Ukuqonda lemfundiso kubalulekile kubafundisi, abaphathi, abafundi, nabazali abafuna ukunqamula imingcele eyinkimbinkimbi yomthetho-mthetho nemfundo yomphakathi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola [[FLT: 0] i-Cebory ye-Oytect yokhetho olufakwayo, i-Cornell Information yolwazi ye-Legal Institute , ne[[FLT:] i-Anvolution [[FLT]] i-[FLT] Contactumtion [[[FLT:]]] i-5] ukuhlaziya iSiphendulo se-145. Imibono yeNkanto ephakeme yeNkantolo yecala enjenge [FLT6][FLT][12][12][12] ukufundwa kohlelo oluvamile].[FLT][FLT][FFT]