I-Australian Treasury ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqondiseni izikweletu zomphakathi kanye namasu okuboleka. Umgomo wayo oyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imali kahulumeni ihlala ikhona lapho isekela ukukhula kwezomnotho nokuzinza. Ukulawula izikweletu zomphakathi akuwona umsebenzi obuyela emuva; isisekelo sesimiso esiyinhloko semithetho elawula inzuzo, ukukhokha izimali, ukukhokha kwemali, kanye nekhono likahulumeni lokusingatha izikweletu. Ngokukhipha izikweletu zemali, ukuhlola izimo zezentengiselwano, nokusekela iReserve Bank of Australia, i-Commondbal iqinisekisa ukuthi i-commond ingaxhasa izinkonzo ezibalulekile, izakhiwo zeze, inzuzo, nezinhlelo zomphakathi ezibiza imali ephansi kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela izindleko zemali ezikhokhwazwa umphakathini, izinsimbi zokuboleka, isebenzise izindleko zemali ezisekwelethwayo ngaphambili, izinselele eziphambili.

Ukuqonda Isikweleti Somphakathi E - Australia

Isikweleti somphakathi, esibizwa nangokuthi isikweleti sikahulumeni noma isikweleti sobukhosi, sibhekisela engqikithini yemali ekweletwa uhulumeni wase-Australia kubakweletwayo bayo. Laba bakweletwayo bahlanganisa abanikazi bezimali zasekhaya nezezizwe zonke, imali yokukhokha, amabhange, ohulumeni bangaphandle, namabhange aphakathi. Uhulumeni uboleka imali yezimali zemali ezikweletwayo zemali (_AFOFM) lapho ichitha imali engaphezulu kakhulu kwemali ekweletini ekhutshwayo. Isikweleti somphakathi sihlukile esikweletini sasomuntu siqu (izindlini nasemabhizinisi) nasesikweletini sikahulumeni. EAustralia, isikweleti sikahulumeni saseCommonety samazwe aseAustralia silawulwa kakhulu iHofisi Yezimali (OfM), inkampani yezente yezentestcio.

Izikweletu ezimbili ezivame kakhulu zezikweletu zomphakathi ziyizikweletu ezinkulu nezikweleti ezinezikweleti. Izikweletu ezinkulu zimelela ingqikithi yazo zonke izikweletu zikahulumeni ezivelele, njengezibopho namaphepha, ngaphambi kokususa noma yiziphi izikweleti zemali. Izikweleti zenethi zisusa imali kahulumeni engokwezimali. Izikweleti zemali engokwezimali, imali ebekelwe imali eHholweni Lesikhathi Esizayo, kanye nemali eboletwayo ezindaweni ezikweletwayo. Izikweletu zemali ze-nethi zinikeza umfanekiso ocace kakhulu wesimo sikahulumeni ngenxa yokuthi intengobo esetshenziswa ukukhokha imali emalini engaphansi kwesilinganiso sezizwe zonke ezingu-20, izikweleti ze-202425, izimali ezingathi zihlotshiswe cishe zibe izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-R44, kanti izimali zemali ezibondalonti ezibalelwa cishe zibe ngu-35% nengu-20% ye-GP, ezilingana nesilinganiso esingaphansi kwesilinganiso sezizwe ezihlangene (i - 250 000) (i - United States, kunye ne

Ngokomlando, i-Australia yayingenazikweletu eziningi ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2000 ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwemali egciniwe. Kodwa i-Global Financial Crisis (2008-09) nobhadane lwe-COVID-19 lwaphoqelela ukuswela okukhulu, amazinga anda kakhulu ezikweletu. Ikhono likahulumeni lokuboleka inzalo ephansi phakathi nalezi zimo ezibucayi lagcizelela ukubaluleka kwezindlela zokuphatha izikweletu ezithembekile. Namuhla, i-Mootal ne-AOFM igxile ekulondolozeni ukufinyelela ezimakethene ezikweletini eziwumququ, ukunciphisa izindleko zenzalo, nokulawula izingozi zemali. Imali yemali ekweletayo ebekelwe kakhulu eziboshwe isikhathi eside esimisiwe, okukhishwe ngamazinga aphansi futhi kunciphekwe ezimalini zezindleko zesikhathi esifushane.[93]

Isimiso Sezimali Sokulawula Izikweletu Sase - Australia

Umsebenzi wokuphatha izikweletu usebenza ngokuzimele kodwa uqondiswa ngokusemthethweni yi-Treasure. I-Office of Financial Management (AOFM) yamiswa ngo-1999 ukuze ilawule isikweletu seCommonwealth, ukuphatha imali, nokuhweba ngemali. Injongo eyinhloko ye-AOFM iwukuhlangabezana nezindleko zikahulumeni zezimali ezibiza imali ephansi kakhulu kuleyo ekhona esikhathini eside, engaphansi kwesilinganiso esamukelekayo sengozi. Lenjongo ifakwe e [[FLT:] Commonwele Yomthetho we-Stock 1911 [[FLT:]][FLD] kanye ne-Activeactiveation [[FL:]

Imisebenzi Ye - AOFM

I-AOFM iqhuba inqubo yokudayisa isibopho njalo ngenqubo ye-authonding nesakhiwo esimile. Ibeka iMasheya eTreasury (imisebenzi yeminyaka emithathu kuya kwengu-30), i-Moother Notes (isikhathi esifushane, kuze kube unyaka owodwa), ne-Dendender Bond (echazelwe ku-Consumer Price Index). I-AOFM futhi ilawula imali kahulumeni ngokulingana ne-Exsement Accementment eBank, futhi ifaka ezivumelwaneni zokuthenga kabusha (Reapos) ukuze ilawule ukushala. Inhlangano ineqembu elincane, elikhethekile labahwebi abahlolayo nabahlolayo abahlola intengo yezentengo yomhlaba wonke, izinganiso, izinganiso, nezintela zemali.

Uhlelo lokulawula izingozi lwe-AOFM luhlanganisa imingcele eyingozi yenzalo, ingozi yokukhokha inzala, kanye nengozi yemali. Ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni uboleka kakhulu e-Australian dollar (AUD), kunengozi encane yemali. Ingozi yezemali ilawulwa ngokukhipha isilinganiso esihlukahlukene semali ehambisana nemali engaphansi kwesivumelwano. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi akuzona zonke izikweleti ezikhulayo ngesikhathi esisodwa lapho amazinga enyuka. I-AOFM futhi isebenzisa izilinganiso zenzalo ezishintsha izindleko ezilinganiselwe ukuze ilungise isilinganiso esiphumelelayo se-portfolio ngaphandle kokushintsha isibopho esingaphansi kwesibopho singukuhle.

Ukuvumelana Nomthetho Ophathelene Nemali

I-MoofM isebenza eduze ne-Department of Finance and the Reserve Bank yase-Australia. Imali yaminyaka yonke imisa inqubo kahulumeni yokukhokha imali, kuhlanganise nemfuneko yokuboleka eveziwe. I-AOFM ikhipha lesikweleti esivumelana naleyo mfuneko, idlulisela amacebo ayo emakethe ngekota. Ukubona yindlela eyisihluthulelo: i-AOFM iveza imibiko eningiliziwe ngemisebenzi yayo, i-condropholio, kanye ne-millics. Le mishini yokukhanya isekela ukukhokha imali egciniwe futhi isiza ukukhokha imali ephansi.

Isihluthulelo Sokuboleka Izikhali

Uhulumeni wase - Australia usebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene ezikweletu ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo ezihlukahlukene zomgcini - mali nezindleko.

Amabhande Emali

Amavota asebenza ngekota ayisici esiyinhloko sokuboleka i-Others Assondies (ASX). Banezibambiso eziqinile ezihambisana nokungavumelani nemali esukela eminyakeni emithathu kuya kwengu-30. Abakhokhi bathola imali ephindwe ka-anual, futhi uthisha-nhloko uyakhokha lapho esekhulile. I-TrealBondsting ithengiselwa i-Exchange (ASX) futhi emakethe yemali ethatha indawo yayo yonke. Banoketshezi kakhulu futhi bagcinwa ngemali enkulu, amabhange, izinhlangano zomshuwalense, kanye nezinkampani zemali zakwamanye amazwe. I-AOFOFM ifaka isibopho sebhentshi yokwengathalelo ngalinye eliyinhloko lokuvuthwa (umz. 3, iminyaka engu-3, iminyaka eyishumi, iminyaka engu-20), esiza ukuveza ukukhiqika kwemali enkulu kakhulu kwemali.

Imibiko KaNondyebo

AmaNothi eT - Notes (amaNotes) ayizikweleti ezimfushane ezinezikweletu ezithatha isikhathi esifushane ezilinganayo ezithatha unyaka owodwa. Athengiswa ngenani eliphansi ukuze abhekane nenani futhi angakhokhi isigqebhezana; ukubuya komgcini kungumehluko phakathi kwentengo yokuthenga nenani lobuso lapho esekhulile. Ama-T-Notes asetshenziselwa ukuphatha ukugeleza okufushane kwemali yemali ngezikhathi ezithile kuyalingana qhabo, uma amathilidi entela ephansi kunaleyo elindelekile enyangeni enikeziwe. Asetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile ngezimali zemakethe yemali kanye namabhange ngenxa yokuphatha isikhashana kwemali.

Amabhande Ayizikhombi

Ama-Codence Bond (abizwa futhi ngokuthi ama-bond anezibopho ezisenhloko-nkulu) anezikweleti zawo eziyinhloko futhi akhutshaniswa ukunyuka kwamandla emali okusekelwe kwi-Consumer Price Index. Lamabonda avikela abatshali ekuncipheni kwamandla emali nasesikhankasweni semali yempesheni kanye nasesikhankasweni semali yemali ethathelwa imuva nemali enciphekayo. I-Australia yaba umnakekeli wezibophoyiselo ezibondayo, futhi ihlala iyingxenye ebalulekile yezikweleti. Izindaba ze-AOFM zivikela izibopho ezihlangene nezingantengo zamanani ayizi-5, 10, kanye neminyaka engu-20. Ukwehla kwamandla emali kudala ucingo olungokwemvelo kuhulumeni: uma ukwehla kwamandla emalini engeziwe, okubizwa ngenkoye, kanti isibopho senkozo ezigciniweyo ekhokhwasweni sezisiwe sikhula ngokushesha ngokwenyuswayo.

Ezinye Izinsimbi Zomculo

I-AOFM isebenzisa futhi ukuboleka imali nge-Reserve Bank, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile izikweleti zemali yangaphandle [1] nakanjani yenza kanjalo ukugwema ukwenezela izingozi zemali. Ngo-2020, phakathi nenani eliphakeme lezivumelwano zeCOVID-19, uhulumeni wakhipha izikweleti zesikhashana ngaphansi kwe-Australia iScredictive Facessical indity ukuze isekele ukuxhasa ukuxhasa kwemali ebhankini, kodwa lokhu kwakungesona ithuluzi lokuboleka elivamile. Ekugcineni, i-Thekishinethi ingasebenzisa [[[FLT:] [[FLT]] (imvume) yokuboleka noma ukuboleka, okusiza ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesivumelwano se-makethe.

Ukulondolozwa Kwezikweleti Nemithetho Egciniwe

Ukulondolozwa kwezikweletu kuyinto eyinhloko ekhathalelwayo kuTsheya. Izikweletu zibhekwa njengezingalondolozwa uma uhulumeni ekwazi ukuhlangabezana nezibopho zakhe zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo ngaphandle kwezinyathelo ezingavamile, njengokungakhokhi noma ukusebenziseka okungaphezu kwemali. I-Mooral ihlola izimpawu eziningana zokuthola ukusekelwa, kuhlanganise nesilinganiso sekweleta okuthathelwa isikweletu, ukulingana kwezikweletu ezisezingeni ezingekho zweni zangaphandle, kanye negebe elikhulu (umehluko phakathi kwemali ekhiqiziwe nemali esetshenziswayo isikhathi eside).

Isimiso se-Australia se-flamescal sihlanganisa izinhloso eziphansi: ukufinyelela imali esele kakhulu emjikelezweni wezomnotho, ukugcina izintela njengengxenye ye-GDP ngaphansi kwezinga elithile, futhi uqinise isikweleti senetha njengengxenye ye-GDP. Kusukela ekuqaleni konyaka ka-202020, ohulumeni abalandelanayo baye banikela kumthetho wokukhokha wemali egciniwe [[ odinga icebo lokubuyela ekwandiseni uma izimo zezomnotho zivumela. I-20242525 yemali ye-Bacrow eveckethe eqongezela ukufinyelela i-21% ye-GDP ngo-202525] futhi bese behla kancane njengoba izindleko zihamba ngokukhula okungokomnotho. Lemikhankatho ithatha intuthuko kwezomnotho nokusetshenziswa.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Isilinganiso semali enezikweleti eziphansi ze-Australia kuya ku-GDP siphansi uma siqhathaniswa nezinye izikweletu ezithuthukile zomnotho. Ngokwe International Monetary Fund (IMF), isikweleti esivamile sezomnotho esithuthukile sasicishe sibe ngu-80% we-GDP ngo-2023. Izikweleti ezikweletu eziphansi ze-Australia ngokwengxenye zibangelwa ingcebo yayo yemvelo, eziye zaveza intela enkulu phakathi nokuchuma kwempahla, futhi izakhiwo zayo eziqinile. Nokho, kunengcindezi ezakhiwe: izindleko ezikhulayo zempilo, izindleko zezempilo, nokushintsha kwezindleko zesimo sezulu kuyokwanda ekuchitheni imali emashumini eminyaka ezayo. Imisebenzi kahulumeni echitha imali njengengxenye ye-GDP iyonyuka ngesilinganiso sezingalo ezintathu ngo-206, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezempilo ephakeme. Uma izindleko zezenyuka nangezinye izindleko zemali ezikhona kwezinye izindawo.

Izingozi Zokondleka

I - Treasurer iveza izingozi eziningana ekulondolozweni kwezikweletu:

  • Ingozi yezinga eliphakathi kakhulu: Ukwenyuka kwenzalo yembulunga yonke kwandisa izindleko zokuboleka nokuphinda kuphinde kusetshenziswe. Isikweleti sase-Australia sisesilinganisweni esiqinile, ngakho ithonya elisheshayo lilinganiselwe, kodwa ukusheshisa izibopho zokukhula ngenani eliphakeme kwandisa ukukhokha inzalo esikhathini esizayo.
  • [ Ingozi yokukhokha: Uma ingxenye enkulu yezikweletu ikhula ngesikhathi esisodwa, uhulumeni kungadingeka aboleke ngamazinga angathandeki. I-AOFM ilawula lokhu ngokuhlaziywa okusha futhi ilondoloze isimo sokuvuthwa okuhlukahlukene.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuwohloka kwezomnotho: Ukuntengantenga kunganciphisa intela futhi kwandise ukulinganisela okuzenzekelayo kwemali (umz., izinzuzo zokungasebenzi), okungabangela ukuswelakala nezikweletu ezinkulu. I-Moota igcina isikhawu sesikhala esincane sokusabela ekuntengantengeni.
  • Izikweleti ezingathi sína: Uhulumeni uqinisekisa izikweletu ezithile zohulumeni bakahulumeni (nge-Australian Hulumeni Iqinisekisa ukuboleka uhulumeni) futhi unikeza umshuwalense wokufaka. Ukuhluleka okukhulu kwebhange kungabangela lezi siqinisekiso, ukwandisa isikweletu somphakathi.

Ukuze inciphise lezingozi, i-AOFM ihlela umngcele wesisulu sokukhula kwemali ebolekiswayo (manje ecishe ibe iminyaka emi-6 kuya kwengu-7) futhi igcine isikhawu esiwuketshezi. Uhulumeni futhi usebenzisa iNgxoxo yemali yeNkathi [[[FLM]]] [i-"i-asper seal eklanywe ukukhokha izikweletu ezinkulu kakhulu zengxenye yomphakathi] okunciphisa isikweleti senethi senethi.

Izinselele Nombono Wesikhathi Esizayo

I-Australian Treasury ibhekene nezinselele eziningana ekulawuleni izikweletu zomphakathi nasekuboleni amasu okukhokha emalini. Okokuqala, indawo enenzalo yomhlaba wonke isishintshile. Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi enezinga eliphansi kakhulu, amabhange aphakathi emhlabeni wonke − kuhlanganise neReserve Bank yase-Australia (i-Reserve of Australia) ikhuphule amazinga okulwa nokwehla kwamandla emali. Amazinga aphakeme akhuphule izindleko zokuboleka futhi ekugcineni azokudlulela ezikweletini zenzalo ezinkulu zomphakathi. Njengango-2024, inzalo kahulumeni wase-Australia inyuswa ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-R22222,2222,2222,2. Lokhu kuncike kusuka kumali ekhona kwezinye izinto eziphambili.

Okwesibili, ushintsho lwenani labantu luzocindezela imali esetshenziswayo. Isilinganiso sabantu base-Australia abaneminyaka engu-65 nangaphezulu sinyuke kusukela kumaphesenti angu-16 ngo-2023 kuya kwangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-22 kuya ku-2063 ngo-2063, ukwanda kwemali esetshenziswayo empesheni, ekunakekeleni impilo, nakukukunakekela asebekhulile. I-Internationalevational Report ibonisa ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimiso zamanje, isikweletu senetha singakhuphuka cishe sifinyelela ku-50% ye-GDP ngo-2063 uma kungekho sinyathelo. Lelizinga lisehla ngezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, kodwa lisezakuba liphansi kakhulu emlandweni wase-Australia.

Okwesithathu, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuletha kokubili izingozi ezingokomzimba nezishintshayo. Uhulumeni kuyodingeka afake imali ekuzivumelaniseni (isibonelo, izikhungo ezikhukhulayo, ukukwazi ukumelana nomlilo) kanye nokushintshela ekutholeni i-carbon ephansi (umz., isakhiwo esivuselelwe, imishini yokulungisa imoto). Lokhu kutshala imali kungandisa ukuboleka kwemali ngesikhathi esifushane. Ngalesosikhathi, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kunganciphisa ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwezomnotho, okwenza isikweleti kube nzima ukusebenzela. I-Monday iqale ukuhlaziya isimo sezulu esibonisa isimo sezentengiselwano.

Okwesine, ukungaqiniseki kwezomnotho kusekukhulu. Ukuntengantenga kwezentengiselwano zembulunga yonke. Ukuntengantenga kwezentengiselwano, ukuhlukana kwezentengiselwano, nokuphazamisa kwezobuchwepheshe kungaholela ezimakethe ezintengisweni zezezimali eziya ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya phambili. I-AOFM kumelwe ihlale ikulungele ukulungisa imiqulu yemali nemisebenzi esekelwe ezimweni zezimakethengi. Umqedazwe we-COVOVID wabonisa ukubaluleka kokuba nehhovisi lokuphatha izikweletu ezithembekile okungashelwa ngokushesha lapho kudingekile. Izimiso zokuphatha izikweleti zemali zamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngenxa yokukhanya nokuphumelela kwayo phakathi nokusabela kobhadamba.

Izinqubo Ezintsha Ekuqondiseni Izikweleti

I-AOFM ihlola izindlela zokuthuthukisa impumelelo nokufinyelela kwemali. Ngo-2022, yasungula i-Green Bond yohlelo, ikhipha izibopho eziluhlaza ngokumile ukuze isekele imisebenzi yezinzuzo zendawo ezungezile. Isibopho sokuqala esiluhlaza saphakamisa izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7 zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali futhi sabekwa kakhulu, sibonisa isidingo esinamandla sokutshala izikweletu ezigciniwe. I-AOFM ibuye isebenzise amapulatifomu okuhweba ngemishini futhi iqale ukukhipha isikweleti sesakhiwo esimile ukuze igcwalise imikhiqizo edingekayo yasikhathi sonke. Lemikhankambiso isiza izindleko eziphansi kakhulu futhi yandisa isisekelo esikhokhelwayo.

Indima Yezakhiwo Eziwubuchwepheshe

I-Money ifake amathuluzi emishini asetshenziswayo ekuqondiseni izikweletu, kuhlanganise ne-AFLM’S Izibalo zezikweleti ezingasebenzi ezididayo zebhodi [, ezivumela umphakathi nabanikazi ukuba bahlole izikweleti ngesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukulandisa futhi kusize abathatha izikweleti benze izinqumo eziqondiswe ulwazi. I-AOFM ihlanganyela futhi kumphakathi wonke we-'effectal Monetary Fund's program yezempatho yezentelligement yezwezwe yamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe (ezinje ngo-inxanxathelayo).

Isiphetho

Ukuphatha kwe-OurseAfrean Treasurer kwemali kahulumeni kanye namasuntswana okuboleka kuyisisekelo sokuzinza kwezomnotho. Nge-AFM, uhulumeni ukhipha izinsimbi ezihlukahlukene zemishini .Treasury Bonds, Treasurement Notes, Fineral Bonds, ne Green Bonds (ukuxhasa imisebenzi yayo ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu kakhulu kuyilapho ilondoloza izikweletu eziqinile. Umthetho wesikweletu esiqinile. Umthetho wakhiwe ekuboneni ngokukhululekile, ukuphatha izingozi, nokubambisana nezimiso zezentengiselwano zezomnotho. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengenani lenzalo ephakeme, i-Redenderation Bondsting, ne-General Bondss ihlala iqinile ngokwezindinganiso zomhlaba. Ukunamathela kokukhomba izikweletu eziphambili kanye nokuphatha izikweletulo ezintsha kuyoqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni bangahlangabezana nezibopho zawo kanye nokuthuthukisa izizukulwane ezingoko zomnotho.

Ukufundwa okwengeziwe, bhekisela e-Ostreliyan Office of Financial Management wezezimali , i-Australian Uhlelo Lomthetho , kanye ne [ Ibhange le-Australia eliyi-Auntest Office yemininingwane yezezimali. I-Mootay’s [[FLT:] 2023] Umbiko weNkathi Yenzaliseko [ inikeza i-figlayerssssss.