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Ukuqonda Ibhizinisi LikaClaus Nesisekelo Salo Somthetho - sisekelo

INkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States iye yaba nendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni iChwethems Claus of the U.S., enye yamalungiselelo alandelayo kakhulu emthethweni womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Le nkulumo, etholakala eSigabeni I, iSiqendu 8, u-Clause 3, ithi i-United States Congress iyakuba namandla "okulawula intengo neZizwe zangaphandle, naphakathi kwezizwe ezimbalwa, kanye ne-Indiya Stock Commonmental." Phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka, izinqumo zeNkantolo ezihlangene nalena nale mithetho ye-sigqeshana, itho ye-mali ehlangene yohulumeni nemibuso ehlangene, iguqula yonke into isuka kweze emalungelweni ezomnotho kuya emalungelweni ezakhamuzini.

I-Chommerce Claus imelela elinye lamagunya akhahliweyo anikezwa uMkhandlu woMthetho-sisekelo. Ukubaluleka kwezentengiselwano zika Clausle kuchazwe embonweni weNkantolo Ephakeme eGonzales v. IRaich njengempendulo yamaFramers njengempendulo yenkinga enkulu ekhuphukela kuMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo: ukungabikho kwamandla ezentengiselwano zikahulumeni ngaphansi kweZiphakamiso Zomphakathi. Owasungulwayo waqaphela ukuthi umnotho wezwe lonke wawudinga igunya eliyinhloko lokuqondisa ukuhwebelana kwemingcele yombuso, kuvimbele isiphithiphithi sezomnotho esasibangele isizwe esincane ngaphansi kweZiphakatho Zomthetho.

Izinkantolo nabahlaziyi baye bacabangela ukuchaza ngayinye yalezi zici ezintathu zezentengiselwano ngokuthi amandla ahlukile anikezwe uMkhandlu, ngokuvamile bebhekisela ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene ngokuthi i - Foreign Commerce Claus, i - Interstate Commerce Clause, ne - Indian Communist Cooperace Claus.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwencazelo KaClaus Wezentengiselwano

Ukukhumbula Kusengaphambili Nokulinganiselwa Kwasekuqaleni

Ekuqaleni, i-Chommerce Claus yayihloselwe ukuvimbela amazwe ukuba abeke imingcele emisha futhi athuthukise ubunye bezomnotho phakathi kwezifunda ezintsha. AbaseFrame babebonele mathupha imiphumela ebhubhisayo yemingcele yezohwebo yezifunda ngaphansi kweZihlokwana ze-Confederation, lapho imibuso ngayinye yayisebenza cishe njengezizwe ezihlukene, ngayinye inezimiso zayo zezentengiselwano. I-Classiale yaklanyelwa ukwakha indawo yezohwebo phakathi kwezifundazwe futhi imisa ukuphakama kwezwe ezindabeni zezentengiselwano.

Amacala eNkantolo Ephakeme yakuqala ayebheka ngokuyinhloko iCommerce Claus njengesithiya amandla kahulumeni kunokuba ibe umthombo wamandla kahulumeni. Njengoba isizwe sasikhula futhi umnotho waso usiba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, izinkantolo zabhekana nenselele eqhubekayo yokuchaza izinga eliqondile lamandla oMkhandlu ngaphansi kwale nkulumo. Ukungezwani phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nobukhosi bukahulumeni kuye kwaba yisihloko esingapheli kuwo wonke umlando womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, ngokushintshashintshashintsha kwemiya emuva nangoko kuxhomeke esimweni sezombangazwe nesezomnotho sezikhathi ezihlukahlukene.

INkantolo YaseMarshall Nokwanda Kwamandla Asempini

Phakathi neNkantolo yaseMarshall (101-1835), ukuchazwa kweCommerce Clausce kwanikeza i-Congress amandla ezici eziningi ze-intrate andtatent kanye nomsebenzi owawubhekwa ngokwesiko njengowezentengiselwano. IJaji elikhulu uJohn Marshall, omunye wabagwebi abanethonya kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, wamisa izimiso eziyisisekelo ezazingaqondisa ukuchazwa kwezentengiselwano uClaus ezizukulwaneni. Ukufunda kwakhe okukhulu ngamandla kahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Centry Clauslee kwabonisa umbono wakhe wesizwe ngombuso we-United States kanye nenkolelo yakhe kuhulumeni onamandla.

Indlela yeNkantolo iMarshall eyaya eCommerce Claus yamisa izibonelo ezibalulekile ezandisa igunya likahulumeni kuyilapho zisavuma imingcele ethile. Lezizincazelo zokuqala zaqaphela ukuthi nakuba uMkhandlu wawunamandla amakhulu okulawula ezohwebo zesifundazwe, kwakulokhu kunendawo yomsebenzi wendawo owehlela ehhovisi elikhethekile lombuso. Lokhu kulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nelombuso kwakuzoqhubeka kuvela ngenkathi yeNkantolo Ephakeme eyalandela.

Icala Lenkantolo Ephakeme Elathonya Izentengiselwano UClausde Upapa

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Ukumiswa kweFederal Supremacy eMterstate Certical

Gibbons v. Ogden, wanquma ngo-1824, kwakuyisinqumo esiphawulekayo seNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States esasithi amandla okulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe, anikezwa iSishaya-mthetho sase-U.S. iSishaya - mthetho sikaClaus ka-U.S., sihlanganisa amandla okulawula imikhumbi. Lelicala lavela ekuxabaniseni ngezindlela ezihamba ngesitimu phakathi kweNew York neNew Jersey, lapho iNew York yayinike abasebenzisi abathile igunya lokulawula, ngokuphumelelayo abancintisanayo njengoThomas Gibnon owayephethe ilayisense kahulumeni.

INkantolo yathi "amandla okulawula ezentengiselwano anwetshwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuhlangana kwezentengiselwano ... phakathi kwezifunda eziningana," futhi ahlanganisa ukuqondiswa kwezindlela zezentengiselwano zezwe. Umbono woMahluleli omkhulu uMarshall kulendaba wawubanzi ngokuphawulekayo ekuchazeni kwakhe amandla ombuso. Ngokwemibono kaMarshall ebanzi yegunya likahulumeni, amandla ezentengiselwano "angase asetshenziswe ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu, futhi angavumi ukulinganiselwa."""

Isinqumo saba nemiphumela esebenzayo ngokushesha kwezomnotho zaseMelika. Isinqumo sibongwa ngokusekela ukukhula kwezomnotho ze-antebellum United States kanye nokusungulwa kwezimakethe zesizwe. Ngokubulala ama-monowodwa athengwa uhulumeni aphazamisa ezohwebo zesifundazwe, iNkantolo yasusa izithiyo ukuze incintisane futhi ithuthukise umnotho wezwe ngempela. Icala lasungula isimiso sokuthi uma imithetho kahulumeni ingqubuzana nemithetho kahulumeni ebekwe ngaphansi kwe-Cencale, umthetho kahulumeni umi ngaphansi kwe-Suprey Clausce ka-Claus woMthetho-Mpathiso-mthetho.

Lesi sinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme senqabela ukumisa umthetho ophazamisa ilungelo loMkhandlu lokulawula ezohwebo phakathi kwezifunda ezihlukene. Ukubaluleka okude kweGibbons v. Ogden akunakumiswa. IGibbons v. Ogden kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uye wanikeza isisekelo sokulawula kwemiyalo yezitimela, iziteshi ezikhululekile nethelevishini kanye nezokusakaza umsakazo. Izimiso ezibanzi ezisungulwe kuleli cala zazingasetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika ukuze zithethelele umthetho wemisebenzi yezezomnotho ehlala ikhona.

Inkathi YeLochner Nemingcele Yokwahlulela Embusweni Wombuso Kahulumeni

Phakathi nonyaka ka-19905 no-1937, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanciphisa incazelo yabo yeCommerce Claus kulokho manje osekwaziwa ngokuthi inkathi yeLochner. Phakathi nalenkathi, iNkantolo yamukela umbono ovimbela kakhulu wamandla kahulumeni futhi yashaya imithetho eminingi yezomnotho kahulumeni nohulumeni ngezizathu zokuphula inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye yesivumelwano noma ukudlula igunya leSishaya-Mkhandlu ngaphansi kwe-Chwerekeng Clause.

Lenkathi yayimele ukusuka okuphawulekayo ekuchazeni okubanzi kwezwe ngentengiselwano yezentengiselwano ka Claus eyayikhona phakathi neNkantolo yaseMarshall. ILochner-era Court yayikhathazekile ngokulondoloza inkululeko yezomnotho nokulinganisela ukuphazamisa kukahulumeni kwezebhizinisi lomuntu siqu. Nokho, lendlela yagxekwa kakhulu phakathi nokwehla komnotho okukhulu, lapho abaningi bekholelwa ukuthi ukungenela ngonya kukahulumeni kwakudingeka ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yezomnotho zesizwe.

Ukuvukela Kwempi Nokukhula Kwegunya Likahulumeni

Kusukela ngo-1937, ngemva kokuphela kwenkathi yeLochner, ukusetshenziswa kwe-Chommer Claus yeKhomishane ukuba igunyaze ukulawulwa kukahulumeni izindaba zezomnotho kwaba okungenamkhawulo ngokuphumelelayo. Lolushintsho oluphawulekayo lwenzeka emongweni kaMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, eyafuna ukusebenzisa amandla kahulumeni ukusingatha ukuwohloka kwezomnotho. Ngemva kokwenqaba iNew Depression, iNkantolo Ephakeme yashintsha inkambo futhi yaqala ukusekela incazelo enkulu kakhulu yamandla enhlangano ngaphansi kwezentengiselwano ka Claus.

Kusukela nge NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp ngo-1937, iNkantolo yaqala ukuqaphela izizathu ezibanzi lapho iCommerce Claus ingasetshenziselwa khona ukulawula umsebenzi kahulumeni, ibambe lowo msebenzi waba wezentengiselwano uma ibinemiphumela "yokwehluleka kwezomnotho" kwezentengiselwano zamazwe athile noma uma "umphumela wesenzo esisodwa" ungaba nomphumela kwezentengiselwano ezinjalo. Lokhu "kuphumelela okukhulu" kuhlola kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukufinyelela kwamandla kazwelonke, kuvumela ukuba iKhomishane yemisebenzi ebonakala isendaweni ezungezile uma ingaboniswa iveza ithonya elingaphandle kwezohwebo eziko.

Wickard v. Filburn: Uphawu lwezentengiselwano u-Claus okhulayo

Elinye lamacala abaluleke kakhulu asukela kulenkathi kwakunguWickard v. Filburn, wanquma ngo-1942. EGonzales noRaich, iNkantolo yancike kakhulu kuWickard v. Filburn, eyayithi uhulumeni angalawula ukutshalwa nokudliwa kwezitshalo zomuntu siqu ngenxa yokuthi ukudla kwabantu ngabanye kungaba nomphumela ongaqondile kwezohwebo ezisezweni. EWickard, iNkantolo yasekela umthetho kahulumeni wokukhiqiza ukolweni ngisho nalapho ukolweni utshalwe ukuze usetshenziswe futhi ungangeni ndawo yezohwebelana.

Kulelo thuba, iNkantolo yavumela iSishaya - mthetho ukuba siqondise ukukhiqizwa kukakolweni womlimi, ngisho noma ukolweni wawuhloselwe ukusetshenziselwa umuntu kuphela futhi wawungeke ungene emakethe yamazwe angaphandle, ngesisekelo sokuthi ukulima, ngokuvamile, kunethonya elinamandla kwezomnotho zesizwe. Lesi sinqumo mhlawumbe sasimelela incazelo enkulu yeChwebo Lobuko Lezentengiselwano uClaus esekelwe iNkantolo Ephakeme, sisikisela ukuthi cishe noma yimuphi umsebenzi wezomnotho ubungaqondiswa iKhomishane uma beline nethonya elithile eliyikhona kwezohwebo.

Izinqumo ezinjenge-NLRB v. Jones, u-Darby, noWickard v. Filburn zabonisa ukuzimisela kweNkantolo ukuzimisela ukunikeza incazelo ebanzi esobala ye-Cernty Claus, kanye ne-NLRB ngo-1979, iNLRB yavumela ukwanda komthetho kahulumeni ezindaweni eziningi zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela ebuhlotsheni bezisebenzi zezezemvelo ukuze ivikele iNdawo ezungezile ekunikezeni amandla. Lenkathi ecishe ibe yisithupha yenkathi yokwahlulelwa kwesivumelwano sokuthatha izikhundla zomthetho ngaphansi kwe-Cendery Claus Claus evumela ukuba i-ocesces andise umthetho kahulumeni ungene ezindaweni eziningi zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela ekusebenzeni kwezenzweni kwezendawo ezungezile ukuze ivikelelwe amalungelo emphakathi.

E - United States v. Lopez (1995): Imingcele Yokubuyisela Ebusweni Begunya

INkantolo ePhakeme yase-US yavimbela ukusetshenziswa kwe-Commerce Claus ne-United States ngandlela-thile. Lopez (1995). Lelicala laphawula inguquko enkulu ekwakhekeni kwezentengiselwano uClaus, njengoba kwakungokokuqala ukuba iNkantolo ishaye umthetho kahulumeni eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu-60 lapho ibulala umthetho kahulumeni wegunya leSishaya-Hulumeni elidlulele ngaphansi kwe-Creastem Claus.

ELopez, iNkantolo yawisa uMthetho weSikole Senkululeko sikaGun ngo-1990, okwakuba ngokokuqala ngqá eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu - 60 ukuba iNkantolo iwise umthetho kahulumeni ngenxa yokudlula imingcele yezentengiselwano zikaClaus, futhi icala labhekana nesiqinisekiso somfundi wesikole esiphakeme ngokuphatha isibhamu esifihlekile esikoleni ngokuphula lesisenzo. INkantolo yabambelela ukuthi ukuphatha isibhamu eduze kwesikole kwakungewona umsebenzi wezomnotho futhi akuzange kuthinte kakhulu ezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano yezwe, ngisho nalapho kucatshangelwa esikoleni sezentengiselwano.

Kusukela ngo-1995, iRehnquist Court yavuselelwa futhi, njengoba kusobala esinqumweni sayo ku-United States-5-4 v. Lopez, yamisa imingcele eqinile yokubusa ngaphansi kwe-Chwethems Claus. Isinqumo sabonisa ukuthi ngempela kwakunemingcele yamandla kahulumeni ngaphansi kweChwebestical Clause nokuthi iNkantolo yayingeke iphinde izibekezelele izahlulelo zokuhlanganisa mayelana nemisebenzi ethinte kakhulu yezentengiselwano. Lokhu kwamelela ukubuyela kwendlela yezentengiselwano engcono kakhulu efuna ukulondoloza izifunda zikahulumeni ezinenjongo zikahulumeni.

Gonzales v. Raich (2005): Ukubuyisela Igunya Lomphakathi

Ecaleni lezokwelapha lika - 2005 lensangu, iGonzales neRaich, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States yalahla iphuzu lokuthi ukuvinjelwa kokutshala insangu ukuze umuntu ayisebenzise kungaphezu kwamandla oMkhandlu ngaphansi kwe - Commerce Claus.

Ngisho noma zingathengiswanga noma zithuthwe emigqeni kahulumeni, iNkantolo yathola ukuthi kwakungaba nomphumela ongaqondile kwezentengiselwano zamazwe angaphandle futhi ithembele kakhulu ecaleni le-New Deal, Wickard v. Filburn. Isinqumo seNkantolo eGonzales v. Raich sabonisa ukuthi naphezu kwemingcele eyabekwa nguLopez, uMkhandlu wawusenagunya elikhulu lokulawula imisebenzi yendawo eyayingabonwa njengengxenye yecebo elikhulu lokulawula ibhizinisi lezifundazwe.

I-Commerce Clause iwumthombo wemithetho evimbela izidakamizwa kahulumeni ngaphansi komthetho oGunyaziwe we-Substances Act. Isinqumo seRaich saqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu ungalawula ngisho nokutshalwa kwezindawo ezilawulwayo kanye nokulawulwa kwezinto njengengxenye yesimiso sokuqondisa esibanzi, ngisho noma imisebenzi enjalo yayisemthethweni ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Lendaba yaqokomisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwemizamo kahulumeni yokugunyaza ukufusha kwensa nemithetho kahulumeni, impi eqhubeka nanamuhla.

Sebelius (202): I-Affordible Care Act no-Intshinga yokusebenza

ESebelius, iNkantolo yakhuluma ngomyalo ogunyazwe umuntu ngamunye eMthethweni we-Affordal Care Act (ACA), owawudinga ukuba abantu abangakhokhwanga bavikele umshuwalense wempilo noma bakhokhe isijeziso semali ukuze baqinise umshuwalense wempilo. Lelicala lanikeza umbuzo omusha: ingabe uMkhandlu ungasebenzisa amandla awo entengiselwano ukuze uthenge umkhiqizo ongawufuni?

Igxile emfunweni kaLopez wokuthi uMkhandlu ulawula umsebenzi wezentengiselwano kuphela, iNkantolo yaveza ukuthi umthetho womuntu ngamunye awunakwenziwa ngaphansi kwe-Chommerce Claus, ithi ukufuna ukuthengwa komshuwalense wempilo ngaphansi kwe-ACA kwakungewona umthetho wezentengiselwano njengaleyo yokungenzi lutho futhi, ngokunjalo, ungabi nakukho okuvumelekile ngaphansi kwe-Chwebery Clause. INkantolo yaveza umehluko phakathi kokuqondisa umsebenzi wezentengiselwano nokucindezela abantu ukuba bangene kwezohwebo endaweni yokuqala.

Icala leNkantolo lavumelana ngokuthi ukusekela iPPACA ngaphansi kwesigaba sezentengiselwano "kungavula indawo entsha futhi enkulu kakhulu egunyeni lombuso" nokuthi "amandla okulawula ezentengiselwano avumela ukuba kube khona kwezentengiselwano ezizolawulwa," kodwa iNkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi uMkhandlu wawungenalo igunya ngaphansi kwezentengiselwano uClaus ukuba afune izakhamuzi ukuba zithenge umshuwalense wempilo kodwa usasekela umthetho "umyalo womthetho womthetho" ngaphansi kwegunya lentela yeSishaya-Hulumente. Lesi sinqumo sasimelela omunye umngcele wamandla eCelacestery kuyilapho ngesikhathi esisodwa sibonisa ukuthi uMkhandlu u-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko u-siseko.

Imfundiso KaClaus Nobukhosi BukaHulumeni Ezentengiselwano Ezinamandla

Ukuqonda Ibhizinisi Elinamandla UClaus

IDorment Commerce Clause ibhekisela ekunqabeni, okucacile kuyi - Commerce Claus, ngokumelene nomthetho othatha imithetho ehlukanisayo noma ecindezela ngokweqile kwezentengiselwano zamazwe. Nakuba iCommerce Claus inikeza ngokuqondile amandla eKhomishane, imfundiso yezentengiselwano ka Claus engasebenzi imelela incazelo embi: ukuthi izifunda zenqatshelwe ukumisa imithetho ethile ngisho nalapho uMkhandlu ungathathanga isinyathelo.

Lemfundiso "yomphakathi wezentengiselwano u-Claus" idala isigaba segunya elikhethekile likahulumeni lapho iziqondiso zikahulumeni zingaphoqelelwe. Lemfundiso isebenza njengendlela ebalulekile yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni, ivimbela amazwe ekuhilelekeni ekuvikeleni kwezomnotho noma ekumiseni imingcele yokuhwebelana. Ukulinganisela kombuso namandla ombuso kuxhomeke kakhulu esigabeni semfundiso yezentengiselwano engasasebenzi.

Isimiso Esimelene Nokuhlukana

Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuvinjelwa kwezimiso zesifundazwe zesivikelo ezisekela izakhamuzi zikahulumeni noma amabhizinisi ngokulahlekelwa yibhizinisi elingakhokhisi ngaphakathi kulesosifundazwe. Isisekelo semfundiso yezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano uClaus engasebenzi siyisimiso esimelene nemithetho evimbela ukumisa imithetho eklanyelwe ukuzuzisa izithakazelo zezomnotho ezingokwezwe ngokulahlekelwa kwabancintisanayo abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, eWest Lynnæry Inc. v. iNkantolo Ephakeme yawisa intela kahulumeni waseMassachusetts ngemikhiqizo yobisi ngoba intela evimbela umsebenzi wezentengiselwano wamazwe ngokulahla izakhamuzi namabhizinisi angewona amaMassachusetts. Imithetho enjalo yobandlululo icushwa ngokunembeka okukhulu futhi cishe njalo ishaywa izinkantolo njengesephula umthetho wezentengiselwano ezingasasebenzi.

Intuthuko Yamuva Ekwenabelweni Kwezentengiselwano UClaus

INkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa igunya elikhulu lokulawula lezifundakazi, yenqaba izinkolelo-mbono ezimbili ezibanzi zamandla kahulumeni ozimele ngaphansi kwemfundiso ka Claus wezentengiselwano engasasebenzi. Emacaleni amuva nje, iNkantolo iye yabonisa ukungathandi ukwandisa imfundiso yezentengiselwano engasasebenzi ngaphezu kwesimiso sayo esiyinhloko sokulwa nomthetho, isikisela inhlonipho evuselelwe ngegunya lombuso lokulawula.

Izinhlangano ezilawulwayo kufanele ziqaphele ukuthi imfundiso yezentengiselwano yeChondal Claus ayinakuvimbela ukugcinwa kwemithetho nezimiso zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokuba "zimiselwe ukuzuza ezithakazelweni zezomnotho ezizimele ngokuthwesa umthwalo onzima kwabancintisanayo abasesifundazweni." Lokhu kusondela okungalawuleki kakhulu kweCommerce Claus enterst Claus kubonakalisa ukugcizelela kwamanje kweNkantolo ekulondolozeni ubukhosi bombuso nokulinganisela ukungenela kokwahlulela ngokukhetha kwezimiso zikahulumeni.

Umphumela Wezentengiselwano UClaus Ubusa Ubukhosi BukaHulumeni

Ukwanda Kwamandla Kahulumeni Kahulumeni Nokudlondlobala Kwegunya Likahulumeni

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yeCommerce Claus siye saba nemiphumela ejulile nephikisanayo ekwakheni ubukhosi bukahulumeni. Icala elinjengoGibbons v. Ogden kanye ne-New Doe-era izinqumo zandisa amandla kahulumeni ngokuphawulekayo ngokulahlekelwa igunya likahulumeni. Isinqumo sikaMarshall sasekela incazelo yobuzwe yamandla kahulumeni kahulumeni futhi sanquma ukuthi uMkhandlu - sisekelo ungalawula imisebenzi eminingi ethinta ezohwebo bamazwe ahlukene, futhi ngokulandela lesi sinqumo, uhulumeni wezwe, ogunyazwezwezwezwezwezwezwezwezwezwezwezwezwe ngemithetho yawo nesinqumo sokwahlulela ngomthetho ngomthetho wawo wonke umphakathi.

Incazelo ebanzi yeCommerce Claus eyamukelwa phakathi nenkathi yeNew Deal futhi yagcinwa cishe iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha yavumela uMkhandlu ukuba ulawule izindawo ngokwesiko ezazibhekwa njengezindaba zikahulumeni. Ubudlelwane bezisebenzi, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, ukuphepha kwabathengi, namalungelo omphakathi konke kwaba yizisulu zemithetho kahulumeni engcono ngaphansi kwe-Chwestery Claus. Lokhu kwanda kwegunya likahulumeni kwaguqula isimo sobuzwe laseMelika, ukususwa kwamandla ezindaweni ezithile futhi kwasusa uhulumeni wezwe.

Inkantolo yeRehnquist yamaFederalism Inguquko

Izinqumo eUnited States v. Lopez kanye namacala alandelayo zabonisa isibopho esivuselelwe sokwahlulela sokugcina imingcele enenjongo emandla kahulumeni nasekuvikeleni ubukhosi bukahulumeni. Lamacala aqaphela ukuthi uma amandla oMkhandlu ngaphansi kwe-Chwethec Clause ayengenamkhawulo ngempela, uhulumeni wezwe wawuyoba namandla avamile amaphoyisa agcinwa nguMthetho-sisekelo ezwe. Ngokushaya imithetho kahulumeni eyadlula igunya lombuso, iNkantolo yafuna ukulondoloza ukulingana komthetho ngokomthetho phakathi kombuso nombuso.

KuSeminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, iNkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi, ngokucabangela "isimiso esingasemva" sokuzivikela kobukhosi obungaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nanye, iSishaya-Mkhandlu asinawo amandla ngaphansi kwentengiselwano ka-Claus weSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo ukuba ibeke i-United States emasuthwini enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphandle kwemvume yabo. Lesi sinqumo kanye nabanye enkathini yeRehnquist Court bagcizelela ukuthi izimpawu ezibalulekile ezingasenziwa iSishaya - Congress Congress ngaphansi kweSishaya - sisekelo sasomgamende I, kuhlanganise ne-Celaus.

Ukucindezela Okuqhubekayo Phakathi Kwegunya Lesizwe NoMbuso

Ukungezwani phakathi kwegunya lezwe namalungelo ezwe kuyaqhubeka kuthonya izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe namuhla. Impikiswano enjengokuqamba insangu ngokomthetho, umthetho wezempilo, isimiso sendawo ezungezile, kanye nokugcinwa kwezokufuduka konke kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso. ICommerce Claus ilokhu iyinhloko yalezimpikiswano eziningi, njengoba abasekeli nabaphikisi bemithetho kahulumeni bebiza izimiso zezentengiselwano Claus ukuze basekele izikhundla zabo.

Ukulinganisa okumabili okuhlanganisa i-"an fible Union, eyakhiwe ngama- States angenakubhubhiswa," ngokwengxenye, kuklanyelwe ukubhuntshisa ukudlondlobala kwamandla kunoma yiliphi igunya eliyinhloko, ngokucabanga ukuthi amandla ombuso awonakalisayo futhi abantu kufanele bahlale bengabaza ukunwetshwa kwalelogunya, ikakhulukazi phakathi kukahulumeni owodwa ngokulahlekelwa omunye. Lesimiso esiyisisekelo sombuso waseMelika siqaphela ukuthi ukuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kohulumeni abahlangene nohulumeni abakhonza njengesivikelo esibalulekile senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Izizathu Ezingokoqobo Zobuwula Bezentengiselwano UClaus

Ithonya Emithethoni Yomphakathi Negunya Lokuqondisa

Izentengiselwano ze-Claus ze-cathe communecs zinezici eziwusizo kakhulu zezindlela ezingenziwa ngazo iziNkampane zemithetho kahulumeni. Lapho kumiswa umthetho wokuhlela, uMkhandlu kumelwe uqinisekise ukuthi uhlangene ngokwanele nezentengiselwano zesifundazwe ukuze uphumele ekuhlolweni kwezomthetho. Lemfuneko iye yaholela uMkhandlu ukuba uhlanganise izinto ezitholakele ezibhalweni ezichaza indlela umsebenzi olawulwayo othinta ngayo ezentengiselwano zezwe, unikeze umlando ozingabukezwa izinkantolo lapho uhlola umthetho.

Izinhlangano ezilawulayo futhi kumelwe zisebenze phakathi kwemingcele yegunya leKhomishane yeCommunity Claus. Izinhlangano zingalawula kuphela imisebenzi engaphakathi kwemikhakha yemithetho yeSishaya-mthetho eye yabeka amandla ayo ezentengiselwano. Uma izinhlangano zidlula leligunya, izimiso zazo zingabekelwa inselele njengezinto ezilula kakhulu noma ezingavumelani nemithetho. Ngaleyondlela ububanzi beChwebo Claus athinta ngokuqondile ukufinyelela kwezinhlangano ezilawulayo zombuso kanye nekhono lazo lokuxazulula izinkinga zesizwe.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwesimiso Sikahulumeni Nokulingwa

Imingcele yamandla kahulumeni ka-Chommerce Claus ulondoloza indawo yesimiso sikahulumeni sokusungula nokuhlola. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ivimbela igunya loMkhandlu ngaphansi kwe-Chommerce Claus, ivumela izizwe ukuba zisebenze njengezindlela ezihlukene zokuhlola izinkinga zezezenhlalakahle nezezomnotho. Lendlela yombuso iqaphela ukuthi izifunda zingaba ngcono kune-hulumeni wezwe ukusingatha izinkathazo ezithile zendawo nokuthi izinhlobonhlobo zesimiso zingaba nzuzo.

Nokho, imingcele yamandla kahulumeni ingadala futhi izinkinga uma ukubambisana kwesizwe kudingekile ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga ze-panete ngokuphumelelayo. Impikiswano enjengokungcoliswa kwendawo ezungezile, edlula imingcele kahulumeni, ingadinga umthetho kahulumeni ukuze kuvinjelwe "umzila oya phansi" lapho izifunda zincintisana ngokuhlisa izindinganiso. Inselele yezinkantolo iwukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezimo lapho umthetho kahulumeni udingeka ngempela naleyo lapho umthetho kahulumeni wanele.

Ukucabangela Amabhizinisi Nezomnotho

Izentengiselwano ze-Claus ephethe zinemiphumela ebalulekile emabhizinisini asebenza ezinhlangothini zikahulumeni. Imfundiso yezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano uClaus Claus engasebenzi ivimbela ukugwenywa kwamabhizinisi asemazweni angaphandle noma ukubeka imithwalo enzima kakhulu emabhizinisini asemazweni ahlukene. Lokhu kuvikela kusiza ukuthuthukiswa kwezimakethe zesizwe futhi kuvumela amabhizinisi ukuba asebenze ngokunempumelelo anqamule imingcele kahulumeni ngaphandle kokubhekana nemithetho yomthetho kahulumeni.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amabhizinisi kumelwe avumelane nemithetho yombuso ebekwe ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni kaChommerce Claus no-ordage. Ukuhlangana phakathi komthetho kahulumeni nombuso kungadala izinselele zokulalela, ikakhulukazi uma izimfuneko zikahulumeni nombuso ziphikisana. Ezimweni ezinjalo, i-Supremacy Claus ifuna ukuba umthetho kahulumeni ulawule, kodwa ukunquma ukuthi ingxabano ingaba khona yini iyinkimbinkimbi.

Izimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ibhizinisi Lezomnotho Nezohwebo Zezigaba

Ukunyuka kwezomnotho kuveza izinselele ezintsha zezentengiselwano ze-Internet Claus egqibile, imishini ye-temmaternet, ama-tem profession, namalungiselelo akude okusebenza afiphaza imingcele yendawo engokwesiko futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelene nokuthi iziphi izinto ezizokwenziwa kwezentengiselwano yezifunda zomhlaba kufanele zihlonishwe nini kumthetho kahulumeni. Izinkantolo kuyodingeka zivumelanise izimiso ezingokwesiko zezentengiselwano zikaClausske ukuze zixazulule lezi zinkinga ezintsha zezomnotho kuyilapho zilondoloza imingcele efanele embusweni kahulumeni.

Izindaba ezinjengokwaziswa okuyimfihlo, ukugcinwa kwe - Internet kanye nokufakwa kwe - Internet kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi umthetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni ufanelekile yini. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi inqubo ye - Internet engokwemvelo idinga imithetho efanayo kahulumeni, kuyilapho abanye bephikisa ngokuthi izifundazwe kufanele zikhululeke ukuba zizame izindlela ezihlukene zokuqondisa. Indlela lemibuzo eyolungisa ngayo ikusasa lezentengiselwano uClassiale jurispurence kanye nokulingana kwegunya lombuso nohulumeni enkathini yobuchwepheshe.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokushintsha Kwendawo Ezungezile

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kunikeza enye indawo lapho izimiso zezentengiselwano zika Claus ziyohlolwa khona. Ukukhishwa kwegesi ephuma eGreenhouse kanye nemiphumela yayo kunqamule imingcele nemingcele yezwe, okubonisa isidingo semithetho kahulumeni. Nokho, imibuso iye yahola ekusingatheni ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngezindlela zayo zokuzilawula. Ukubambisana phakathi kwezimiso zezwe nezombuso kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima mayelana negunya leKhomisha yezentekoste ye-Congs Collace Classiale kanye nemingcele yamandla ombuso omthetho olawulayo ngaphansi kwe-Cekommercionace Classias.

Izwe elithatha izimiso zesimo sezulu esinonya lingase libhekane nezinselele ngaphansi kwezentengiselwano zentengiselwano uClaus uma imithetho yalo ibhekwa njengeyisusa emabhizinisini angaphandle noma ibeka imithwalo enzima kakhulu kwezentengiselwano yamazwe ahlukene. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umthetho wesimo sezulu kumele uhlolwe ngokucophelela ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi uwela egunyeni lezentengiselwano likaClaus Congress. Lezimpikiswano cishe zizoveza ukuphikisana okukhulu eminyakeni ezayo njengoba ohulumeni kuwo wonke amazinga belwa nenselele yokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Ukunakekela Impilo Nemingcele Yamandla Kahulumeni

I-Afford Care Care Ligitation Act yaqokomisa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nobukhulu bamandla kahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Chomark Claus emongweni wezempilo. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ekugcineni yasekela igunya lomuntu ngamunye ngaphansi kwamandla antelayo eSikhungo soMkhandlu, ukuhlaziywa kweNkantolo yeCommerce Claus kwamisa imingcele ebalulekile egunyeni likahulumeni. Umehluko phakathi kokuqondisa nokungavimbeleli kungase uthinte umthetho wezompilo wesikhathi esizayo nezinye izindawo zomthetho wemithetho kahulumeni.

Ukwelashwa kuseyindawo lapho igunya likahulumeni nohulumeni likhona ngokuphawulekayo. Izwe linomshuwalense wezempilo, wezokwelapha, nempilo yomphakathi, kodwa izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezinjenge Medicare ne-Medicaid nezimiso zikahulumeni njengeHIPAA zidlala izindima ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ukunikeza imingcele efanelekile phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni ne-hulumeni ekunakekeleni impilo kuyaqhubeka kuba umthombo wempikiswano engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe.

Indima Yefilosofi Yokwahlulela Ekuchazeni Ngezentengiselwano UClaus

Ukuqala Ngokumelene Nomthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene nokuchaza kwezentengiselwano uClaus zivame ukuveza ukungavumelani okukhulu ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi iCommerce Claus Kumelwe ichazwe ngokwencazelo yayo yokuqala yomphakathi ngesikhathi sokuhlobanisa, abathi isilinganiso saso sasisincane. Ngaphansi kwalombono, imithetho eminingi yombuso yanamuhla idlula igunya loMkhandlu ngoba ilawula imisebenzi abaFrame abangeke bayibheke njenge "umkhakha phakathi kwezifunda zikahulumeni eziningi.”

Abasekeli bomthetho-sisekelo ophilayo, ngokuphambene, baphikisa ngokuthi i-Chommerce Claus Kumelwe ichazwe ngokwezimo zezomnotho zanamuhla. Baphikisa ngokuthi abaFrames babengenakulindela ukusungulwa kwezomnotho zezwe ngempela nokuthi iClaus yezohwebo kumelwe ifundwe kabanzi ukuze kuvunyelwe uMkhandlu ukuba uxazulule izinkinga zamanje. Lempikiswano yokuchaza indlela iqukethe imiphumela ephawulekayo engokombuso kanye nokulondolozwa kobukhosi bombuso.

Ukulahlwa Kokwahlulela Nokulandisa Ngentando Yeningi

Umqondo oyisisekelo esisekelweni esinengqondo uwukuthi abahluleli kumelwe babonise ukuzithoba kubameleli abakhethiwe babantu, futhi inhlonipho ngenqubo yentando yeningi idinga ukuba izinkantolo zisekele umthetho uma kunamaphuzu anengqondo nezizathu ezingasekela ukwahlulela kobungane, ngisho noma amajaji ayezofinyelela eziphethweni ezihlukene. Lesimiso sokuhoxa kokwahlulela sibonisa umbono wokuthi embusweni wentando yeningi, abameleli abakhethiwe ngokuvamile kufanele babe nezwi lokugcina ngezimiso.

Nokho, abagxeki becala lokwahlulela elidlulele baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphoqelela imingcele engokomthetho emandleni kahulumeni, ngisho noma ukwenza kanjalo kusho ukugumbuqela izahlulelo zezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kokubukeza kokwahlulela okunengqondo, i-Centre Clausle ingaba isehlolo olungenalutho lomthetho kahulumeni, iqede ngokuphumelelayo isimiso somthetho-mthetho semibuso elinganiselwe nehlukanisayomthetho. Ukulinganisela ngokufanele phakathi kokuzithoba komthetho kanye nokugcinwa komthetho kuhlala kungezinye zezinselele eziyinhloko kuCreastem Clausle jurisprudence.

Ukubaluleka Kokufundisa Nokuqonda

Ukufundisa Ngezentengiselwano Izimiso ZikaClaus

Ukuqonda iCommerce Claus ecustommental kubalulekile kubafundi bakahulumeni waseMelika, umthetho womthetho - sisekelo, nomlando. Lamacala abonisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zobuzwe, ukwahlukana kwemibuso, nokuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuhlola indlela iNkantolo Ephakeme eye yachaza ngayo iChwebo lika Claus ngokwesikhathi eside, abafundi bangathola ukuqonda ukuthi incazelo engokomthetho iguqula kanjani futhi ilinganisa kanjani izindinganiso nezithakazelo eziphikisanayo nezithakazelo zezinkantolo.

Izentengiselwano zika Claus zinikeza izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zendlela izimiso ezingekho ngokomthetho ezikhona eziveza imiphumela engokoqobo yezwe. Ukusukela ezikebheni ezihamba ngesivinini kuya ekufuyeni ukolweni kuya ekunakekeleni impilo, lezi zimo zibonisa indlela umthetho womthetho-sisekelo othinta ngayo ukuphila kwansuku zonke futhi ulolonga ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, nohulumeni. Lokhu kuhlobana phakathi kwemfundiso yomthetho-sisekelo nemiphumela esebenzayo kusiza ukuba umthetho wemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo ufanele futhi ufinyeleleke kubafundi.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwesivumelwano Nokufunda Ngomthetho - sisekelo

Izakhamuzi ezinolwazi zidinga ukuqonda izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho - sisekelo, kuhlanganise nezinga nemingcele yegunya likahulumeni ngaphansi kwe - Commerce Claus. Izakhamuzi ezizaziyo lezi zimiso zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlaziya izimpikiswano zezombangazwe ngomthetho kahulumeni, zihlaziye izimpikiswano ngendima efanele kahulumeni, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo enkulumweni yentando yeningi.

Izindaba zezentengiselwano zika Claus ziphakama njalo ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe zamanje, kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwempilo kuya ekuqondisweni kwendawo ezungezile kuya ekuqashweni kwensangu. Izakhamuzi eziqonda izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezihilelekile kulempikiswano zingahileleka ngokucabangela ngokwengeziwe kulezindaba futhi zigcine abameleli bazo abakhethiwe benecala lokuhlonipha imingcele engokomthetho-mthetho mayelana namandla kahulumeni. Ngakho ukufunda umthetho - sisekelo kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe ukubusa okubusa okunempilo nokulondoloza umthetho.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo KuFederal-State Relations

Uhulumeni Wamanye Amazwe

I-United States ayilona izwe kuphela elinesimiso sikahulumeni esihlukanisa amandla phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nabesizwe. Amazwe anjengeCanada, i-Australia, iJalimane neSwitzerland nawo anezimiso zikahulumeni, ngalinye elinendlela yalo yokunikeza igunya phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni. Ukuqhathanisa indlela izimiso ezihlukene zikahulumeni ezingasingatha ngayo izimpikiswano ezifanayo kunganikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ezingeni elingcono nobuthakathaka bezindlela ezihlukahlukene zobuzwe.

Kwezinye izimiso zikahulumeni, uhulumeni wesizwe unamandla amakhulu kunase-United States, kuyilapho kwezinye, ohulumeni bezwe lonke banezikhundla ezinkulu. Lokhu kungafani kubonisa okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando okuhlukene, amasiko ezombangazwe, namasiko omthetho-sisekelo. Ukufunda ngokuhlukanisa uhulumeni kungasiza amaMelika ukuba aqonde kangcono isimiso sawo siqu futhi acabangele ukuthi ezinye izindlela zingazisiza yini kangcono izidingo zamanje kuyilapho kugcinwa izindinganiso ezibalulekile zobuhulumeni.

I - European Union Nobugqila

I-European Union inikeza ukuqhathanisa okuthakazelisayo ne-uthonistism yaseMelika, ikakhulukazi ekusebenziseni kwayo isimiso sokuzimela. Lesi simiso sisekela ukuthi izinqumo kufanele zenziwe ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu likahulumeni okwazi ukusingatha indaba ngokuphumelelayo. Indlela ye-EU yokumisa igunya phakathi kwe-Union nezwe lamalungu iphakamisa imibuzo efanayo kuleyo ebhekiswe kuMelika Commerce Claus jurisprudence uma umthetho omisiwe udingeka futhi lapho kufanele ugcinwe khona.

Nakuba iEU ingeyena isifundazwe sikahulumeni ngomqondo ofanayo ne-United States, okuhlangenwe nakho kwayo kokulinganisela i-uprarational kunye negunya lesizwe kunikeza izifundo ze-unistism yaseMelika. Zombili izimiso kumelwe zixabane nemibuzo mayelana nendlela yokuthuthukisa ukuhlangana kwezomnotho kuyilapho ihlonipha ukuhlukahluka kwezombangazwe namasiko, indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga ezidlula imingcele ephakeme, nendlela yokulondoloza ukulandisa ngentando yeningi esimisweni sokubusa samazwe aphakeme.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kobukhoma Bezentengiselwano UClaus

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yeCommunity Claus silolonge ubukhulu bamandla kahulumeni futhi sathinta ubukhosi bukahulumeni cishe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Kusukela embonweni kaMahluleli omkhulu uMarshall wobuzwe eGibhons v. Ogden kuya ekuchazeni okukhulu kwe-New Deal Court eWickard v. Filburn ukuya eRehnquest Court ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwesizwe eUnited States v. Lopez, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yafeza indima enkulu ekuchazeni ukulingana phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nombuso we-Rogravidential syst syst systemsmentinal.

Lezi zinqumo ziye zaba nemiphumela ewusizo kakhulu, ethinta yonke into kusukela ekuhlelekeni kwezomnotho kuya emalungelweni omphakathi kuya ekunakekeleni impilo. Ziye zaguqula ukusungulwa kombuso waseMelika futhi zathonya indlela amandla ahlukaniswa ngayo phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni. Ukuqonda lezi zinqumo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda isimiso somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika kanye nomzabalazo oqhubekayo wokulinganisela inhlalakahle yesizwe nemithetho yaseMelika.

Ukungezwani phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nombuso olawula iCommerce Clausle jurisprudency kuphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nesimo senyunyana yaseMelika nendima efanele kahulumeni emphakathini okhululekile. Njengoba izinselele ezintsha zezesayensi yezokusebenza kwezwe zisuka ku-(ukusuka ku-inqubo entsha ukuya kushintsho lwesimo sezulu kuya ezinkingeni zempilo zomphakathi(-scourts) zizoqhubeka zilwisana nalemibuzo, ukuvumelanisa izimiso ezingokwesiko zezentengiselwano no Claus ezimweni ezintsha kuyilapho ufuna ukulondoloza ukulingana komthetho phakathi kombuso nombuso.

I-Chommerce Claus ngokungangabazeki ihlala iwumthombo wempikiswano engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe yekusasa elilindelekile. Uma nje i-United States isalondoloza isimiso sikahulumeni esinobukhosi obuhlukene, imibuzo ngokuphathelene nobungako bamandla ezentengiselwano kaKhongolo nemingcele yegunya likahulumeni kuyoqhubeka kuvela. Ngokuqonda umlando nezimiso zeChwebo Clausle jurispurence, izakhamuzi, abameli, abahluleli, nabasunguli bemithetho bangahlanganyela ngokucabangela ngokwengeziwe ngalemibuzo nomsebenzi wokulondoloza ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kwamandla ombuso kahulumeni nombuso okusenhlizibeni kahulumeni womthetho-Melika.

Imicebo Eyengeziwe Yokuqhubeka Sitadisha

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngeCommerce Claus jurispurence kanye nethonya layo ebukhosini bukahulumeni, kukhona imithombo eminingi. I-Chonsitution Accomplition eshicilelwe i-Libral of Congress, inikeza izincazelo ezifinyelelweyo zemfundiso yeCentull Congress nezokuxhumana eziqondenezelelweyo zezeNkampathi yeNkantolo echaza i-Cexmark Claus Claus. Inhlangano yolwazi eCornell Law School School [[FLT]

Omagazini abafundisayo njenge Harvard Law Review, Yale Law Journal, ne Stanford Law Review banyathelisa njalo izihloko ezihlaziya izinqumo zezentengiselwano nokubaluleka kwazo kuhulumeni. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- yesizwe inikeza imfuyo yemfundo kanye nezimpikiswano ezibanzi ngezindaba zomthetho-mthetho, kuhlanganise nombuso wezwe ngaphansi kwe-Chomark Clause.

Ukufunda imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme emacala eChwebething Claus kunikeza indlela eqondile yokuqonda ukucabanga kweNkantolo nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwemfundiso ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Eminingi yale mibono itholakala kuyi-inthanethi ngemithombo enjenge Julia newebhsayithi yeNkantolo Ephakeme. Ngokuhlanganyela kule mithombo eyinhloko nohlelo olungaphezulu, abafundi nezakhamuzi bangathuthukisa ukuqonda okujule kakhulu kwalendawo ebaluleke kakhulu yomthetho womthetho wemithetho yezomthetho kanye nendima yayo eqhubekayo yempikiswano yesikhathi esikhona ngokuphathelene nezingalo ezifanele zamandla kahulumeni emphakathini waseMelika.