Ukukhululeka kokwahlulela kuyisisekelo esiyisisekelo sanoma isiphi isimiso somthetho esifuna ukuletha ubulungisa ngaphandle kokwesaba noma ukuvunyelwa. Endaweni yokuthola izinqumo zezentengiselwano emhlabeni wonke, lesi simiso siba sinzima nakakhulu ngoba ukuhwebelana ngemingcele kuxhomeke esimisweni sokwahlulela esiqinisekile nesingakhethi. Uma izinkantolo zisebenza ngaphandle kokulawulwa kwezombangazwe, ukuphoqelelwa kwezomnotho, noma ukucwaswa kwezinhlangano, ziqinisa ukuthembeka kwezivumelwano zokuthola izivumelwano nokuphoqelelwa kwamadili. Lesi sihloko sihlola ithonya elijulile lokuzimela ukwahlulela ezimpikiswaneni zezentengiselwano zezizwe zonke, izinselele ezisongela ukulawulwa kwemithetho yezentengiselwano, nezinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze kuvikelwe lesi sibopho esibalulekile sokubusa komthetho.

Ukuqonda Inkululeko Yokwahlulela Ekuncikeni Komphakathi Womhlaba Wonke

Inkululeko yokwahlulela isho ukuthi amajaji nezinkantolo zenza izinqumo ezisekelwe kuphela emthethweni nasemaqinisweni ecala, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kwamanye amagatsha kahulumeni, izithakazelo zomuntu siqu, noma umbono womphakathi. Ezweni lonke, izinkantolo zifeza indima eqondile kodwa ebalulekile: zisekela inqubo yokuphoqelela amaqembu ngokuphoqelela ukuba enze kanjalo, uma bevume ukwenza kanjalo, ngokumisa noma ukubekela inselele abaqondisi, futhi ngokubaluleke kakhulu, ngokuqaphela nangokumisa izigwebo zokwahlulela. Ngaphandle kokuzimela komthetho oweqiniso, lemisebenzi esekelayo ingaba yizikhali zokuvimbela izikhali kunokuba izinsimbi zobulungisa.

Ukugunyaza kwezentengiselwano kwezwe lonke kwakhiwe ngesimiso sokuzimela kweqembu kanye nokulindela ukuthi izinkantolo zesizwe ziyohlonipha futhi ziphoqelele isivumelwano samaqembu ku-orbitate. Lokhu kulindela kuhlanganiswe e- iNew York Convention on the Rectigintance and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Award Awards [1988], eye yagunyazwa amazwe angaphezu kuka-170]. Isivumelwano sidinga ukuba inkantolo yesizwe ibophe izivumelwano zokwamukelwa kwesivumelwano namabhadi ngaphandle kokuba, izizathu ezicacishiswe ngokwethulo zokunqaba zikhona. Inkantolo engeyona indawo — ngokwesibonelo, enye engaphansi kokucindezelwa kwezombangazwe ekuthokozweni kwezebhizinisi noma inhlangano yezezenhlangano yasekhaya — ingalahla ngokungafanele, isimiso sesimiso sezentethelela sonke.

Inkululeko yokwahlulela ithinta futhi izinga izinkantolo ezizongenela ngalo ekuthatheni umthetho. Ezikhulwini lapho ijaji lizimele khona, izinkantolo zithambekele ekuthatheni isimo esingesona esinesibopho sokuzinqumela, zivumele abaqondisi ukuba balawule le nqubo futhi benze izinqumo. Zihlola amasu ngokulandela kuphela ukulunga okuyisisekelo nezimiso zomphakathi. Ngokuphikisanayo, emazweni lapho abahluleli bebuthakathaka noma belawulwa khona, izinkantolo zingazizwa zibophekile ukuba zikwazi ukuphinde zibuyisele imfanelo, ukuphoqelela, noma zibeke amajaji ezindaweni ezifanele ukuvikela izithakazelo zendawo. Izenzo ezinjalo ziqeda ukuqiniseka ngesihlalo sombuso njengesihlalo seqembu lamazwe angaphandle.

Umhlangano WaseNew York Nezinkantolo Ezizimele

I-New York Convention inomthwalo obalulekile wokumisa amadili enkantolo yesizwe. ISiphakamiso V sibala izizathu ezikhethekile lapho ukuqashelwa nokuqiniswa kunganqatshelwa khona, njengokungagunyazwa kwamaqembu, ukungagunyazwa, ukuntuleka kwenqubo efanelekile, noma ukweqiswa kwegunya ngenkantolo yesizwe. Ngokuphawulekayo, inkantolo ayinakwenqaba ukugcinwa kwemithetho ngenxa nje yokuthi ayivumelani nalokho okutholwa yizikhulu eziqotho noma iziphetho ezingokomthetho. Inkantolo ezizimele iyosebenzisa lezi zizathu ngokusemthethweni; inqaba noma inkantolo exhomekekile ingabandlula inkantolo evuna icala leqembu lendawo.

Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso somphakathi esimelene nesimiso sokuziphatha nobulungisa phambi kokucela umthetho womphakathi. Ngezinye izikhathi zisetshenziswa kabi izinkantolo eziphethe amagunya aphansi ukwenqaba ukugcinwa kwemiklomelo ephikisana nemibono engacacile yesithakazelo sezomnotho noma sezombangazwe. Inkantolo ezizimele ngempela izodinga ukwephulwa kwemibono eyisisekelo yokuziphatha nobulungisa phambi kokucela umthetho womphakathi. [I-International Chamber of Commercial (IC) iqaphele ukuthi ukuxhaphaza okunjalo kuyindaba ekhulayo, futhi [[FLT:] I-UNCITRALT Model forography [] ikhuthaza ukuhlela umthetho wazomthetho wokwahlulela wezizwe zonke ukuze unciphise ukuhluzeka komthetho ongaba yizindlela ezingcono kakhulu.

Izixhumanisi zangaphandle: [[QT] Iwebhusayithi ye-New York yoMhlangano osemthethweni kanye noMthetho we-UNTRAL ku-Arbitation yezentengiselwano yezizwe zonke.

Okwenza Izindaba Zokuzimela Ekwahluleleni Kwezokwahlulela Zingabangelwa Ukumelana Kwezentengiselwano

Ngisho noma amaqembu engakhethi ukumiswa kwemvume, ukuzimela kokwahlulela kuhamba phambili emalini yezentengiselwano. Amabhizinisi atshala noma angene ezivumelwaneni zomhlaba wonke adinga isiqinisekiso sokuthi uma kuphakama impikiswano, izinkantolo zendawo ziyonquma icala elisekelwe emthethweni nasebufakazini — hhayi ngenxa yokucindezela kukahulumeni, ukufumbathisa, noma ukukhetha ubuzwe. Ukuzibusa okunamandla kunciphisa ingozi yokuxosha, ukuthatha izivumelwano zokuxoshwa, kanye nokuphathwa ngendlela engafanele, okuthi kamuva kukhuthaze ukutshala imali nentengo yangaphandle.

Ukuhlola kubonisa ngokungaguquki ukuvumelana okuhle phakathi kokwethula ukwahlulela nentuthuko yezomnotho. Iprojekthi ye-World Justice Project (WJP) World Justice of Law Index ilinganisa izinga lapho izinkantolo zikhululekile khona ethonyeni elingafanele. Amazwe abhekene nale mithetho athambekele ekuhehehekeni kakhulu, ukujabulela ukukhokha imali ephansi, nokuthola indawo ezungezile eqinile. Ngokuphambene, imingcele enezikhundla eziphansi zomthetho zilahlekelwa yizindleko eziphakeme, njengoba amaqembu kumelwe ahileleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni ngokuzikhandla okufanelekile, afune isiqinisekiso esengeziwe, noma aphikelela ekuvimbeleni izinkantolo zendawo yakwamanye amazwe ukuze agweme izinkantolo zendawo.

Ezimpikiswaneni zezentengiselwano, ukuzimela kokwahlulela kuthinta futhi ukugcinwa kwezivumelwano namalungelo empahla. Inkantolo engacindezelwa ukuba iphuce isivumelwano ngenxa yokushintsha kwenqubo kahulumeni noma ukuvikela ummangalelwa ohlangene nezombangazwe ilulaza umthetho. Ukuntengantenga okunjalo kuqeda ubudlelwane bezentengiselwano obuthatha isikhathi eside futhi kwenza kube nzima ukuba izinkampani zihlele. Izikhulu zezehlulelo zomthetho ziveza izinga lokudlala lapho amaqembu asekhaya nakwamanye amazwe ekwazi khona ukufinyelela ekwahluleleni.

Indlela Inkululeko Yokwahlulela Ethinta Ngayo Ithemba Lokwengamela

Ithemba lomngeni-mali lakhelwe ekubikezeleni kusengaphambili. Uma inkampani isayina isivumelwano sokwenza ibhizinisi lamalungu, ukugunyaza, noma isivumelwano sokunikeza, kuthemba ngokuphelele ukuthi isimiso somthetho sezwe eliphetheyo sizonikeza ikhambi uma amagebe akhona. Ezindaweni eziphethe izinkantolo ezizimele, lokho kwethembana kubekwa kahle. Kwezinye, abanikazi bangafuna izimemezelo ezichaza isihlalo esingathathi-hlangothi nemithetho yezinhlangano, noma bangaphikelela emshuwalenseni wezombangazwe oyingozi.

I-International Centre for Settlement of Investice Disputes (ICSID) isingatha izimpikiswano zezibambi zivumelwano zomthetho wesivumelwano sokutshala imali. Uzibuse wezwe ngokuvamile uyisici esiyinhloko sokunquma ukuthi umniniyo uzokhetha yini ukuphishekela ukuhlanganisa noma ukufuna isinqumo ezinkantolo zendawo. Ngisho noma ukubhalisa kutholakala, izinga lezindaba zomthetho wendawo ngenxa yokuthi inkantolo zingabizwa ukuba ziphoqelele i-ICSID noma ziqaphele ama-ICSID. I-glone, ezimeleyo isebenza njengetshe letshe lesinqumo sezemiyakhotha.

Izinselele Zokuzibusa Kokwahlulela Ekuthatheni Icala Nezentengiselwano

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo, ukuzimela kokwahlulela kubhekene nezinsongo eziningi emhlabeni wonke; lezi zinselele azifani; zihlukahluka ngobukhulu futhi zimi ezimisweni ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ezinye izifunda zibhekwa njengezihlalo ezithandwayo zokuzibusa kuyilapho ezinye zigwenywa.

Ukungenela Kwezombangazwe

Ukungenela kwezombangazwe mhlawumbe kuwusongo oluqondile. Kwamanye amazwe, ukuqondisa ukumiswa kokwahlulela kwegatsha, ukukhushulelwa esikhundleni, ukuhlelwa kwemali, ngisho nezabelo zecala. Abahluleli ababusa ngokumelene nohulumeni noma ngokumelene namabhizinisi anamandla kahulumeni ayingozi ekususweni, ukudluliswa, noma ukuncishiswa kweholo. Lokhu kuphazamisa kungabonakala ezimweni zokuzinza lapho isifundazwe noma isigungu sikahulumeni siyiqembu. Izinkantolo ezingaphansi kokucindezela kwezombangazwe zinganqaba ukuphoqelela ukulisela uhulumeni, zinikeze izikhawulo ezingaphezulu, noma ngisho nokuvala amajaji ezinkundleni ezisolekayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, ezinhlamvwini eziningana ezisanda kuvela zezomnotho, izinkantolo ziye zaziwa ngokuchitha izivumelwano zokunqanda izivumelwano ezisekelwe ezizathwini zokuthi izimpikiswano ezihilela isithakazelo somphakathi zingazwakala kuphela ezinkantolo zasemakhaya. Izinqumo ezinjalo ngokuvamile zishukunyiswa ngokwezombangazwe futhi zimelene nezibopho zezizwe zonke ngaphansi kwe-New York Convention. Umphumela uwukuthi amaqembu akwamanye amazwe axwaya ukuhlangana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kulamazwe, zinciphise ukuhwebelana nokutshala imali.

Ukonakala Emhlanganweni Wesikole

Uma amajaji engafumbathiswa noma ethonywe ukuxhumana kwabantu, izingxabano zezentengiselwano ziba yizimpi zethonya kunokuba zibe inzuzo engokomthetho. Ekuqashelweni komthetho, amajaji abonakele angase afune isabelo noma avume ukukhokhwa ukuze abeke isigwebo isikhathi eside. Lokhu akuyona nje ingozi kumaqembu ngamanye kodwa futhi kungcolisa idumela lawo wonke umthetho.

Inkohlakalo yokwahlulela ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokungaqondi kahle kwezindawo, amaholo aphansi, nokungabonakali. Imizamo yokulwisana nokonakala ihlanganisa ukumiswa kwezimiso zokwahlulela, ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zeholo, nokusebenzisa izimiso zezethulo zezezimali ezingakhethiyo. I-World Bank Broup’s Doeting Business message memore memos message [ iye yaqokomisa indlela ukubonakala nokuzimela kwe-jaji ngokushela izivumelwano nokuxazulula i-complific.

Ukuntuleka Kwengcebo Nokuqeqeshwa Kokwahlulela

Usongo olungabonakali kakhulu kodwa olulimaza ngokufanayo ukuntuleka kwemithombo yemali nokuqeqeshwa. Ngisho nabahluleli abazimisele kahle abanakusebenza ngokuphumelelayo uma bengenayo imitapo engokomthetho, izimiso zokuphatha icala, ukusekela kokuphatha, noma imfundo eqhubekayo. Emazweni amaningi, abahluleli abasingatha izingxabano zezentengiselwano kanye nezindaba zokulungisa izinto azijwayelene ne-New York Convention, i-UNCITRAL Model Law, noma ukuguquguquka komthetho womthetho womthetho wezizwe zonke.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhoxa okungapheli kuholela ekulahlweni kwecala ngokweqile nasekulibalekeni isikhathi eside. Ezindaweni lapho kuthatha iminyaka ukuthola isinqumo senkantolo ekusebenzeni okulula kokuphoqelela, ukuphumelela kokulawula kuyachithwa. Imikhosi ingase ikhethe ukunqanda kodwa izithole ibambeke ezimpini zenkantolo ezinde lapho ifuna ukuqashelwa nokugcinwa. Izikhulu ze-constcidiciation azidingi nje ukuzuza imvume yasemthethweni kodwa futhi nemali kanye nobuchwepheshe obufanele ukuze zifeze indima yazo ekusekeleni ukulawulwa.

Ukuxhumana kwangaphandle: [[QLT:0] i-World Justice Project Rulay of Law Index.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Indlela Izimiso Ezingokomthetho Ezihlukene Ngayo Eziya Ekuzimeleni Kokwahlulela

Ukukhululeka kokwahlulela akuwona umqondo olinganayo. Kubonakala ngokuhlukile emthethweni ovamile namasiko omthetho womphakathi, ezizweni zikahulumeni ezimelene ne-ocestrary, nasemazweni anezinga lokuvuthwa elihlukene.

Izimiso Zomthetho Ezivamile

Kuzo zonke izikhulu zomthetho njenge-United Kingdom, i-United States, i-Canada, ne-Australia, ukuzimela kokwahlulela ngokwesiko kuvikelwa ekuphileni (noma kuze kube inkathi yokuthatha umhlalaphansi), amaholo avikelwe, nezimiso eziqinile zokuvimbela komthetho. Izinkantolo kulamazwe zithambekele ekuboniseni ukuvala kakhulu izivumelwano nokuthola amadipozisi. Zingenela kuphela ezimweni zokungalawuleki okungathi sína noma lapho isilinganiso sombuso singekho khona ngokusobala. Isiko esiqinile sokuzimela sokwahlulela kulamazwe sizenza zibe nezihlalo ezithandwayo zezizwe zonke (g. London, New York, iSingapore, njenge-probit).

Izimiso Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

Amazwe omthetho wezentengiselwano anjengeFrance, iJalimane, neSwitzerland ayakwazisa futhi ukukhululeka kokwahlulela, kodwa lesi sakhiwo sivame ukuhlanganisa ukwahlulela komsebenzi lapho amajaji ebuthwa khona futhi ephakanyiswa khona ngesimiso esiyinhloko. Ezinhlanganweni eziningi zomthetho wezwe, abahluleli basebenza kakhulu ezindabeni zezentengiselwano noma ukumiswa kwemithetho, futhi bathatha indima enzima kakhulu ekuqondiseni izimemezelo zomthetho, ikakhulukazi ekubekeni imibandela engokomthetho ngaphandle kokugqekeza ngaphandle kwezephula umthetho womphakathi.

Ukuhlanganisa Nokwehla Kwezomnotho

Izomnotho eziningi ezisanda kuvela zisebenzela ukuqinisa uzimele kokwahlulela njengengxenye yezinguquko ezibanzi ezingokomthetho. Amazwe anjengeSingapore, i-United Arabhu Emirates (iZinkantolo zezezimali zezizwe zonke ze-Dubai) neRwanda aye enza intuthuko enkulu ekusunguleni izinkantolo zezentengiselwano ezizimele ezikhuthaza ukuqiniseka. Lezi zindawo zivame ukusungula umthetho okhethekile owenzelwa ukuba ube nobungane, zimise ukuhlukana okuhlukene kwezezentengiselwano nabahluleli abaqeqeqeshiwe, futhi zisebenzise izinyathelo ezinamandla zokulwa ukonakala. Umphumela ukwanda kwemali kanye nendima ekhulayo njengezindawo ezisebenzela ibhizinisi.

Ngokuphambene, amazwe lapho izinguquko ziye zanqamuka khona noma zashintsha khona — kungaba ngenxa yezinguquko zezombangazwe, izinkinga zezomnotho, noma ukuwohloka kwezinhlangano — abona ukwehla kwebhizinisi elihlobene nokuhlelwa kwezinhlangano. Abanikazi bamazwe angaphandle bayanqikaza ukungenela ezivumelwaneni ezithatha isikhathi eside, futhi izivumelwano zokunquma ezikhona ziyaphikiswa ezinkantolo zendawo. Umehluko okhona ugcizelela ukuthi ukuzibusa akusona isimo esiqinile kodwa kudinga ukuqapha nokuguqula njalo.

Ukuqinisa Ukuzimela Kokwahlulela Ngezimpikiswano Ezingcono

Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuzimela kokwahlulela kubangelwa yizingxabano zezentengiselwano zomhlaba wonke — ohulumeni, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, izinhlangano ezilawula imingcele, nezinhlangano ezilawula izikhali — kumelwe kuthathe izinyathelo eziphambili zokuvikela nokuthuthukisa. Lemizamo ayiphathelene nokulungisa okungokomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi nangamasiko nekhono lokwakha.

Izinguquko Ezingokomthetho Nezeziqu

Amazwe kufanele amukele iziqinisekiso zomthetho-sisekelo noma zomthetho-mthetho zokuzimela, kuhlanganise nokuzimela okulondekile, ukukhokhelwa okwanele nokuvikelwe, nemithetho ecacile yokususa kuphela ukuziphatha okubi okungathi sína noma ukunqunywa. Imikhandlu yokwahlulela eqondisa ukumiswa, ukukhushulwa, nokuyalwa kufanele yakhiwe ngenhlanganisela yamajaji, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, kanye namalungu avamile ukuze agweme ukubanjwa yiliphi igatsha elilodwa likahulumeni.

Izinkantolo zezentengiselwano ezikhethekile noma amagumbi okuqondisa angasiza futhi. Uma abahluleli abasingatha izindaba zezentengiselwano nezigwebo bethola ukuqeqeshwa okuqondiwe eMhlanganweni WaseNew York, i-UNCTRAL Model Law, nemikhuba emihle kakhulu ekuxazululeni kwezizwe ngezizwe, bahlonyiselwe kangcono ukusebenzisa umthetho ngokunembile nangokungaguquguquki. Izinhlelo ezinjalo zokuqeqesha ziye zamiswa yi-IC [ Court of Arbitation [[FLT:]] kanye neNS Court of International Arbitation (LH) ye-omatiation [FLT] ye-iright] ehlangene ne-yonke. [FLT]

Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa

Ukubonisana kwezinqubo zokwahlulela kwakha ukuthembana komphakathi futhi kuvimbela ukuphazamisa. izahlulelo zokunyathelisa kuyi-inthanethi, ukufeza izinhlelo zezezimali ezicatshangelwe ngokungenangozi, nokuzinikeza izijeziso ezisobala kunganciphisa amathuba enkohlakalo nethonya lezombangazwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amajaji kumelwe alandise ngezinqumo zawo nangokunxusa nezindikimba zezimiso zobuchwepheshe, kodwa ngaphandle kokuzidedela.

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zingafeza indima esekelayo. Imisebenzi yezezimali eqinisa ukubusa kwezinhlangano zomthetho, ngokuvamile enezici ezigxile ekuzimeleni kokwahlulela nasemkhankasweni wezentengiselwano. IBhange lezwe Imisebenzi yezimali eqinisa ukubusa kwezinhlangano zomthetho, ngokuvamile egxile ekuzimeleni kokwahlulela nasekuxazululeni kwezentengiselwano.

Indima Yomphakathi Ohlukanisayo

Izinhlangano ze-Arbitral, izinkampani zomthetho, kanye nabasebenzisi bezezikhungo zomthetho zingathuthukisa futhi ukuzimela kokwahlulela. Bangasekela izinguquko zemithetho, ukuxhasa imfundo yokwahlulela, futhi bakhethe izihlalo zokuzimela ezisekelwe ekutholeni okungasekelwe nje kuphela ekutholeni kodwa nasekuzimeleni okuboniswayo kwejaji lendawo. Imibiko yokuthola imvume yobungane esemthethweni ehlukahlukene — kuhlanganise nokuhlola ukuzibusa kokwahlulela — isiza ekuqhubeleni ibhizinisi ekusekeleni imithetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu angahlanganisa izigaba ezigunyaza ukugcinwa kwemithetho esemthethweni nerekhodi eliqinisekisiwe lokuzimela. Uma isihlalo sokuthola imvume sizuza idumela lokungenela kokwahlulela, ekugcineni amabutho ezohwebo ayocindezela ukugunyaza ukuguqula noma ukulahlekelwa kwebhizinisi.

Isiphetho

Ukuzimela kokwahlulela akusona nje isimiso somthetho esingekho esifinyelelwe; kuyisidingo esingokoqobo sokusebenza ngokuphumelelayo kokugunyaza kwezizwe zonke nokukhipha isinqumo esilungile ezimpikiswaneni zezentengiselwano. Izinkantolo ze- Independent zigunyaza izivumelwano zokuthatha izimvume nemiklomelo njengoba kuvunyiwe, zenqaba ukuthatha isikhundla sazo siqu sokwahlulela abaqondisi ngaphandle kwezindawo ezilinganiselwe, futhi zinikeza i-interum ukuze kusetshenziswe ukudluliswa kwezentengiselwano uma kungasetshenziswanga. Zifaka intengo, izindleko eziphansi, izindleko zentengiselwano, futhi zikhuthaza indawo yokukhokha ukuthembana okubalulekile ekuhwebeni kwembulunga yonke.

Nokho ukukhululeka kokwahlulela kuhlala kusongelwa ukuphazamisa kwezombangazwe, inkohlakalo, nokuswelakala kwemithombo yemali. Ukukuqinisa kudinga indlela ehlukahlukene: izinguquko zomthetho, izakhiwo zezindawo, imfundo yokwahlulela, nokubophana okumatasa okubangelwa umphakathi womhlaba wonke owezentengiselwano. Njengoba ezohwebo ziqhubeka zivuselelwa embulungeni yonke, izinga lobulungisa obunikezwa izinkantolo zezwe liyonquma ngokuqhubekayo ukuthi amabhizinisi akhetha ukweqa imingcele. Ngakho ukuvikela ukuzibusa kuyimali esikhathini esizayo sokubambisana kwezomnotho nomthetho wezizwe zonke.