Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Senqubo Efanele Yezenzo Zokuhlola

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States simemezela ukuthi akekho umuntu “ongaphucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Isichibiyeli seshumi nane sidlulisela lesi sivikelo esifanayo ezinyathelweni zohulumeni bendawo. Emashumini eminyaka, izinkantolo ziye zathi izinhlangano zokuqondisa ze-othority ./hhnorga noma uhulumeni kumelwe zihloniphe lezi ziqinisekiso lapho zifaka izijeziso. Inqubo ayiyona indlela eqinile; kunalokho, ifuna ukuba uhulumeni usebenzise izinqubo ezifanelekelelwe ezizithakazelweni eziphakanyiswayo. Le mfuneko ivimbela izinhlangano ukuba zisebenzise amandla azo okuzingagunyazi lutho futhi ziwanyanze ukuba ziphathe izigidingo eziyisisekelo.

Izinhlangano eziphethe zinegunya elikhulu. Zimisa imithetho, zihlola, ziletha izenzo zokuphoqelela, nesijeziso semali yezakhamuzi. Ezinye izinhlangano zingaphoqelela ngisho nokunqanda noma zikhiphela kude izinhlelo zikahulumeni, ezingavala ibhizinisi ngokuphumelelayo. Ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, lomandla angabangela ukuba kwenziwe izinqumo ezibophayo. Sekuyisikhathi eside iNkantolo Ephakeme iqaphela ukuthi inqubo efanele “isiphephelo esingokomthetho” esimelene nokuxhashazwa kweziphathimandla, iqinisekisa ukuthi isijeziso sibekwe ngemva kwethuba elinengqondo lokuzwa.

Indlela Isigwebo Sokuphatha Esisebenza Ngayo Nesizathu Sokuba Inqubo Efanele Ibaluleke

Uma inhlangano iphetha ngokuthi umuntu noma inhlangano iye yaphula umthetho noma umthetho, ingaqala ukugcinwa kwemithetho yokuqondisa. Izijeziso ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuhlawuliswa, ukuchithwa kwelayisense, ukunqandwa kwemithetho, ukubuyiselwa kwemithetho yecala, nokubuyiselwa. Ngokungafani nenkokhelo yezephulamthetho ezibekwe yinkantolo, izijeziso zokuphatha ngokuvamile zibekwa yinhlangano ngokwayo, uma kulinganiselwa ekuhlolweni kwezokwahlulela. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwamandla . . . . . .inhlangano yenza umsebenzi wokuhlola, umshushishisi, kanye nokwahlulela.

Inqubo elindelekile kulendaba ifeza izinjongo ezintathu eziyinhloko: inciphisa ingozi yokuncishwa kwempahla noma inkululeko ngephutha; iqinisekisa ukuthi lowo othintekayo angahlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekuqhubekeni; futhi ikhuthaza ukwethemba umphakathi ekulinganiseni kwesimiso. Ngaphandle kwalezi ziphetho, i-authoric ingabeka izijeziso ezinkulu ezisekelwe ebufakazini obungaphelele, ukwenza izinqumo ezinamaphutha, noma ukuqulwa komshoshaphansi. Inqubo efanelekile iphoqelela isakhiwo somthetho-sisekelo ukuthi izinhlangano azikwazi ukuhamba ngaphansi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inqubo ingabonakala iphumelela kangakanani ngokushesha.

Umehluko Phakathi Kokwenza Ukubusa Nokuqeda Icala

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokubekwa kwemithetho nokumiswa kwemithetho. Ukubekwa kwemithetho kubeka izindinganiso zokuziphatha zesikhathi esizayo futhi ngokuvamile kudinga iziqondiso zezaziso kanye nezinqubo ngaphansi kwe-Administrative Procedure Act (APA). Ukunqatshelwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunquma ukuthi iqembu elithile liye lephula imithetho ekhona nokuthi isijeziso sini okufanele sisetshenziswe. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho iphakeme kakhulu ezimisweni zokuphoqelela lapho amalungelo omuntu ephakanyiswa khona ngokuqondile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakholelwa ukuthi ngisho nalapho i-aquart isebenzisa i-msciation ukudala umthetho omusha, iqembu elithintekile kumelwe lithole isaziso esanele nesijeziso esifanelekile. Inqubo ayinakukhexazulu izinkolelo ezingokomthetho phakathi nesigwebo esiqhubekayo ngaphandle kokunikeza imvume yokusabela.

Izimfuneko Zomcimbi Zokunikezwa Isigwebo

Ukuze yanelise inqubo efanele, inhlangano yokuqondisa kumelwe inikeze okungenani okulandelayo ngaphambi kokuba isijeziso sigcine:

  • Notice wokwephulwa okuthiwa. Isaziso kumelwe sibelwe ngokunengqondo ukuze sazise ummangalelwa ngamacala nesijeziso esingase sivele. Ukumangalela noma ukumangalela okungamangalela akwanele. Inhlangano kumelwe ichaze isisekelo esingokomthetho nezizathu ezingokoqobo zesenzo.
  • Ithuba lokuphendula. Iqembu elithintekile kumelwe libe nethuba elibalulekile lokunikeza ubufakazi, ukuphikisa amacala, nokuphikisa ubufakazi benhlangano. Lokhu kungenzeka ngokuzithoba okubhaliwe, umhlangano wethukela, noma ukuzwa okusobala okungokomthetho kuye ngomongo.
  • Umenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi. Isikhulu esinquma icala kumelwe singacaluli. Isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo ‘ sumkhandlu” siyasebenza emicimbini yokuphatha. Ngisho noma umenzi wesinqumo eyisisebenzi senhlangano, asinakuba nobandlululo lomuntu siqu noma lwenhlangano olungavimbela ukwahlulela okulungile.
  • Isinqumo esicaciwe. [ Inhlangano kumele ichaze isisekelo sesijeziso sayo, ichaze ukuthi ilinganisa kanjani ubufakazi nokuthi kungani imvume ifanelana nokwephulwa. Ngaphandle kwencazelo ecacisiweyo, isenzo sibonakala singenamthetho, futhi inkantolo ebukezayo ayinakukwazi ukuwuhlola ngokwanele umsebenzi we-authority.

Lezi zimfuneko azidingi ukuqulwa kwecala eliphelele lohlobo lokuqulwa kwecala. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme MAWs v. Elditridge [[197] sisungule ukuhlolwa okuvumelanayo, manje okuyikho okuyisisekelo kokunquma ukuthi inqubo injani efuneka uma inxusa likahulumeni libeka isijeziso.

Ama - mathew Alinganiselayo

EMatews v. EEldridge, iNkantolo yaveza izici ezintathu inkantolo okumelwe izihlole ukuze inqume izinqubo eziqondile ezidingekayo:

  1. Inzalo yangasese [ eyothinteka ngesenzo esingokomthetho. Uma ukulahlekelwa okungavela ngalokhu ("imali, inkululeko, noma ilayisensi enguchwepheshe"inqubo ethé xala."
  2. Ingozi yokuncishwa okungamanga [ ngezindlela ezisetshenziswayo manje, futhi inani elingenzeka, uma likhona, lezingasetshenziswa noma izivikelo ze-procedtural.
  3. Isithakazelo sikahulumeni, uhlanganisa umsebenzi ohilelekile nemithwalo yemali neyokuphathwa okungahlanganisa imfuneko yeminye imfuno ye-procedro.

Lokhu kuhlola akuyona indlela yokusebenza kodwa ukwahlulela okusebenzayo. Kuye kwasetshenziswa kukho konke okuzuzisayo ekuqedeni inzuzo yempahla yomphakathi encishwa intengo yokuphatha. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho inxusa lifaka inhlawulo encane ngokuqhathaniswa ngenxa yokwephulwa okuncane, isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekufezeni impumelelo singathethelela ukuzwa okuncane. Kodwa uma isijeziso sisongela ukuphila kwebhizinisi − njengokungaqiniseki ezivumelwaneni zikahulumeni − isithakazelo somuntu siqu siphakeme, futhi i-aquaration kumelwe inikeze isaziso esiqinile se-procedious, kuhlanganise ne-preplanupriotic sy.

Inkantolo Ephakeme Iqamba Amaphutha Okukhishwa Kwecala

Amacala amaningana aphawulekayo aye achaza imingcele yenqubo efanele yokugcinwa kwamaphoyisa:

  • Goldberg v. Kelly (70): INkantolo yathi abamukeli bezenhlalakahle banelungelo lokuzwa ngokusobala ngaphambi kokuba kuqedwe izinzuzo zabo. Nakuba lelicala lihlanganisa izinzuzo zenzuzo, ukucabanga kwalo kusebenza kunoma yisiphi isenzo senhlangano esisongela inzalo yempahla enkulu. INkantolo igcizelela ukuthi ukuzwa ingemuva kudingekile uma ukuncishwa kungeyona indiva ephuthumayo futhi uma umniniyo enesithakazelo esinamandla ekutholeni inzuzo eqhubekayo.
  • Amathews v. Eldridge (1976): Njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho, iNkantolo yalungisa inqubo efanele ye-calculus yenzuzo yokukhubazeka kwezeNtlalo, ivumela ukuzwa kwangemva kwe-preprigatori kulowomongo ngoba ingozi yephutha yayiphansi futhi umthwalo kahulumeni wokuphatha wawuphezulu. Nokho, amacala alandela ayesebenzisa izici zeMathus ekujezeleni nasekukhipheni izijeziso, ngokuvamile adinga ukuzwa kwangaphambi kwe-62.62.
  • Alleghený́́lim Steel Corp. v. United States (1978): Isifunda sesifunda sasebenzisa izimiso ezifanele ezijezisweni zendawo ezungezile, sibamba ukuthi inxusa kumelwe linikeze ithuba elinengqondo lokuzwakala ngaphambi kokuba isijeziso siphele. Lendaba ibonisa indlela izinkantolo eziphansi eziphoqelela ngayo inqubo efanele emongweni wenhlawulo.
  • Tull v. United States (1987): Ngokuyinhloko [[ISichibiyelo sesikhombisa] ngokomthetho wejaji ezicabeni zesigwebo somphakathi, uTull ugcizelela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ubeka imingcele ekutholeni amanxusa angazijezisa kanjani izijeziso. Uma isijeziso singukujezisa okungokwemvelo, ukuhlanganyelwa kwezeluleko zokuphatha kanye nokugcinwa kwamuva kwemithetho kumelwe kuhloniphe ilungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji. I-Amplist ayikwazi ukusebenzisa izinqubo zokuqondisa ukuze igweme isivikelo somthetho.

Muva nje, iNkantolo Ephakeme United States v. Arthrex (2021) ikhulume ngemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo emandleni omphathi, iphethe ukuthi izimpikiswano zokumisa izigaba zingathinta ukusebenza kwezinqumo ze-athom. Nakuba kungeyona inqubo efanele, u-Arthrex uqinisa umqondo wokuthi isakhiwo sokulawula kumelwe sihambisane nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho zokuhlukanisa imibuso nenqubo elungile.

Lapho inqubo elindelekile ivumela ukufingqiwe kwesikhashana ukuba kusebenze

Imfuneko efanelekile yenqubo ayisho ukuthi inkampani ayinakukwazi ukubeka isijeziso phambi kwecala eliphelele. Kwezinye izimo, uhulumeni angathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha ukuze avikele impilo yomphakathi, ukuphepha, noma ukulondeka kwesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, inxusa lokudla nezidakamizwa lingathatha imikhiqizo engcolile ngaphandle kwesaziso ngaphambili ngoba ingozi yokulimala okusheshayo idlula isithakazelo sangasese ekuhlolweni kusengaphambili. Ngokufanayo, inkampani ingavala imvume yochwepheshe okwesikhashana uma uchwepheshe esongela umphakathi. Kulezi zimo, inqubo efanelekile ingeniswa uma inkampani inikeza iposi elisheshayo ukuzwa.

Nokho, ngisho nesenzo sokufingqa kumelwe sisekelwe esisekelweni esithembekile esiyiqiniso. Inhlangano kumelwe ibe nesizathu noma ubufakazi obufanayo ngaphambi kokuba isebenze. Ikhono lokuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha alinikezi i-ace carte blanche; kumele ibonise ukuthi isimo esiphuthumayo sikhona ngempela nokuthi isithakazelo somuntu siqu sinikezwa umbukiso, uma kuthatha isikhathi eside, ithuba lokuzwakala. Ukuhlolwa kokulinganisela kumaMatew kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano azikwazi ukusebenzisa izimpawu eziphuthumayo njengebhaxa lokudlula eziqondisweni ezivamile.

Izizathu Ezingokoqobo Zezimo Nezikhungo Eziqondiswayo

Kuzo izinhlangano eziqondisayo, inqubo efanelekile isho ukuthi kumelwe ziklame izinqubo zokuphoqelela ezingasinda ekuhlolweni kokwahlulela. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuhilela ukutshala imali kubahluleli abaqeqeshiwe bomthetho wokuphatha, ukwenza iziqondiso eziningiliziwe zezisebenzi zophengululo, nokunikeza izingqungquthela zokuhlolelana ezihlolwayo ngaphambi kokuhlolwa. Izimo zokunquma ukunquma inqubo zifaka engozini yokuba isijeziso sazo sincitshiswe ekubukezeni, okuchitha imithombo yomphakathi futhi kubhuntshise imigomo yokulawula. IHhovisi Yomthetho Ye-Administrativemental Projectal Provideficial Agementation, i-Agency Provincial, neFrederational Tratial Traces Commis, ngokwesibonelo, zonke izigwebo ezisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ebekwe ngamashumi eminyaka enziwayo.

Kumabhizinisi nabantu ababhekene nezijeziso zezinhlangano, inqubo efanelekile isivikelo esinamandla. Iqembu lingabekela isigwebo inselele ngokuthi inxusa lehluleka ukunikeza isaziso esanele, lithembele emahemuhemu ngaphandle kwethuba lokunqamule i-examine, noma lisebenzise umenzi wesinqumo onobandlululo. Ezimweni eziningi, ukumelana okuqinile nenqubo kungaphoqelela inxusa ukuba lilahle icala noma linciphise isijeziso ngokuphawulekayo. Irekhodi le-procedtura kumelwe lihlanzeke; ngaphandle kwalokho, inkantolo ebukezayo izokubuyisela icala emuva engosini, ngokuvamile eminyakeni eminingi kamuva. Ukuqonda inqubo efanelekile ingabaluleka njengokuqonda inqubo emisiwe.

Umenzi Wamalungelo Emvelo Ohlelekile

Ngezinye izikhathi izinkampani zicela amaqembu alawulwayo ukuba athathe amalungelo athile awesizwe ukuze athathe isijeziso esilula noma isinqumo esisheshayo. Nakuba izindawo ezinjalo zivamile, umhluphi kumelwe azi futhi angazivumeli. Inqubo elindelekile ayivumeli inxusa ukuba linyathele umhluphi ngokumsongela ngesijeziso eseqile noma ngokungenangqondo ukuhlehlisa ukuqulwa. Izinkantolo ziyohlolisisa ngokubhekisisa izigwebo ezihlupha amaqembu anelungelo ekulaleleni noma ekubukeni ikomiti yokwahlulela. I-Federal Trade Commission kunye ne-Securities ne-Experities, ngokwesibonelo, ziye zabhekana nokugxekwa kwemigomo yokuzingamela izivumelwano eziphoqelelwe ukuba zilahle isivikelo se-procectura ngaphandle kobufakazi obucacile bokuvuma.

Ukushintsha Kwezindawo: Isigwebo Sokubusa NoMthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho wokuphatha wanamuhla uyaqhubeka ulwa nokungathiyana phakathi kwempumelelo nokulunga. Eminyakeni yamuva, ezinye izinkantolo ziye zahlehlisa izinhlangano eziphoqelela izijeziso ngaphandle kokukhipha izinqubo eziqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yekhulu engu 2019 [ku- [[FLT]][FLT][1] Kisor v. Wilkie[[FLT] [[FLT]][2] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] ukudebekelela incazelo yemithetho yabo siqu eqinileyo ithinta ngokungaqondile izigwebo, ngoba izinhlangano azinakuncika ngokungemthetho ecacile yokujeza amaqembu angenaso sikhalo sokuziphatha okunqatshelwe. Ngokufanayo, imfundiso ye-“FLT] ifuna isaziso se-octive" ukuba uma iqembu leze laziphethe kahle lixwayitwe ngokungafanele.

Enye indawo ethuthukayo ukusebenza kwe-Sstandive Fine Claus (ingxenye yeSichibiyelo Sesibhozo) ezijezisweni zokuphatha. Nakuba u-Clause esebenza ngokuqondile ezihlawulweni zobugebengu, ezinye izinkantolo ziye zacabangela ukuthi izijeziso zomphakathi “ezingalinganiswe ngokungafanele” zingase zeqe inqubo efanele futhi. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme [ku-[FLT] [1] [Hudson v. United States (1997)] ikholelwa ukuthi izijeziso zomphakathi aziyona isijeziso ngokuzenzakalela ngenxa yezinjongo eziphindwe kabili, ukulinganisela kwesijeziso kungabukelwa ngenxa yokugcwala kwenqubo yomthetho efanelekile.

Isiphetho

Amandla ezinhlangano eziqondisayo okubeka izijeziso abalulekile ekubuseni kwanamuhla, kodwa akuwona aphelele. Izigaba ezifanele zeZichibiyelo zeNyakatho yesihlanu neyeshumi nane zidinga ukuba izinhlangano zenze ngokufanele, zinikeze isixwayiso esanele nethuba lokuzwakala, futhi zisekele izinqumo zazo ngezizathu ezicacisiwe. UMathews unikeza izinkantolo ithuluzi elivumelanayo lokunquma izinga elifanele lenqubo ngaphandle kokubeka imithwalo enzima. Izehlakaniselo ezingokophawu olunjenge-Goldberg v. UKelly noMathews unikeza isixwayiso esisekelwe ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kwemfundiso elungile, uMthetho-Sivumelo siyaqhubeka siqondisa indlela izinhlangano ezisebenzisa ngayo umthetho. Ngoba odokotela, lemiqatha alikho nje kuphela inqubo yokuhlola amandla angokomthetho kodwa futhi ibalulekile ngokumelene nohulumeni. Njengoba izinhlangano zifinyelela inqubo yokuvikela inqubo efanelekile edinga ukugcinwa ngomthetho womthetho womthetho, izimpawu ezisebenza nje kuphela.