Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokukhethwa Komongameli Ongumongameli Ongumongameli

Ukukhethwa kukaMongameli onguMongameli waseNdiya kusekelwe eziHlaleni 63 kuya ku-68 zoMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya. ISiphakamiso 63 sidala ihhovisi, sisho ukuthi kuyoba noMongameli oyisekela eliyoyi- exex-officio[ Umphathi woMkhandlu wamazwe ase-Rom (i-Rajiya Sabha). ISiphakamiso 66 siveza indlela yokukhetha: uMongameli uzakukhethwa amalungu ekholiji eliyi-volo liyikholishi elihlanganisa kokubili amaHomente. Le "costate" elikhethekile" ikholiji elikhethiwe le-Lob ne-Rajaha Sabbahahahab prosidential e-masterin engaphezulu kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi inqubo yokhetho. I-omphathisimenti ekhethekile, kodwa ayikholi eveza ngokuqondile inqubo ye-pale.

I-Electoral College for the Vice Presidential ihlanganisa wonke amalungu akhethwe nakhethwayo ezindlu zombili. Ngokungafani nokhetho lukaMongameli, oluhlanganisa amalungu e-Ountry Constivations Committee, i-Mongameli woMphathi uqobo lwamapalamende. Lomklamo uqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli ongumKhosi, okhonza njengosihlalo weRajaya Sabba, ukhethwa kuphela yi-partimen. IKhomishane ye-Ecomment of India (ECI) iqhuba i-volution ngaphansi kweSiphakamende 324, ilandela imithetho ebekwe kuMongameli we-Equality ne-Equalitivesssss, 1952, kanye nomthetho we-Evolutions Revolutions Revotions.

Eminye imininingwane yemithetho, bhekisela ku-[FLT] umbhalo ogcwele womthetho-sisekelo [, ikakhulukazi ingxenye V, Isahluko III. Incwadi yeSivumelwano yeSivumelwano icacisa futhi i-proceddical reconformations.

Isimiso Semisebe Engadluliselwa Ngenye Indawo

Unyulo lukaMongameli usebenzisa isimiso sokuhlela sokuveza indlela. Uma kungekho mmeli ofaka isilinganiso esidingekayo (inani levoti elisebenzayo elihlukaniswe ngenani lezindawo kanye kanye, kanye nesilinganiso sokuqala), isingeniso esinamavoti ambalwa okuqala ephalamente kuyasuswa, futhi amavoti akhe athunyelwa kubantu abasele abahleli abaseke kulokhu kuthandwa. Lokhu kuyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho omunye umbangi efinyelela isilinganiso.

Inqubo ye-STV iqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli okhethiwe ujabulela ukuvumelana okukhulu phakathi kwezindawo ezihlukene zezombangazwe. Ngenxa yokuthi amavoti angadluliswa, ngisho nabavoti abangebona abokuqala abakhethwe iningi banganqoba ngokuthatha izintando zeningi kamuva. Lokhu kunciphisa ingozi yokuzuza "umzuzi wemifantu" ngokulingana okuncane kuphela. Ngokwesiko, inani labafuna ukuvota livame ukufinyelelwa ezibaloni zokuqala ngokwazo, ikakhulukazi uma umuntu ovumelanayo ethola isilinganiso.

Ngokwezibalo, isilinganiso esiphumelelayo sibalwa ngokuthi: Quota = (Inani Lama-Total Votes + 1) + 1. KuMongameli ongumKhosi, kunesihlalo esisodwa kuphela, ngakho inqubo iba yi- Quota = (Inani elisemthethweni Votes / 2) + 1, okusho ukuthi umvoti kumelwe avikele ingxenye engaphezulu yengqikithi yamavoti agunyazi. Uma umvoti emukela ngaphezu kwalo nombolo yokuqala yamavoti, zimenyezelwa ngaphandle kokudluliswa ngokuphelele. I-algolthm iyahlelwa yonke imidwebo eqoqweni ye-Ecodensity.

Inqubo Yokuhlelwa Nokuhlelwa Kwamagama

Uma i-ECommution Commission isimemezela uhlelo lokhetho, inqubo iqala ngokugunyaza kwesaziso somphakathi. Amakhathe amele afake amaphepha awo phambi kwesikhulu esibuyiseli esimisiwe (ngokuvamile unobhala 76General weRajiya Sabhaha). Iphepha lokuvota kumelwe lisayinwe okungenani ngabakhi bama-20 njengabakhi bezicelo nabavoti abangama-20 njengabavoti abalandelayo. Futhi ngamunye ufaka isilinganiso sokuphepha (manje ngo-195 000), esilahleka uma umvoti wemali ehluleka ukukhokha ingqikithi engu-66.

Ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kwenzeka ngosuku olulandela usuku lokugcina lokubhala. Isikhulu esibuyayo sihlola ukufakwa kwemifantu ngayinye ukuze kungabi namthetho-sisekelo: ozobhapathizwa kumelwe abe isakhamuzi saseNdiya, okungenani oneminyaka engu 35 ubudala, ofanelekela ukuba yilungu leLokabha (ngakho - ke kungakho ukuthatha noma iliphi ihhovisi lenzuzo ngaphansi kukahulumeni ophakathi noma kazwelonke), futhi akumelwe abe ngowengqondo eqinile noma onganciphikiswanga. Noma yisiphi isici esisehlakani esisezingeni eliphansi noma elisezingeni eliphakathini lomthetho we-omgomo wabafundi singaholela ekwahlulekeni. Amakhabethe angasusa umphatho wawo ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili ahlolile.

Okhethweni lwamuva, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya iye yacacisa ukuthi "isikhundla senzuzo" isikhombi sihunyushwa ngokuqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, Pradyut Bordoii v. IKhomishane yokhetho yaseNdiya [2022], iNkantolo yasekela ukususwa kwesigaba sombhalisa owathatha isigaba sesigaba sesivumelwano nezinzuzo ezingokwezimali. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokhetho ihlala ikhululekile ethonyeni lesikhulu.

Imidlalo Yokudlala: Ibhola Lemfihlo Nokuziphatha

Ukuqamba kwenzeka ePhalamende, eNew Delhi, ngosuku olumiswe yi-ECI. Wonke amalungu eLok Sabba noRaja Sabba afanele ukuvota. UMthetho-sisekelo ugunyaza i-collet eyimfihlo [[[FLT:]] ukuvikela ukuzimela kokhetho ngalunye, nakuba kusetshenziswa amaqembu amaningi aphikisana ngeziswebhu. INkantolo Ephakeme, Pashupati Nath v. I-FUction Commission of India[[FLT:] [20]], yaphawula ukuthi isishayo asibophi ngokomthetho kukhetho lwamanxusa, njengoba ingekho ivoti ephansi lendlu. Nokho, ngokuvamile, ukubuthwa kweqembu lentambo yentambo.

Umvoti ngamunye uthola uhlu lwephepha lokuvota labancintisanayo ngokulandelana kwezibalo, kanye nezijoyinano zeqembu labo (uma bekhona) nezimpawu zokhetho. Umavoti uphawula okuthandayo ngokubhala "1", "3", "njll, ngokumelene nabavoti. Ukuphawula okungaphelele noma ukusebenzisa izimpawu ngaphandle kwezinombolo kungalenza i-colot ibe yize. Isikhulu esiphethe kanye nezikhulu ezihlolayo siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mvoti odlulisela indlela abavote ngayo kunoma ubani ngaphandle kwendlu yokuvota. Ngemva kokuphonsa, iphepha lebhola lomculo libekwa ebhokisini elinophawuliwe.

I-Ecomtion Commission imisa iziteshi zokuhlola eziningi phakathi kwezakhiwo zePhalamende ukuze kuvuleke ukuvota. Ngezinye izikhathi, ukuvota kuye kwenziwa izinsuku eziningi kumalungu agulayo noma avalelwe ejele elivinjelwe, kodwa lenqubo evamile ivimbela ukuvota konke ngosuku olulodwa. Ama-posi angemva kwe-Phosalder Purezile akavunyelwe kukhetho lobuPhosana, ngokungafani nakukhetho lobuPholisti; kuphela ezimweni ezikhethekile ilungu elingavota esibhedlela noma ejele ngelungiselelo elikhethekile.

Ukubala Imisindo Nezimemezelo Zemiphumela

Ukubala kuqala ngokushesha ngemva kokuphetha kokhetho. Isikhulu sokubuya sivula amabhokisi okuvota phambi kwabazohlolwa noma abameleli babo. Isinyathelo sokuqala ukunquma ingqikithi yamavoti asemthethweni. Amavoti angagunyaziwe yilawo angaphawuleki, aphawulwe abathatha ibhayisekili njengentando yokuqala, noma aphethe uphawu oluhlukanisayo.

Ukubala kulandela i-STV elandelwayo. Ezimweni eziningi ezingaphikiswayo noma ezivumelanayo, isilinganiso sokuqala sokuhlanganisa i-"%oundial sihlanganiswa. Uma kungenjalo, umvoti ovota ama-76parefeo ambalwa kakhulu uqediwe, futhi amavoti akhe adluliselwa kwabasele abafuna ukubhapathizwa ngenxa yezintando ezilandelayo. Lokhu kuyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho umvoteli efinyelela isibalo. Yonke inqubo iyaqoshwa futhi ingabekelwa inseleleka phambi kweNkanto ephakeme kakhulu ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 71.

Umphumela wokugcina umenyezelwa i-phoyisa elibuyayo, elibe selithumela isitifiketi esasayinwe kuMongameli. UMsekeli omusha uthatha ihhovisi ngokushesha ngemva kokuphela kwegama lomphathi noma isaziso sikaMongameli, futhi afungele isikhundla phambi koMongameli noma kwenye isikhulu esimisiwe.

Isizathu Sokuba IRaje Sabha Ifeze Indima Eyinhloko

Nakuba ikholiji lekhethelo lihlanganisa zombili izakhiwo, iRaje Sabha ixhunyelwa nguMongameli ophethe. ISiphakamiso 64 senza uMongameli ongumsekeli we-exposioffio Caigenman weRajiya Sabba. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iRajya Sabhaha iyigumbi eliyinhloko lephalamende ihotela uMongameli. UMongameli we-Mongameli uphinde asebenze njengoMongameli lapho lowo mongameli engakwazi ukuqeda imisebenzi ngenxa yokungasasebenzi, ukugula, noma ukulahlekelwa. Le ndima embaxambili yenza uMongameli weSigebe uvale abe umxhumaniso oyinhloko phakathi kwesikhulu nendlu yomthetho.

Ngenxa yokuthi i-Raje Sabra yakhiwa amalungu akhethwa yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni namalungu aneziphakamiso, imelela isimo sikahulumeni waseNdiya. UMongameli ongummeli, njengoSihlalo, kumelwe alondoloze ukungakhethi futhi asekele isithunzi seNdlu. Ngakho, inqubo ekhethweyo iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umbhalisa uthola ithemba hhayi nje leqembu likahulumeni kuphela kodwa futhi nenani elikhulu lamaqembu esifunda nophikisa. URajiya Sabba ngokwakhe ungonyulwa futhi uqhubeke (ongamelwe aphendulwe) nokhetho, njengoba i-Chairman kumelwe ihambe indlu evame ukuphatha indlu eyinkimbinkimbi yezombangazwe kuneyakhe ehlukile kweLoka.

Ngokomlando, iRajiya Sabba izihlandlo eziningi ibiyindawo eyinhloko yokulwa nokhetho lukaMongameli. Ngo-2022, ukhetho lukaJagdeep Dhankhar lwabona iNational Democratic Alliance (NDA) ebusayo i-National Democratic Allia iqoqa ukusekela okuvela kuzo zombili i House, kodwa umncintiswano wadonsa ukunakekela ngoba iRajya Sabbaha yaba nengxenye enkulu kakhulu yekolishi elinokhetho (amalungu angaphezu kuka-30 ngalesosikhathi). Umbangi wokuphikiswa kwe-Margaret Alva, wathola amavoti angosi ango 182 ngokumelene noDhanhar's 528, kodwa indlela yokuvota eRajiya Sabbaha ngokwayo yayibukwa kakhulu njenge-barmeter yephalamende.

Ukuqhathanisa Nokukhethwa Komongameli

Ukukhethwa kukaMongameli ongumsizi kuvame ukuqhathaniswa---"fulls" kanti kuqhathaniswa --/* nokukhethwa kukaMongameli wase-Ndiya. Kokubili kusebenzisa ukuhlelwa kwe-STV kanye ne-collet yasese. Nokho, kunomehluko omkhulu:

  • Ikholiji le-Electoral: Ikholiji lomongameli elikhethiwe lihlanganisa amalungu akhethiwe eLok Sabha, Rajiya Sabra, kanye nayo yonke iMihlangano yeSizwe (kuhlanganise neSizwekazi saseDelhi nePucherry). Ikholeji lomphathi we-Mongameli lisusa ngokuphelele imihlangano yombuso.
  • Izinga lamavoti: Kukhetho lwamaMongameli, amavoti aqiniswa ngokusekelwe endleleni ecabangela inani labantu bombuso ngamunye. Kukhetho lomongameli ophethe umongameli, wonke amalungu ePhalamende anenani lamavoti elilinganayo.
  • Ukuhlelwa kwemifantu: KuMongameli, ozobhapathizwa udinga iziphakamiso ezingu 50 kanye nezingu 50; kuMongameli ongumsekeli, imfuneko ingu 20 ngamunye.
  • ath: UMongameli ufunga ukulondoloza, ukuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo; uMmeli ongumsizi ufunga ukuthwala ukholo lweqiniso nokwethembeka kuMthetho-sisekelo nokufeza imisebenzi yehhovisi ngokwethembeka.
  • Ukusebenza: Indawo ehhovisi likaMongameli kumele igcwaliswe phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha; isikhala ehhovisi lomongameli ongumsizi asinayo isilinganiso sesikhathi sokushaya umthetho, kodwa ukhetho luvame ukugcinwa ngokushesha.

Lokhu kuhlukanisa kugcizelela indima kaMongameli ongumsekeli wePhalamende, hhayi eyesinqumo sikahulumeni esibanzi.

Umlando Nemibono Ephawulekayo

UDkt. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, umongameli wokuqala waseNdiya, uSarvepalli Radhakrishnan, wakhethwa kanye ngo-1952. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukhetho luye lwancintiswana izikhathi ezingu-11 kuphela kokhetho olungu-15 ngo-2022. Umncintiswano oseduze kakhulu wenziwa ngo-1967 lapho i-V.V.V. uGiri enqoba umKhomisha weSishaya-Ngquma yeNgqungquthela ngo-mfa yevoti engu-5 kuphela ngemva kokulandisa. Ngo-2017, uM.Vkaidu Naidu wawina ngamavoti angu-516 amelene no-244 noGopalkrishna Gandhin, umphikisi wokhetho oluphikisayonga kakhulu.

Ngokuphawulekayo, uHlelo lweNkantolo Ephakeme lwaqala ukusho ukuthi inselele enkulu kakhulu ngo - 2002 lapho kuphikiswa ngokhetho lukaBaighon Singh Shekhawat, kodwa iNkantolo yalusekela. Ukuqina kwalenqubo kukhuluma ngokuklanywa okuqinile kwemishini ekhethayo ngaphansi kwe - ECI.

I-Raje Sabra Sectariat igcina ingobo yomlando ogcwele wemiphumela kusukela ekuzimeleni. Umuntu angathola le mininingwane nge- iKhomishoni yokhetho yeKhomishane yoMongameli wokhetho ikhasi [.

IQuorum, Ukuqhekeka Kwe - Tiegrade, Nezinye Izikhungo Zokuhlala

Ayikho imfuneko ye-travolum encishisiwe phakathi nokuvota; ukuvota kuyasebenza kungakhathaliseki ingqikithi yamavoti akhahliweyo, uma ukhetho luqhutshwa kahle. Nokho, uma ingqikithi yamavoti agunyaziwe ingaphansi kwemfuneko yokusungula inombolo (umzekelo, ingaphansi kwamavoti amabili asemthethweni), ukuvota kubhekwa njengokuhlulekile − isimo esingakaze senzeke.

Uma abavoti ababili bethola inani elifanayo kanye lamavoti okuqala athathelwayo ekubaleni kokugcina, isikhulu esibuyayo sidweba inkatho ukuze sithole owini. Lenqubo yoxhuma inikezwa kuMthetho wama 23 we-Presidential and VicéPressidential Evolutions, 1974. Umdwebo wemidwebo ufakazelwa abazothatha izicelo noma abameli babo futhi uqoshwe emizuzwini.

Okunye ukumiswa kuyindlela yokuphatha amalungu anezitho zombili. Amalungu aneziqu zobuso afanelekela ngokugcwele ukuvota, ngokungafani nokhetho lomongameli lapho amalungu abekwa amaqembu ombuso angenakuvota khona. Lokhu kufakwa kuqinisa ukumelelwa kochwepheshe namazwi amancane.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka KwePhalamende 76 Ukukhethwa Kuphela

Ukukhethwa kukaMongameli oyisekela likaMongameli waseNdiya ngamalungu oMnyango woMnyango woMpathimekazi womabili kuyinqubo ehlelwe kahle yomthetho-sisekelo. Iqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu ozohlala ehhovisi lesibili eliphakeme kunawo wonke − futhi usebenza njengomgcini we-Raje Sabha'''enquial's aqulutions"igunya elivela ngokuqondile kuhulumeni wendlu yomthetho. Ukusetshenziswa kokumelelwa ngokuhlelwa kwendlu eyodwa ye-palempala kukhuthaza ukuvumelana futhi kunciphise amathuba okunqoba okuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhileleka okukhethekile kwePhalamende kugcizelela indima kaMongameli we-palmente njengesikhulu se-palamente, hhayi ummeleli wezwe.

Njengoba idemokrasi yamaNdiya iguquka, ukhetho lwe-Lice Presidential luhlala luyisibonakaliso esiyinhloko sokuhleleka kwezombangazwe kanye nezingasikhonkwane. Ukuqonda inqubo yayo − kusukela kumalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ukuya kundlela yokubala (STV) ibalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda izakhiwo eziphelele zesimiso somthetho-sisekelo saseNdiya. Kubafundi abanesithakazelo ekunyukeni ngokujule kakhulu, [FLT]] [FLT]PRS Legislative Research chazar[FLT] unikeza isifushane esifinyelo esihle kakhulu semishwana se-mendimements ne-proctive.