IRaje Sabba, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni njengoMkhandlu wase-United States, injengendlu ephezulu yePhalamende laseNdiya. Nakuba i-Lok Sabha imelela abantu ngokuqondile, iRajiya Sabhaha yaklanyelwa ngomthetho-mthetho ukuba imelele amazwe nezindawo zokuhlangana, inikeze indawo ephambili yezithakazelo zesifunda nento encikekayo ephansi kakhulu. Indima yayo ekuqinisekiseni ukuhlola nokulinganisela akuyona nje iprocracyalture; iyisici esiyisisekelo somthetho wemithetho emilenze yaseNdiya, ivikela isakhiwo sikahulumeni, ivimbela umthetho wesimende, futhi ibeka isikhulu esinesibopho sokulawula. Ngaphandle kokuhlola amandla angokomthetho. I-Rajeya Sabaha, isilinganiso samandla ayo ancibilika kakhulu kuhulumeni omkhulu futhi alula isilinganiso esiphakathi esikhona. Lokhu kuhlola ukulawula okuhlanganisa ukubusa kwesimiso sombuso waseNdiya, kusebenza ngamandla anamandla angokomthetho, ngokuhlola amandla aqinile, futhi ngokuhlola amandla awo, ngokuhlola, ngokuhlola, ngokulunga, futhi ngokuhlola amandla, ngokulunga.

Isizinda Somlando Nomklamo Womthetho - sisekelo

Abaklami be-Indiya begama lobuKhostina bathola isikhuthazo emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ne-British Westminster mode neSigele sase-US. IRaje Sabha yamiswa njengendawo ehlala njalo, ekhethwe ngokungaqondile ukuze iqinisekise ukuqhubekeka nokuzinza, ngokuqhathanisa neLok Sabhaha's yeminyaka emihlanu. UDkt. Ambedkar, eMen, eMhlanganweni weSishaya-Mhlangani waseBrithani, wagcizelela ukuthi indlu ephezulu yayingahloselwe ukuba ibe iphikiswane neLok Sabha kodwa igumbi elinombono owe-rose-engasingenisi. Abaholi bame besaba ukuthi ikamelo elilodwa, elikhethwe ngokuqondile lingadukiswa yinkanuko ethandwayo noma ukuhamuzwa kwesikhulu esikhulu esinamandla. Ngakho, basungula i-Syabhab enyaka etshekile, kanye nenyanga eziyisithupha eyodwa, kanye neminyaka emine, i-yodwa yeminyaka emide, ukumiswa kwayo yonke imiklano edingayo engcono kakhulu.

Amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo alawula iRajeya Sabha atholakala ngokuyinhloko eziHlolweni 80 kuya ku 88 zoMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya. Isiqeshana samashumi amahlanu sihlela ukwakheka: abameleli abangu - 238 bezwe namazwe ahlangene, kuhlanganise namalungu angu-12 amiswa nguMongameli ngenxa yobungcweti bawo ezincwadini, isayensi, ubuciko, nenkonzo yezenhlalo. Lamandla okulawula ngokwawo asebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ngokuletha ubuchwepheshe obungezona ezezombangazwe enqubweni yomthetho. Indlela yokuvota, ngokusebenzisa isimiso esisodwa sokuvota, iqinisekisa ukumelelwa kwezindawo ngokwesilinganiso, ukuvinjelwa yizifunda ezinkulu. I-Raybya Shabba isikhundla esiyingqayizivele njengendlu ehlala njalo engenakuncitshiswa ngumongameli ongayiniki izinga lokuzibusayo isikhulu iLoba. Le komiti ivumela ukuba i-Loka iphinde ithathe i-sendcunday-'injini yeminde.

Ukuma Nezici Eziyingqayizivele

Ukuqonda ukwakheka kweRaje Sabba kubalulekile ekuqapheleni indima yayo ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni. Ngokungafani ne-Lok Sabba, enamalungu akhethwa ngokuqondile abantu, uRaje Sabba ukhethwa amalungu amalungu akhethiwe emihlangano yezomthetho. Lokhu kukhetha okungaqondile kuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu amazwe amelela izithakazelo zezombangazwe njengezinhlangano zezwe, hhayi nje umphakathi. Umbuso ngamunye wabelwa izihlalo ezisekelwe emphakathini wawo, kodwa unikeza izifunda ezincane isilinganiso esiphezulu kunezingabalwa kuzo eLok Saha. Lo phawu lwesizwe lusho ukuthi izithakazelo zesifunda sezwe kumelwe zizwakale emthethweni wesizwe, zisebenza ngokuhlola ukukholeka kwekhono likahulumeni.

Isici esiyinhloko sesakhiwo i-Raje Sabba exegayo isimiso somhlalaphansi. Njengoba amalungu athatha umhlalaphansi iminyaka emibili, indlu igcina inkumbulo ehleliwe futhi iqhubeke. Lokhu kuvimbela noma imuphi uhulumeni ukuba aphinde athathe indlu ubusuku bonke, ngisho noma ewina iningi lezwe eLok Sabhaha. Nokho, amalungu azimeleyo, akhethelwe ubuchwepheshe bawo, anezele ukuhlelwa kwekhono okungabekela inselele inkumbulo ephezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, isazi sezomnotho esinemizwayo singangabaza ukulinganisela kwemali, ngisho noma iqembu lakhe lihlangana nomfelandawo ethile ngomthetho. Nokho, amalungu azimeleyo ayengabuzwa ngezinye izikhathi lapho ehlela neqembu elibusayo, kodwa ahlose ahlome njengabesifazane abahlakaniphile. I-Shabhelman, i-Shagevern ngaphandle kwelungu lendlu yalo hulumeni (intshisi) engekho emnyango we-Cogcon).

Izinhloli Eziqondile Nokulinganisela

IRaje Sabra isebenzisa amandla ayo okuhlola ngezindlela eziningi ezihlangene: ukuhlaziya imithetho, ukuqondisa kwezikhulu, ukumelela kukahulumeni, nokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo.

Ukucwaninga Nokubukeza Okungokomthetho

Indima ye-Rajiya Sabha evame ukushiwo yindima yokulungisa igumbi lokulawula umthetho ovamile. Noma isiphi isikweleti (ngaphandle kwemali) singavela kunoma yimuphi umndeni, kodwa kumelwe sidlulise zombili izindlu ukuze zibe umthetho. I-Rajiya Sabhaha ingalahla umthetho odluliswe yi-Lok Sabhaha, noma ibuye ngokulungisa izivumelwano. Uma i-Lok Sabhahha idlula futhi, i-allbosgn iyakwazi ukuxazulula isibopho sokukhotha itsheka. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi i-Lok Sabbaha inezimalungu amaningi, i-jaha kudlana edla ingxabano eqondile ngaphansi kwe-postst. Kodwa ukusongela kokulibala, ukunqamuka kwe-mfa, noma ukukhomba i-kalela i-kademfa yombuso omkhulu. I-Syahahray'ibhunyu esetshenziswa ngokuphindiswa kakhulu, futhi ngokulandela imithetho ye-Symosensi ye-Syg.

Ukulawula Imithetho Ephathisiwe

Ngaphandle kwezindleko ezivamile, i-Raje Sabha ifeza indima ebalulekile ekubukezeni umthetho ogunyaziwe, ohlanganisa imithetho emisiwe, imithetho, nemithetho ebekwe iminyango kahulumeni. IKomiti yomthetho we-Subtension Legastislation in Rajiya Sabha ihlola ukuthi lemithetho iphakathi kwengalo yomzali. Uma umthetho ubonakala uhamba ngalé kwenhloso yephalamende, ikomiti ingatusa ukuqedwa kwayo. Khona - ke uhulumeni kumelwe uphendule, futhi kwezinye izimo, ulungise noma ususe umthetho. Lokhu kuvimbela umphathi ukuba angawuhloli ngokuphumelelayo umlenze ngaphandle komthetho, ukuhlola okubalulekile ngedemokramende. URajiya Sabyah uyakwazi ukuthuthukisa amakomiti ayo isikhathi, ukwenza aphumelele kakhulu kunekomiti engcono.

Ukulandisa okuphethe

IRajiya Sabba ifuna ukuba umphathi aphendule ngezinqubo eziningi: Ihora lombuzo, izimpikiswano ngokuthatha indiva nokungathembi, nomsebenzi wekomiti. Nakuba kungekho kunyakaza okungaqondakali okungashukunyiswa kuyi-Lok Sabbaha (okungaxoshwa uhulumeni), iRajiya Sabra ingagxeka izikhonzi ezithile noma izimiso ezithile ngokuthatha izithuba zokungamukeleki. Ngokuqinisekile, i-Unica Reah eRapya Sabra i-Sabba iphonsi aphoqelela abefundisi ukuba baphendule kule rekhodi, ngokuvamile bembula ukuhluleka kwemibuzo evunyiweyo. Inani lemibuzo evunyiweyo nempendulo ngesimiso ngasinye lifanele, futhi i-Rajiyahahah eMakomitini e-Orties, iveza i-Authstionswords. Lawa ihlanganisa izinhlangano zobuthobo zomphakathi (ngokuvamile) i-Syhab, izikhulu zikahulumeni, nakuba isekela imvume yokuhlola izifunda zikahulumeni, izifunda zikahulumeni, iveza izicelo ze-Syab.

Indima Ebuthweni Nomfanekiso KaHulumeni

Enye yemisebenzi eyinhloko yeRajiya Sabba. Njengoba amalungu endlu akhethwa yizishaya-mthetho, ahambela phambili ezindaweni. Njengezithiyo ezihlobene nezimpikiswano zemifula yasehla nezwe, ukuthatha indawo, noma ukuhlukanisa intela, kumelwe adlulise i-Rajiya Sabba. Njengoba amalungu ekhethwe yizishaya-mthetho zesifunda, ahambelana kakhulu nezindawo zomphakathi. Lokhu kuhlola kukahulumeni kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokulungisa izivumelwano ezingokomthetho-mfashini okudinga inxenye yezindawo. I-Shabha yadlula ngengxenye yezifundazwe. I-Rajiya Sabha kumelwe idlulise izinso ngenani elikhulu elikhethekile ngaphambi kokuba aye ezindaweni zokuthuthukisa i-ratiocetiontion. NgoAugust 23322, i- 106 yeSimetic Reformation (iementations Reation) yadlula nge-Lokia ne-Spab yokuqala futhi i-Spania eseduze kwenkanka, kodwa ngokuncike ngokusekela kwemvume enkulu yemvume yemvume yemvume yezindawo, uma kungathi imvume enkulu kakhulu, imvume yegunya eliphansi kwegunya eliphansi kwegunya eliphansi,

Ukubukeza Isinqumo Somthetho - sisekelo

Izinguquko ze-Constitution zidinga ukumiswa kweningi ngokwehlukana endlini ngayinye. IRajiya Sabha ingavimbela ukubuyiselwa kokuvunyelwa kwe-Rajiya Sabba isithiyo sokuqala. Njengoba i-Rajiya Sabbah ingenandawo yokulungisa umthetho-mfashini. Lobububushiqela bungadingi ukumiswa kwemithetho edinga ukumiswa kwe-ratiation. Labo abafuna ukumiswa kwezwe, i-Rajiya Sabha isithiyo isithiyo sokuqala. Njengoba iRajiya Sabbaha iyindlu ehlala ngokungesiphelo esinesidina, ayiyonanto elulayo ekulungiseni izigwebo ezibusayo kune-Lohaha. Izinsu ezikhona zikhona phambi kokuba kuhlolwe i-Synab.

Ukuqhathanisa Nezinye Izindlu Eziphezulu

Ukuqaphela amandla e-Rajiya Sabba, kuwusizo ukuqhathanisa i-Sabhaha, nezinye izindlu eziphakeme zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iSigele sase-United States sinikeza izimpawu ezifanayo kumbuso ngamunye (ama-senameter amabili ezwe ngalinye), ekhethwe ngokuqondile, enethonya elinamandla phezu komthetho, izivumelwano, nokumiswa. i-Rajigya Sabhaha, ngokwenyani, ibeke izihlalo ezisekelwe kubantu, futhi amalungu ayo akhethwe ngokungaqondile. Nakuba i-Spager ingavimbela ukumiswa kwesikhundla nezivumelwano, i-Rabya Habha ayinakulahla imali futhi ingenawo amandla alinganiselwe phezu komkhandlu wezikhonzi (a ayikwazi ukuzisusa ngokungenamali) ngokungenamkhawulo kwezindawo zemali ezimiswe imibuso ehleliwe, kodwa i-Rajahaahab ezindaweni ezitusezingeniswe kakhulu, kodwa ingunyakaze kakhulu ingulwe kakhulu imibuso ezindaweni ezinziwayo ezindaweni ezihlukene kakhulu. I-Syahaab ewusekelayo yonke inguntanga yayo enikeza imvume ezindaweni eziphambili zokuhlola imvume yezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zemibuso ezingaphezulu kakhulu. I

Ukugxekwa Nokulinganiselwa

Naphezu kokubaluleka komthetho ngokomthetho, iRaje Sabha iye yabhekana nokugxekwa okukhulu. Okukhathaza kakhulu ukuthi indlu ngokuvamile iba isitembu senjoloba seqembu elibusayo, ikakhulukazi uma iqembu elifanayo lilawula zombili izindlu. Amandla esabhoko neqembu anganqoba ukunquma okuzimele kokuba indlu ihloselwe ukusebenzisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indima kaRajiya Sabbaha ekuhloleni izikweletu zemali ilinganiselwe kakhulu, futhi imali ayinakubekwa eRajiya Sabhaha, futhi iLok Sabha ingakulawula ukutusa kwayo. Lokhu kulinganisela kululaza ukuhlola umthetho wezimali, indawo ebucayi kakhulu yokulawula iphalamende. URajiya Sabba naye ungenawo amandla okususa uhulumeni, okusho ukuthi inzuzo yayo isho ukukhokha ukukhokha ukulandisa kuncishwa kwemali.

Okunye ukugxeka yinqubo yokuhlobanisa izitho zomthetho. UMongameli, osebenza ngokweseluleko soMkhandlu Wabaphathi, ngokuvamile othatha iziphakamiso zokwethembeka esikhundleni sochwepheshe bezombangazwe. Lokhu kululaza indima ehloselwe ukuletha ubuchwepheshe obungafani. Indlela yokukhetha engaqondile ngokwayo igxekwa ngokuba lukhuni nokulawulwa yiqembu lehhashi elihamba ngeqembu. Ukunciphiswa kwesimiso sobukhomputha samalungu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuncishiswa kwesimiso sentando yeningi samalungu. Ukuma kwe-Rajaya Sabha kuhlala njalo kusho ukuthi ingaba ingcwaba elidluliswa yizindleko eziphambili ze-Lok Sabba, ihoxa eholela ekuvuleni i-roucle uma uhulumeni ungenayo iningi endlini ephezulu. Nakuba i-gripbock ingabonwa njengendlela ewusizo yokuhlola, futhi ingabonakala njengenguquko edingekayo. Isibonelo, i-Acqui i-Acquition ku-Rajkition ku-rick ku-Rykion, futhi kuvusekudy, kuvuse ukuphon, kuvusene inqubo kahulumeni egunyaza i-odro

Isiphetho

I-Raje Sabba ihlala iyinhlangano ebalulekile ekwakheni i-demokrase ye-India, ihlanganisa izimiso ze-badaralism ne-somistism ezihlola futhi zilinganise. Umklamo wayo wamabomu .a ohlala njalo, okhethwe ngokungaqondile, onyakazayo, indawo yokucazululwa, yokubukeza, nokuqondisa okungagunyazi. Nakuba amandla emali asemthethweni asemthethweni ekhona, i-Lok Sabba abonakala njengefanele, ukucubunga, ukuvikela kwemithetho, ukubukeza, nokulungisa i-traccustom, iRajiya Sabba isebenza njenge-bhuleki, i-epha, i-eheahea, noma i-eheamothring. I-Sya iyakusekela ukuvuzwa kwe-Seyculton, kodwa i-evivinia, i-evike i-evike, i-evingcustom, i-ement. Njengoba i-asentu ekhona i-eviving ekhona yayo ebanzi, i-ase.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngomklamo womthetho-sisekelo nangemisebenzi yeRajeya Sabra, cabangela ukubheka i- Constitution of India (Artles 80 88),, PRS Legistive Research[[[[FLT:]] i-metagitic umtapo wokuhlola amakomiti ephalamende, kanye inikeza umbono olinganayo wePhalamende yewebhusayithi ye-Indiya ye- yemithetho ye-proclation. Futhi, i-Intaliary Union [FLT:]