Isiqalo Esinamandla: Ukuqonda Injongo Yesandulela

Isiqalo somthetho-sisekelo we-United States asiyona nje indawo eqanjiwe. Lamazwi asho ukuthi ubani omisa uhulumeni ngamabomu, ukuthi kungani enza kanjalo, futhi aphetheni. Ngamagama angu-52 kuphela, amaFramers akhipha izifiso zeRepublic entsha zaba izinjongo eziyisithupha eziyisisekelo eziye zaqondisa ukubusa kwaseMelika amakhulu amabili eminyaka. Lesigaba sesisekelo simisa iqophelo lomthetho-sisekelo, sikhumbuza izizukulwane zonke ukuthi uhulumeni uthola ilungelo lawo elingokomthetho emvumeni yokubusa futhi ukhona ukuze ukhonze abantu.

Ngaphambi kokuba uMthetho-sisekelo uqanjwe, iZiphakamiso zeConfederation zazakhe uhulumeni obuthakathaka olwela ukuxazulula izingxabano zesifundazwe, ukungantengantengi kwezomnotho, nezinsongo zesizwe. I-Preggery yabonisa ukunqamuka okuwujuqu kokuzama lokho kwehluleka ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni omusha uyoba inyunyana yeqiniso yesizwe, hhayi nje iqoqo lemibuso ephethe. Yasungula umbono wentando yeningi ehlangeneyo, esebenza ngokusekelwe ekulungeni, ekulungiseni ukulunga, ukuthula, isivikelo, inhlalakahle, nenkululeko. Ukuqonda inkulumo ngayinye ye-Pregationstion kubaluleke ekuqondeni ifilosofi nesisekelo esisebenzayo sentando yentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Umbhalo Ophelele Nendaba Engokomlando

Isandulela sithi:

" Thina bantu base-United States, ngokulandelana ukuze sakhe i-Union ephelele kakhulu, simise ubulungisa, isiqinisekiso sokuvikela kwasekhaya, sinikeza i-Welfare, futhi siqinise izibusiso zeNkululeko kithi ngokwethu nePostry, simisa futhi simise lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho we-United States of America.[FLT]

Ithathwe ngo-1787 phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo ePhiladelphia, iGama lokuqala kwakuyincwadi kaGouverneur Morris, owayephethe iKomiti Yesitayela. Ulimi lwakhe lwalungabhekisi phambili futhi lungabhekisi phambili. Amazwi okuvula athi “Thina bantu” sashintsha futhi sathatha indawo yezihloko zezihloko ethi“ Thina Bathumeli Abangaphansi kwezwe lase-Australia” futhi sagomela ukuthi igunya loMthetho-mthetho ligeleza ngokuqondile lisuka esakhamuzini saseMelika, hhayi emibusweni. Ngesikhathi lapho imibuso yenkosi nemibuso ibusa umhlaba, lokhu kwakuyisimemezelo esikhulu sobukhosi obuthandwayo.

I-Pregdage yagunyazwa kanye nalo lonke uMthetho-sisekelo ngo-1788. Awukalungiswa, futhi ulimi lwawo lusalokhu lunamandla namuhla njengoba kwakunjalo ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili. Ukubheka ngokujulile inqubo yokudweba, Izinqolobane zesizwe [ zinikeza izinhloli zokuqala nenothi zomlando.

Ukuphula Izimiso Eziyisithupha Eziyinhloko

Inkulumo ngayinye esethulweni iveza umgomo oyisisekelo wokubusa kwaseMelika. Lezi zimiso eziyisithupha azisebenzi njengemibono eqinile kodwa njengezibopho ezisekela isimiso sesizwe esingokomthetho nesezombangazwe.

1. “Thina Abantu” – Ubukhosi Obuthandwayo

Isici esiguqula kakhulu se-Pregay isimemezelo sayo sokuqala. Ngokubeka ubukhosi “kubantu,” abadansi benqaba ilungelo laphezulu lamakhosi futhi bamisa ukuthi igunya lezombangazwe lisuka emvumeni yababuswayo. Lesisimiso sifaka wonke amagatsha kahulumeni: izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziphendula abavoti, uMthetho-sisekelo ungaguqulwa ngenqubo yentando yeningi, futhi izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokunxusa ushintsho. Umqondo wobukhosi obuthandwayo uhlala uyisisekelo sokuzichaza kwezombangazwe kwaseMelika futhi uvame ukufakwa ezimpikiswaneni zokuvota nakwethathi hlangothi kwentando yeningi.

2. “Inhlangano ephelele kakhulu” – Ubunye besizwe nokwanda

Inkulumo ethi “uManyano oluphelele kakhulu” iyavuma ukuthi i-Union eyakhiwa ngaphansi kwe-The Farress yayingaphelele. AbaseFramers babefuna ukwakha isimiso sombuso esiqinile, esivumelanayo esingaxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezifunda, ukulawula intengiselwano yesifunda, futhi sibe nenkani ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe. Lo mgomo uye wavivinywa ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi kabuhlungu kakhulu phakathi neMpi Yombango (* kodwa uyaqhubeka njengobizo lobunye phakathi kwesifunda, kwezombangazwe, namasiko. Inhloso ye- “Ubumbani eliphelele” isikisela ukuthi umsebenzi wobunye awusoze waphela; isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe silwele ukuqinisa izibopho zohlanga olulodwa nenjongo.

3. “Ize kuqinise ubulungisa” – Ukubusa koMthetho nokulunga

Ubulungisa, ngomqondo womthetho-sisekelo, busho ukwakha isimiso somthetho esiphatha bonke abantu ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. AmaFramers amisa ijaji likahulumeni elinamandla okuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo nokuxazulula izingxabano. Ubizo lweSikhathi esiwumthetho lusekelwe ngokwezinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme, kusukela ku-Marbury v. Madison [ukusungula ukubukeza kokwahlulela] Brown v. Board of Education ] (eqe). Ibuye ifake emizamweni eqhubekayo yokulungisa ukwahlulela ukwahlulela komthetho, iqinisekisa isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi inyuse ukufinyelela ukumelela komthetho.

4. “Isiqinisekiso sokusiza ufezeko lwasekhaya” – Ukuthula Kwangaphakathi kanye nokuhleleka

Ukuthula kwasekhaya kubhekisela ekuthuleni emingceleni yezwe. AmaFramers ayeqaphela kakhulu isiphithiphithi esasiqubuke ngaphansi kwezihloko, ngokuphawulekayo uVukela kukaShay ka-1786-87, okubonisa ukuhluleka kukahulumeni oyinhloko ukugcina ukuthula. UMthetho-sisekelo wanikeza uhulumeni wezwe igunya lokuvimbela ukuvukela nokuqinisekisa umbuso ngamunye wezwe ukuba ube uhulumeni owesizwe. Namuhla, ukuthula kwasekhaya kuhlanganisa yonke into ebangelwa ukugcinwa komthetho kanye nokusabela ngenhlekelele ekuthunyelelweni ngokuthula kwegunya nesinqumo sempi yezenhlalo ngezimiso zentando yeningi.

5. “Isiqinisekiso sesivikelo esivamile” – Ukulondeka kwesizwe

I-National ulwelo oluyinhloko kahulumeni. I-Preggey icacisa ukuthi uhulumeni ukhona ukuze uvikele isizwe ekusongelelweni okungaphandle. Lesi simiso siye sathethelela ukwakhiwa kwebutho elimile, uMnyango wokhuselo, nethuluzi elikhulu lokuhlakanipha. Futhi isekela izivumelwano, izivumelwano ezinjenge-NATO, nokungenela kwezempi kwamanye amazwe. Inkulumo ibanzi ngamabomu, ivumela isizukulwane ngasinye ukuba sichaze isimo sokusongela kwokulondeka, kusukela ezimpini ezivamile kuya ekuhlaseleni kwe-ibhulobhu kanye nobuphekula.

6. “Philisa i-Welfare” – Ukuqoqa kahle

“ I-General Welfare” ingenye yezinkulumo eziphikiswana kakhulu emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo. Ngesikhathi sokudilizwa, yaqondwa njengesimiso esiqondisayo sokusebenzisa imali nesimiso sikahulumeni, hhayi njengesehlo esingekho sohlelo lukahulumeni. I-Framers yayihlose ukuba iSishaya-mthetho sisebenzise amandla aso akhankanyiwe (njengawokukhokha nokusebenzisa) ngezindlela ezizuzisa isizwe sonke, hhayi izithakazelo ezilinganiselwe. I-gamethiwe yasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ukulondeka kwe-Social, iMedicare, imisebenzi yezesisekelo, nezindlela zempilo yomphakathi. inikeza ukuhlazicwacwa kwaso okubanzi kwezwe ngezindlela zokuhlola indlela “inxala i-GOGOGeneral ."

7. “Sigcineleni Izibusiso Zenkululeko Nesikhathi Sethu” – Inkululeko Yezizukulwane Zamanje Nezesikhathi Esizayo

Inkululeko iwumqhele wemigomo ephambili. Abakhi be-Framers babefuna hhayi nje ukuvikela inkululeko yabo kuphela kodwa nokuyilondoloza kubo bonke abantu base-Melika besikhathi esizayo. Lokhu kuzimisela phakathi kwezizukulwane kuyisici esihlukanisayo soMthetho-sisekelo. “Inkululeko” eMsunguli ihlanganisa inkululeko kuhulumeni ozimele, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo empahla, inkululeko engokwenkolo, inkululeko yokukhuluma nokunyathelisa, nelungelo lokuhlanganyela ekubuseni. I-Bill of Rights kamuva indisa lezi sivikelo. Namuhla, ukulwela ukwandisa inkululeko (*), ukunqanda kwenkululeko, umthetho kahulumeni, ukulingana komphakathi, nomshado − iveza isithembiso se-Pregarday adverding, i-vove.

Indima Yesandulela Ekuchazeni Umthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba isiqalo singanikezi mibuso ethile kahulumeni noma siveze amalungelo angayedwa angaphoqelelwa enkantolo, sinobunzima obuphawulekayo. INkantolo Ephakeme ikhombe isaziso njengesiqondiso sokuqonda izinjongo zoMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, Marybry v. Madison [18] [1] [18] [iSikhulu seSishayamthetho] [iSikhathi] uJohn Marshall wanxusa amazwi egunya lomthetho ukuba athethelele ukubukeza komthetho. [[FLT:] Mcloch. [[FLT] v[FLT] [FLT] [18]]), iNkathi ikhomba lokubiza u-Preglatrycelorst" futhi “irmote" isekela i-Geneticscloneyn ye-Brantsty ye-United States.

I-Pregagery futhi isebenza njengesisekelo esiyisiphendu sempendulo enkulumweni yezombangazwe. Abameli bavame ukuyicaphuna ekhelini lokuqala, amalungu eSishaya-mthetho ayinxusa lapho emisa umthetho, futhi izakhamuzi ziwucaphuna ezincwadini zabahleli futhi ziwusho ngokuphikisa komphakathi. Yiphuzu elihlanganyelwe elisekela umqondo wokuthi idemokrasi yaseMelika iyiprojekthi eqhubekayo esekelwe evumelweni nasenjongweni.

Imfundo Nokufunda Ngesandla: Ukufundisa Isiqalo

Isiqalo singenye yemibhalo yokuqala engokomthetho-sisekelo abafundi baseMelika abahlangana nayo. Ivame ukubanjwa ngekhanda esikoleni sabaqalayo, kodwa ukubaluleka kwayo okugcwele kuvela ngokufunda ngokujulile esikoleni esiphakeme, esikoleni esiphakeme, nangaphandle. I-CBICO Prigits igcizelela isiqalo sokusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awuyona incwadi yomthetho oqinile kodwa uhlelo oluklanyelwe ukufinyelela izinto ezikhethekile. Izinhlangano ezifana neCBIC Education [[FLT:]]

Othisha basebenzisa isiqalo sokuvusa izingxoxo ngokuphathelene nokuthi “ubulungisa” bunjani, indlela“ ukuthula kwezenhlala - kahle” okulinganisela ngayo ukulondeka nenkululeko, nokuthi izimiso zikahulumeni wanamuhla ngempela “zithuthukisa inhlalakahle evamile.” Ngokuhlanganisa isiqalo sezembuyiselo ezindabeni zamanje zokwenza ushintsho lwezempilo, isimiso sokufuduka, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kanye nokulondeka kwesizwe kusiza abafundi babone ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uhlala uyicebo elibalulekile nelinamandla lokuzilawula.

Izithobo Zesikhathi Esizayo Nezinselele

Ngekhulu lama - 21, izimpikiswano eziphathelene namalungelo okuvota, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, ukulinganisela kwezezimali, ukuthutha, nobuchwepheshe konke kuthinta izithembiso eziyinhloko zeSingeniso.

Ubukhosi Obuthandwayo Enkathini Yezinombolo

“ Thina bantu” siye sathatha isilinganiso esisha ngamathuluzi e-technology. Izicelo zobungane, izenzo zobungane, nezimiso zokuvota ze-electronic zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke ngokuqondile ekubuseni. Kodwa izinselele ezinjengokungaqondi kahle, ukungenela kwamanye amazwe kokhetho, kanye nemibuzo ngokuhlola i-algorithm ehlola impilo yobukhosi obuthandwayo. Ukulondoloza ubuqotho obusungulwe kahle nokuvikela ukuvota kuyimfuneko ukuze kugcinwe isithembiso se-Pregetget siphila.

Ukufuna Ubunye Obuphelele Ngokwengeziwe Esizweni Esihlukene Phakathi

Ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe, izingxabano zesifunda, nokuhlukana kwezenhlalo kusongela inzuzo yobunye besizwe. Imizamo yokuhlukanisa, njengezimiso zenkonzo yesizwe, nezinhlelo zokuxoxa zomphakathi, iyimizamo yanamuhla “yokwakha iNhlangano ephelele ngokwengeziwe.” IPreggedge ikhumbuza amaMelika ukuthi ubunye budinga umsebenzi, isineke, nokuzimisela ukuthola isisekelo esifanayo.

Ubulungisa Nokulingana

Ukubizwa kwe- “Priviment Justice” kuholele ezinhlanganweni zokuhlelwa kwenguquko yezinhlanga, inguquko yamaphoyisa, ne-LGBTQ+ + amalungelo. Umthetho wophawu olunjengomthetho we-Loval Rights Act ka-1964 kanye noMthetho we-Voting Rights ka-1965 wawuzama ukwenza ubulungisa bube yiqiniso kubo bonke. Namuhla, izimpikiswano ngobulungisa bobugebengu, ukugcinwa kwesizwe, nesigwebo sokufa kuyaqhubeka kuvivinya ukuzimisela kwalesi simiso esisunguliwe.

Ukuphola Nenkulumo Yasekhaya

Ukubhikisha okunokuthula kanye nomthetho kubalulekile ekuthuleni kwasekhaya. Isehlo asifuni ukuba kuthule; sifune ukutshelwa ukuba kuhlonishwe amalungelo. Ukulinganisela ukuphepha komphakathi nenkululeko yokuhlangana kuseyinselele, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezikhathi zesiyaluyalu somphakathi. Ikhono likahulumeni lokulondoloza ukuhleleka kuyilapho ukuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi kuyisibonakaliso esiqondile salomgomo womthetho.

Ukuzivikela Okuvamile Ezweni Eliyinkimbinkimbi

Izinselele zokuphepha kwesizwe ziye zanda: ukusongela kweze-inthanethi, ubuphekula besayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ukwanda kwezikhali zenuzi, nokuntengantenga kwesimo sezulu. Isiqondiso sePregagery ‘ sokuvikela izikhali ezivamile” siye saholela eMnyango wezokuvikela, izinhlangano zobuhlakani, kanye nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nenkululeko yomphakathi, ukuqapha uhulumeni, kanye nezindleko zempi. Ukulinganisela ukulondeka nenkululeko kusenkingeni.

Umphakathi Ovamile Nomthetho Wezomnotho

Indinganiso yezenhlala- kahle isekela amanetha angokwenhlala- kahle anamuhla. Izimpikiswano ngosizo lwezempilo, ukungalingani kwemali etholakala emhlabeni wonke, nokusetshenziswa kwemali ewuhulumeni ezinjwayezini kanye nasemfundweni konke kuhlanganisa izincazelo eziphikisanayo zalokho “kuguqula i-Welfare” efunwa yi-Expression. I-Pregage ayinika izimiso ezithile eziqondile, kodwa iqinisekisa ukuthi umthwalo kahulumeni oyinhloko ungokwenhlalakahle yomphakathi wonke.

Ukuvikela Inkululeko Yezizukulwane Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuvikela inkululeko yezizukulwane ezizayo kuhilela ukulondoloza izinhlangano zentando yeningi, iphephandaba elikhululekile, igebe elizimele, kanye nesazi sezakhamuzi esifundile. Ukuhlanganisa izindaba ezifana nezindaba zomuntu siqu ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe, ukuqondisa kobuhlakani, nokuhlola isayensi yezinto eziphilayo kuletha usongo olusha enkulungweni yomuntu siqu. Ulimi oluphambili lwe-Pregear lukhuthaza ukucabanga okuthatha isikhathi eside: izinqumo ezenziwa namuhla kufanele zilondoloze inkululeko yalabo abangakazalwa.

Ifa Lesandulela: Isiqalo Esiphilayo Sencwadi Ephilayo

I-Pregagery ilokhu iyingxenye ebalulekile yenkolo yomphakathi waseMelika. Ishiwo ngekhanda emicikilishweni yemvelo, inyatheliswe ezingcebweni zikahulumeni, futhi inxuswa ngezinkulumo zokushisekela izwe. Ulimi lwayo luye lwashintshwa ezinye izizwe nezinhlangano ezifuna ukusungula izinkulumo zazo eziyisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, iCharter yeZizwe Ezihlangene iboleka izigqebhezana ezifanayo: “Thina zizwe zeZizwe Ezihlangene sizimisele... ukusindisa izizukulwane ezilandelayo enhlekeleleni yempi.”

Ukuhlakanipha kwendatshana kuncike ekufinyeleni kwayo. Ayinikezi amakhambi aqondile kodwa inikeza izisekelo zezimiso zezimiso. Inhlangano ngayinye enkulu emlandweni waseMelika − kusukela ekuqedweni nasekususweni nasekufushaneni kwezindawo ezizungezile kuya emalungelweni ezenhlalo nezindawo ezizungezile (amandla ayo okuziphatha abuyela ezithembisweni ze-Presegeing. Ibekela inselele ukubuza: Ingabe sisungula iNhlangano ephelele ngokwengeziwe? Ingabe sisungula ubulungisa? Ingabe sizigcinela inkululeko thina nezizukulwane zethu?

Isiphetho

Isethulo soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States asiyona nje isiqalo esingokomlando. Ikhampasi ekhomba ezingqondweni zobukhosi obuthandwayo, ubunye, ubulungisa, ukuthula, ukulondeka, inhlalakahle, nenkululeko. Nakuba inganikezi amalungelo aqikelelwayo, inikeza zonke izihloko kanye nokulungisa ngenjongo. Njengoba amaMelika ephikisana ngesiqondiso seRepublic yawo, i-Pregdary ihlala iyisikhumbuzo esinamandla salokho isizwe esifuna ukuba yikho kanye nezimiso okumelwe ziqondise uhambo lwaso.

Ukuhlola okwengeziwe kwethonya le-Preggy on American sourcent, izinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza izinto eziyinhloko eziyisisekelo, kuyilapho i- National Constitution Center[ inikeza imithombo ehambisana nezincwadi zezazi. Lezi zikhungo zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isimemo se-Pregquot siyaqhubeka sihlanganisa izizukulwane zonke.