Kunoma yisiphi idemokrasi esifanelwe yigama, umthetho uyisinsika esiwuchazayo. Futhi emnyombweni womthetho kunezikhombi ezizimele ezikwaziyo ukuchaza nokusebenzisa umthetho ongenazingcindezi, ithonya, noma ukwesaba. Ngaphandle kwezinkantolo ezizimele, amalungelo nenkululeko izakhamuzi ezithathwa kalula ziba izithembiso eziphulwa kalula yilabo abasemandleni. Izinkantolo ze- Independent azisona isici esivelele sentando yeningi; ziyinqubo eyenza idemokhrasi ibe yangempela, iqiniseke ukuthi akekho noyedwa uhulumeni ophakeme kunayo.

Isisekelo Sokubusa Kwentando Yeningi

Umphakathi wentando yeningi wakhiwe ngomqondo wokuthi amandla kumelwe alinganiselwe futhi abekelwe icala. Izinkantolo ezizimele zisebenza njengenhlangano eyinhloko yokumisa leso simiso. Uma amajaji enganquma amacala asekelwe kuphela emthethweni nasebufakazini, ngaphandle kokukhathalela ukuphindisela kwezombangazwe noma umbono othandwayo, bakha isimo esizinzile lapho izakhamuzi zingathemba ukuthi izikhalo zazo ziyozwakala kahle. Lokhu kudinga ukuthula kwezenhlalo, ukukhula kwezomnotho, kanye nokudluliselwa ngokuthula kwamandla. Ngaphandle kwawo, i-democratic ifaka engozini yokulawulwa kwemithetho noma isiphithiphithiphithi.

Inkululeko yejaji ayikona nje ukuvikela abantu esifundazweni. Iqinisekisa futhi ukuthi amagatsha kahulumeni ahlukene ahlala phakathi kwemingcele yawo engokomthetho. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingamisa imithetho ephula amalungelo ayisisekelo noma edlula igunya lomthetho. Ingaphoqelela umphathi ukuba alandele izinqubo ezifanele futhi alungise izenzo ezingekho emthethweni. Lesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela yilokho okuhlukanisa idemokratial yentando yeningi kuhulumeni wentando yeningi lapho iningi lingacindezela khona amaqembu ambalwa ngaphandle kokucela imvume. Ukuhlola okujulile ngendlela inkululeko yokwahlulela esekela ngayo ukuqina kwentando yentando yeningi, i-Open Society Agastice Identificture inikeza ukucwaninga okukhulu nezocwaningo.

Umtapo We - diasicial Day

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani izinkantolo ezizimele zibalulekile, kuyasiza ukuhlola imithwalo yemfanelo ethile eziyifezayo embusweni wentando yeningi. Le misebenzi idlulela ngalé kokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezigaba zabantu.

Ukusekela Umyalo Womthetho - sisekelo

Iningi ledemokrasi linemithetho-sisekelo ebhaliwe emisa imithetho eyisisekelo yokubusa. Izinkantolo ezizimele zisebenza njengabavikeli balowomthetho-sisekelo. Uma umthetho noma isenzo sokubusa singqubuzana nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, izinkantolo zinamandla (* kanye nesibopho) sokuzimemezela zingasebenzi. Lendima, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi ukubukeza kokwahlulela, idinga abahluleli ukuba basebenzise umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo kanye nesibonelo ngaphandle kokuzihoxa ekucindezeleni okuthandwayo noma ukuxoxiswa kwezombangazwe. Icala elifana [amarbury v.mage eUnited States yamisa leligunya njengetshe lentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Nenkululeko Yomuntu Ngamunye

Imibuso iqinisekisa amalungelo athile, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ingqungquthela, nenqubo efanele. Lamalungelo abaluleke kakhulu uma inkantolo engenandlundlu-mthetho ikwazi ukuwamisa. Uma imizamo kahulumeni yokuqeda ukungavumelani, ukuvimbela umkhuba ongokwenkolo, noma ukubopha abantu ngokungenanhloso, abantu ngabanye kumelwe bangene enkantolo ezobalalela icala labo futhi bakhiphe umthetho ofanele. Izinkantolo ze-exependent ziqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo awathembisi nje iphepha kodwa aqinisekisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkanto e- i-Euan Court of Human Rights [] ibone ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi anecala lokwephula umthetho, ibonisa indlela izinkantolo zokwahlulela ezingomthetho ezingomthetho ezingondlekile ezisekela ngayo amalungelo ngisho nalapho zingaphansi kokucindezelwa.

Ukuxazulula Izingxabano Ngokungakhethi

Ngaphandle kwamacala omthetho-sisekelo namalungelo, izinkantolo ezizimele zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho − izimpikiswano ezinkulu, impahla, izindaba zomkhaya, amacala obugebengu. Kuzo zonke lezi, amaqembu kumelwe athembe ukuthi umahluleli akanaso isigxobo somuntu siqu futhi uyosebenzisa umthetho ngokungathathi hlangothi. Lokhu kungakhethi yikho okwenza umthetho ube yinto engokoqobo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngaphandle kwawo, izindleko zezomnotho ziba yingozi, ubugebengu buhamba ngokungenasijeziso, futhi umphakathi uba indawo okungase kuwenze uphumelele kuyo.

Ukuba Nesibopho Sokulandisa Ngamandla

Izinkantolo ezizimele zisebenza njengendlela yokulandisa. Izikhulu zomphakathi, kusukela kubaphathi bendawo kuya kumanhloko kahulumeni, zingalethwa phambi kwenkantolo lapho zidlula igunya noma zephula umthetho. Izinkantolo zingayala ukuba kukhululwe abantu abavalelwe ngokungafanele, zidinga ukubonakala ezinqumweni zikahulumeni, futhi zibeke izijeziso zokungalawuleki okungokomthetho. Lo msebenzi wokuziphendulela ubalulekile ekunqandeni ukonakala nasekuvimbeleni ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla kahulumeni. Emazweni amaningi, izinkantolo ezikhethekile ezimelene nokungalawuleki zimisiwe ukuba zifake izigqeqebhezana emahhovisi aphezulu, zithembele ekumelaneni komthetho ukuze zimelane nokuphazamisa kwezombangazwe. [[FLT:] Iproject ye-World Proct

Okwenza Ukuzibusa Kokwahlulela Kungabi Nandlela Yokuzivikela

Ukubaluleka kwezinkantolo ezizimele akuyona into ecatshangelwayo; kunemiphumela esobala kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwentando yeningi.

Ukuvimbela Ukuqiniswa Kwamandla

Ukugcwala kwamandla kunoma yiliphi igatsha likahulumeni kusongela idemokrasi. Izinkantolo ze- Independent zisebenza njengesehlakalo sokuqeda, ziqinisekisa ukuthi umphathi noma isishayamthetho ngeke abuse isimiso sezombangazwe. Uma uhulumeni engathonya abahluleli, uzuza igunya elinganqandwayo lokuchaza imithetho esekela abaphikisi, nokungabekeli imithetho engokomthetho ewumthetho. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi izinyathelo zokuqala zokubusa ngempoqo ngokuvamile zihilela ukululaza inkantolo yamajaji (hdmishobhi), ukulahla abahluleli, noma ukubeka izinkantolo eziqinile nabaqotho. Ngokungafani, imibuso eqinile yokuzibusa isebenza phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho, ilondoloza ukwahlukana kwemibuso.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukulingwa Okuqotho Nenqubo Efanele

Wonke umuntu omangalelwa ngobugebengu noma ohilelekile empikiswaneni engokomthetho ufanelwe ukuqulwa kwecala. Izinkantolo ze- Independent ziqinisekisa ukuthi amacala aqulwa ngokwezinqubo ezimisiwe, ngaphandle kobandlululo, ukwesatshiswa, noma ukuqondisa okungaphandle. Inqubo elandelanayo ihlanganisa ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ukunikeza ubufakazi, ukuqulisa ofakazi, nokudlulisa izinqumo. Uma izinkantolo zingazimele, lamalungelo angashaywa indiva. Abaphikisi bezombangazwe bangabekwa icala emacaleni aqinile, abambalwa bangathola izigwebo ezinzima, futhi abacebile bangathenga izigwebo ezivumayo. Icala liyitshebe lokuqiniseka komphakathi, nokuthi ukuqiniseka kunyamala lapho izinkantolo zibhekwa njengamathuluzi anamandla.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuqina Kwezomnotho Nokutshala Imali

Amabhizinisi nabathengisi badinga izimo ezingokomthetho eziqondiswe kusengaphambili ukuze ziphumelele. Izinkantolo ze- Independent ziqinisekisa izivumelwano, zivikela amalungelo empahla, futhi zixazulule izingxabano zezentengiselwano ngokuphumelelayo nangokungakhethi. Uma inkantolo yezwe ibhekwa njengeyonakele noma engaphansi kokuphazamisa kwezombangazwe, ukuthengwa kwemali nokuwohloka kwezomnotho. Izinhlangano zezezimali nezinhlangano ezihlela ukukhokhwa kwemali zivame ukuhlaziya ukuzimela kokwahlulela njengemfakela yengozi yezwe. Ngakho ukuqinisa izinkantolo akuyona imfuneko yentando yentando yeningi kodwa futhi eyokwezomnotho. Brenan Center yeJastive yeJastial[ ishicilela ukuhlolelanan ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwenkululeko yokwahlulela nokuchuma kwezomnotho.

Ukulondoloza Ukwethemba Umphakathi Ezinhlanganweni

Imibuso incike ekusebenziseni igunya, ($__________________________________________________zikhomba ukuthi izinhlangano zilungile futhi zifanelwe ukulalelwa.

Izinselele Ezisongela Ukuzibusa Kokwahlulela

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo okubucayi, ukuzimela kokwahlulela kubhekana nezinselele ezingapheli ngisho nasembusweni wentando yeningi omisiwe.

Ukuhlangana Kwezombangazwe Nokunqwabelana Kwenkantolo

Usongo oluqondile luvela ezikhulwini ezikhethelwe ukuthonya izinqumo zenkantolo. Lokhu kungenzeka ngokugxeka komphakathi abahluleli, izinsongo ezikhohliswayo ezinkantolo ezidukisiwe, noma amaqhinga emithetho okususa ukubusa emacaleni athile. Uhlobo olungabonakali kakhulu yinkantolo elahla izikhalazo zenkantolo, abahluleli abalindele ukubusa ngokuvuna izinqumo zezombangazwe zikahulumeni kunokuba basebenzise umthetho ngokungakhethi. Eminyakeni yamuva, amazwe amaningana aye abona izinguquko eziye zagxilisa amandla phezu kwezinqumo zokwahlulela esikhuluni, ukuphakamisa izikhalo zokukhukhuleka kwenkululeko. Ngisho nasezindaweni ezimide, izimpikiswano zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zaba yize kakhulu kunemithetho esemthethweni, ivivinya imingcele yokwahlulela ngokungakhethi.

Imithombo Yamandla Nezimiso Ezinganele

Izinkantolo azinakusebenza ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali eyanele, izisebenzi, nezakhiwo ezisemzimbeni. Amajaji akhokhelwayo angachayeka ekufumbathiseni; izinkantolo eziminyene zibangela ukulibala okuthatha isikhathi eside okungahambisani nobulungisa. Uma ohulumeni bebulala imithombo yezimali ngamabomu, balulaza ikhono lazo lokuzisebenzela. Umthetho ongapheli wokuzilawula ungaphoqelela futhi uphoqelele izinkantolo ukuba zihlele amacala athile noma zithembele eminikelweni yomuntu siqu, zibangele izingxabano zesithakazelo. Ikhodiyu elihlangene kahle liyitshe lokuzimela lokuzibusa. Ukuzinqumela imali kubekwa kahle futhi kuvikelwe ekusebenziseni izimali zezombangazwe kuyimpicalulo eqhubekayo.

Usongo Nokwesaba Abahluleli

Abahluleli nemikhaya yabo bangahlaselwa ubudlova, ukusongelwa ngokufa, ukuhlukunyezwa nge - Internet, nokungatholi mpilo. Kwamanye amazwe, izinhlangano zobugebengu noma abashisekeli bezombangazwe bahlasela abahluleli abalwa nezinzuzo zabo. Uma uhulumeni uhluleka ukunikeza ukulondeka okwanele, abahluleli bangase bazinikeze, bagweme amacala aphikisanayo, noma bayeke. Emacaleni anzima, ukubulawa kwabahluleli kuye kwenzeka ngaphandle kwesijeziso. Ukuvikela ukulondeka ngokomzimba nenhlalakahle engokwengqondo yezikhulu zokwahlulela kubalulekile ekulondolozeni imingcele ezimele. Lokhu kudinga kokubili ukulondeka okuqinile kanye nempucuko elahla ukuhlasela ezinkantolo.

Ukonakala Nokuntuleka Kwecala

Ngokuhlekisayo, ukuzimela kokwahlulela kungalulazwa futhi ukuntula ukulandisa kokwahlulela ngokwako. Uma amajaji onakele, ekhethayo, noma engathembekile, umphakathi ulahlekelwa ukwethemba esimisweni sonke. Izinkantolo ezizimele kumelwe zihlanganiswe nezindinganiso eziqinile zokuziphatha, izinqubo zokumisa ngokukhanyayo, nezindlela zokuyala ukuziphatha okubi ngaphandle kokuphula umthetho. Ukulinganisela kunzima. Ukuphatha ngokunamandla kungasongela amajaji, nakuba ukulandisa okungenamandla kuvumela ukuxhashazwa. Amazwe amaningi amise imikhandlu yokwahlulela ukuba ilawule, kodwa la makhandlu azimele kumelwe azimele ekulawuleni kwezombangazwe.

Indlela Yokulondoloza Ukuzimela Kokwahlulela

Ukuvikela inkululeko yokwahlulela kudinga ukuhlanganiswa kwezinyathelo ezingokomthetho, ezingokwezinhlangano nezingokwesiko. Alikho ikhambi elisebenzayo kuyo yonke indawo, kodwa izindlela eziningana eziqinisekisiwe zingaqinisa izinkantolo ekuvinjelweni.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesemithetho

Isisekelo esiqinile sokuzimela kokwahlulela siwumthetho-sisekelo oqinisekisa ngokucacile. Amalungiselelo okuphila noma amagama amisiwe isikhathi eside, isivikelo ekususweni ngokwempoqo, kanye namaholo alondekile ziyizisivikelo ezivamile. Imithetho eminingi imisa futhi izinhlelo zenkonzo yokwahlulela ezizimele zokusingatha ukumiswa, ukunyuselwa, nokuyalwa, ukuvikela abahluleli ekulawuleni okuqondile kwezombangazwe. Izivumelwano zezizwe zonke, njenge UN Scient Parivement Principles on the Independence of the Judiary, zinikeza iziqondiso ezingathathwa amazwe. Nokho, isivikelo somthetho wesigqeqeshiclo sinamandla kakhulu njengaleyo efuna ukugcinwa yizo.

Ukumiswa okubonisa ngale nokusekelwe ku-Mit

Indlela abahluleli abakhethwa ngayo ingasiza ekukhetheni abafanelekayo ababophekile ebulungisani. Ukukhetha okuncike ekumisweni kwezombangazwe kuphela ngokuvamile kwenza abahluleli ababukele igunya elimisiwe. Ngokuphambene, izinqubo ezihilela imikhandlu yokwahlulela, iziphakamiso ezizimele, noma amakhomishani ahlukene kakhulu anamalungu ahlukahlukene kungasiza ekukhetheni abafanelekele ukubuswa ngokungakhethi. Ukubheka phambili ekuhlolweni okungahlolwanga kahle nokuzwa umphakathi kuvumela ukuhlolisiswa. Amazwe amaningi aye aguqula izimiso zawo ukuze anciphise ithonya le-Roundation, nakuba kungekho programa ephelele. Isihluthulelo siwukulinganisela ekungeneni kwentando yeningi nesidingo sokuvimbela ukuthunjwa yiliphi igatsha elilodwa.

Imfundo Yokwahlulela Nobuchwepheshe

Ukuqeqesha amajaji aqonde ukubaluleka kokuzimela nokuziphatha okuhle kubalulekile. Izikole eziningi zokwahlulela zinikeza imfundo eqhubekayo ngomthetho, amalungelo abantu, nokwenza izinqumo ngokungakhethi. Impucuko eqinile inqanda amajaji ukufuna ukuvunyelwa ngaphandle futhi iqinise umsebenzi wawo wokubusa ngokusekelwe emthethweni kuphela. Ukubukeza nokwelulekana kontanga kungasiza futhi amajaji amasha alawula ukucindezela kwezombangazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinxulumani zokwahlulela kanye nezinyunyana ngokuvamile zisekela umphakathi ukuze athole inkululeko futhi zisebenze njengamazwi ahlangene ngokumelene nokuphazanyiswa.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekuqapheleni Umphakathi Nomphakathi

Izakhamuzi ezivamile zinendima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni izinkantolo. Uma umphakathi uqonda indlela izinkantolo ezizimele ezivikela ngayo amalungelo azo, zisengozini enkulu yokumelana nemizamo yokuziqeda. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zingalawula ukuzimela kokwahlulela, ukusongela, nokuzikhuthaza. Izehlakalo zezindaba zezinqumo zenkantolo nokuhlasela komahluleli zitshela umphakathi futhi zibangele ukulandisa. Ukucindezelwa komphakathi, ukunxusa, imiphumela yokukhetha, kanye nemiphumela emisha. Emazweni amaningana, ukuphikisa kuye kwaphumelela ekululazeni ukumelana nokuzibusa komthetho. Imfundo ngomthetho ezikoleni isiza ukuba kwakhiwe izinhlangano ezibaluleke kakhulu kunemingcele yezombangazwe.

Isiphetho: Ukuzibusa Kuwumthwalo Wemfanelo Ongapheli

Izinkantolo ezizimele aziyona indlela yokunethezeka yentando yeningi; ziyinqubo eyenza umsebenzi wedemokrasi. Ziqinisa umthetho-sisekelo, zivikela amalungelo, ziqinisekisa ukuqulwa ngokulunga, futhi zinegunya lokulandisa. Kodwa ukuzimela akunakuvikelwa unomphela. Kumelwe kuvikelwe ngokumelene nesifiso sezombangazwe, ukuswela izimali, ukwesabisa, nokunganyani. Impilo yentando yeningi yentando yeningi ingalinganiswa ngezwe layo lobudemokhrasi. Uma izinkantolo zinamandla futhi zizibusa, ubulungisa bukhona. Uma zibuthakathaka, umnyango uvule impoqo nengcindezelo. Wonke umuntu obheka inkululeko nokulinganisa isilinganiso unakho ugoqo ukuze avikele inkululeko yezinkantolo. Umsebenzi uyaqhubeka, kodwa umphakathi lapho imithetho ibusa khona, hhayi abantu ngabanye, futhi iwufanele yonke imizamo.