Ukuvela kwezenhlalo zezokuxhumana kuye kwashintsha indlela abantu abaxhumana ngayo, bahlanganyela ulwazi, futhi bahlanganyela enkulumweni yasobala. AmaPlatform anjenge-Twitter, Facebook, i-Instagram, i-Tik Tok, ne-YouTube aye adale amathuba angakaze abonwe ngaphambili okungaxoxwa nawokuxoxa nokuphikisana ngayo, ukuthonya idemokrasi ngezindlela ezazingacatshangelwa eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule. Nakuba lamathuluzi enikeza amandla amakhulu okuba nesabelo sokuhlukanisa ulwazi, aveza futhi akwanelisa ukuhlelwa kwemininingwane yolwazi, aveza nezibonelo ezibanzi zokhetho, kanye nendwangu yokubusa kwentando yeningi. Lesi sihloko sihlola ithonya elicacile lezezezeze kwezomphakathi enkulu nezici zesimiso somphakathi ezingenisweni zentando yentando yeningi, ukudweba ukudwetshwa kwamuva kwezenculo yamuva nenculo yangempela ukuze kuhlolwe ukuhlolwa.

Ukwanda Kwemithombo Yezenhlalo: Amandla Okushintsha

Imithombo yezokuxhumana yavela ekuqaleni kwawo- 2000, isuka emamathuluzini okuxhumana alula anjenge-Fernter and MySpace ibe yizintsokothi, izimiso ze-algorith-algorith ezilawula umbono womphakathi manje ngesilinganiso somhlaba wonke. Ukukhula okusheshayo kwala mapulatifomu ngokuyisisekelo kuye kwashintsha indlela izindaba ezisakazwa ngayo, eziqedwe ngayo, futhi ziqinisekiswe ngayo. Namuhla, abantu abangaphezu kwesigamu emhlabeni wonke basebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana, nesilinganiso semisebenzi yansuku zonke edlula amahora amabili ngalowo msebenzisi. Lokhu kushicishishiwe okukhulu kuye kwadala ulwazi lapho abagcini bamasango angokwesiko, abahleli, nabaculi bezemfundo − kaningi kuncintisana nokuhlolwa ngethonya, imithombo engagunyaziwe, nabaqondisi bezimoto.

  • Ukwandiswa kokutholakala kokwaziswa:[ inciphisa imingcele ekunyatheliseni nasekuhlanganyeleni, yenza noma ubani ohlangene ne-inthanethi ukuba asakaze isigijimi sakhe. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekusakazeni okuqukethweyo okungakholeki nokungabazeki.
  • ubudlelwane phakathi kwabasebenzisi: imingcele ye-econography nempucuko ifiphele, ikhuthaza ukuhwebelana okunganqamlezi kodwa futhi yenza ukuba ukusakazeka okusheshayo kwenkulumo - ze kanye nemibono ethathelwanayo.
  • Ukuvuselelwa kwangempela kwezenzakalo: Izindaba eziphulwayo manje zivame ukudlula kuqala kumphakathi wezokuxhumana, njengoba kubonakala phakathi ne-Arabian Spring, i-2020 Ferguson, nobhadane lobu-2020. Nokho, ijubane lokusakaza ngokuvamile lidlula ukuphenya amaqiniso, okuholela ekudukisweni okusakazekile.
  • Ukupheka okune-algalorithmic: amaPlatform asebenzisa umshini ukuze afunde ukuzondla umuntu, andise ukuthembisana kodwa ngokuvamile adale amaqabunga aqinisa izinkolelo zabasebenzisi abakhona futhi alinganisele ukuchayeka emibonweni ehlukahlukene.

Ukuvela kwezenhlalo zezokuxhumana kuye kwashintsha futhi amandla anamandla emithonjeni yezindaba. Inzuzo yokukhangisa eyayisekela ukusakazwa kwezincwadi manje igeleza ezindaweni ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe, inengxenye ekuncipheni kwezindaba zomphakathi nombiko wobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kukhishwa kwemidiyamu yendabuko kuye kwashiya isikhala esigcwele imithombo yezokuxhumana ngokuvamile encikene nesilinganiso esiphansi noma ukuhlukahlukahluka.

Indima Yemithombo Yezindaba

Inkulumo yeningi ibhekisela ekuxhumeni kwemibono enqubweni yezenhlalakahle mayelana nezindaba zezenhlalo − isisekelo sanoma yimuphi uhulumeni wentando yeningi osebenzayo. Imithombo yezokuxhumana iye yaba inkundla eyinhloko yalenkulumo, ivumela abayisebenzisayo ukuba baveze imicabango yabo, bahlanganyele nabanye, futhi bahlele inqubo. Nokho, izinga nokunganaki kwalenkulumo kuyimpikiswano eshubile.

Isihluthulelo sendima yezokuxhumana enkulumweni yeningi zihlanganisa okulandelayo:

  • Ukubekwa phambili kwe-Woudies: Amaqembu ancishiswe ngokwengokomlando ("racial system]) amaqembu amancane, LGBTQ+ abantu abakhubazekile, abantu abasebenzisa izembuyiselo zezokuxhumana ukuze bahlanganyele imibono nokuhlangenwe nakho ngaphambili okwakunganakwa noma okucindezelwe. Imiza efana #MredLivesMatter kanye ne-#-Metoo yazuza i-galelo lomhlaba wonke ngenxa yamandla aphezulu ezimiso zezenhlalo. Le-democractation iyithonya elihle lokuhlanganisa i-democratic.
  • Ulwazi olunemiphumela: Ukuqukethwe kungasakazeka ngokushesha ngaphesheya kwemifelandawonye, kuthonya umbono womphakathi futhi kukhuthaza ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokwesilinganiso esingakaze sibonwe ngaphambili. Ukusukela ekufakeni imali yokukhululeka kwenhlekelele kuya ekuhleleni ukubhikisha kwezombangazwe, imikhankaso yamagciwane ibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba imithombo yezokuxhumana iqhube izivumelwano zomphakathi. Nokho, ukudukiswa kwamagciwane kungaba namandla amakhulu ngokufanayo, kubangele umonakalo ngaphambi kokuba izigwebo zifinyele.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nokulungisa: Abasebenzisi bangahlanganyela ngokuqondile nezazi zezombangazwe, izintatheli, nosaziwayo, bathuthukise umuzwa womphakathi nokulandisa. Amahholo edolobha e-Twitter futhi aphile e-Q&A ezimisweni ze-Istagram afiphaza umehluko phakathi kwezibalo zomphakathi nezilaleli, okwenza abezombangazwe bafinyeleleke kakhulu [1] kodwa futhi bathambekele kakhulu ekuhlukunyezweni nasekubhujisweni.
  • Ukuveza iNtshumayelo: Esikhundleni sesikwele esisodwa somphakathi, imithombo yezokuxhumana yakha indawo engenakubalwa lapho abasebenzisi abanezingqondo eziqinile khona baqinisa imibono yomunye nomunye. Lokhu kuhlukana kunganciphisa isisekelo esifanayo esidingekayo ekuhlolwani ngentando yeningi, okuholela kumphumela "egumbi le-ocho" lapho izimpikiswano eziphikisanayo zivame ukuhlangatshezwana khona noma zicatshangelwa ngokungathi sína.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, yona kanye indlela yokuxhumana nge-inthanethi (i-internet), ukuhlangana, ukuntuleka kwenkulumo engasebenzisi i-albalcues . Ukuzitika nokuhlasela komuntu siqu kuvamile, kudumaza ukuxoxa okunengqondo nokukhipha amazwi alinganiselwe. Umphumela uba imbulunga yomphakathi evame ukuhlukahluka kakhulu futhi encishiswa kakhulu kunaleyo ekhona.

Umphumela Kuhulumeni Wentando Yeningi

Ithonya lezokuxhumana lidlulela ekujuleni kwezwe lentando yeningi, lithinta ukuthatha igalelo kwezombangazwe, izinqubo zokukhetha, nokuthembela ezinhlanganweni. Amaphuzu alandelayo aqokomisa ithonya lalo eliyizinhlobonhlobo:

  • I-Palithical Campaning: Ama-Candidant namatheko manje athembele kakhulu kumphakathi wezokuxhumana ukuze aphume, abheke izakhamuzi ezithile ngemiyalezo engalawuleki. Ukusebenzisa ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezithakazelo zabasebenzisi, indawo, kanye nokuziphatha . /Ivumela imikhankaso yokukhangisa okungenziwa ngokunye okungayekelela abavoti. U-2016 U.S. ukhetho lomongameli nokhetho lwamashumi amabili ama-19 lwamaNdiya kuyizibonelo ezicacile zokuthimba izinhlelo zezokuxhumana okuthuthukisa izenhlalo.
  • I-voteriumumumza:[ Imikhankaso yezokuxhumana yezenhlala-khaya iye yaphumelela ekwandiseni ukubhalisa nokubuya kwamavoti, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha. AmaPlatform anjenge-Snapchat ne-Instagram asebenza nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukunikeza ukubhalisa nokukhumbuza. Nokho, imizamo yokuhlanganisa ingasetshenziswa futhi ekuvimbeleni ukubhadula, njengokusakaza ukwaziswa okudukisayo mayelana nezindawo zokuhlola noma izimfuneko zokubonakalisa.
  • I-Diffixotion and Misformation: Ukusakazwa ngamabomu kokwaziswa okungamanga − 2016/_amaims ukululaza ukwethemba izinhlangano zentando yeningi, ukuhlwayela, nokususa ukudideka komphakathi. IMisformation, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqukethe okungamanga ngaphandle kwenhloso embi kodwa okusalimazayo. Zombili izenzakalo ziye zabhalwa okhethweni emhlabeni wonke, kusukela ku-2016 Brexit i-endendium kuya ku-2020.S. Unyulo lukamongameli wobumongameli. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izindaba ezidaliweyo, izithombe ezidaliweyo, izithombe ezidalwe, kanye namakhekhekhe efini okude kakhulu okunzima ukukuqaphela.
  • I-Interference yase-Expane: Izizwe ziye zasebenzisa imithombo yezomphakathi yezobusosha ukuze zingene ezinqubeni zentando yeningi zamanye amazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Internet Research Agency yaseRussia yakha ama-akhawunti enkohliso kanye nokwaneliswa kokuhlukana okukhula emphakathini waseMelika phakathi nokhetho luka-2016. Ukuphazamisa okufanayo kuye kwaboniswa kukhetho eFrance, eJalimane, e-Ukraine, nakwamanye amazwe amaningi.
  • Ukuguqula: Imithetho yezezindaba ebeka phambili ingxabano ngokomzwelo noma ehlukanisayo ingabangela ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe. Ucwaningo lwamashumi amabili ahlukene luthole ukuthi amaMelika athembele emithonjeni yezokuxhumana ukuze athole izindaba makhulu amathuba okuchayeka ekweqisa kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kuncintisana kwenza kube nzima kakhulu futhi kungaholela ekuntengantengeni kwentando yeningi.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, imithombo yezokuxhumana iqinisa idemokrasi ngezindlela ezibalulekile. Isiza izinhlangano ezisheshayo zokubhikisha (isizk., inhlangano yesambulela yaseHong Kong, ukubhikisha kwe-Belarus, ukuvukela kwabesifazane abangu - 2022 e-Iran). Inikeza indawo ephezulu yabavuli bempempendulu nabacosheli bezindaba ukuze badalule inkohlakalo.

Izinselele Ezibangelwa Imithombo Yezindaba

Nakuba imithombo yezokuxhumana inemiphumela eminingi emihle, ibuye ibe nezinselele ezinkulu ezingasongela kokubili inkulumo yeningi nempilo yentando yeningi.

  • Izikhonkwane nezihluzi: Abasebenzisi bavame ukuhileleka ngokuyinhloko nabantu abanezingqondo kanye nokuqukethwe okuhambisana nemibono yabo ekhona. Umthetho uhlanganisa lokhu ngokubonisa abasebenzisi abaningi kwalokho abakuthandayo, ukunciphisa ukuchayeka eziphakamisini. Lo mjikelezo wokuziguqula ngokwawo ungenza izinkolelo ziqine futhi wandise inzondo. Ucwaningo lwa 2019 olwanyatheliswa ku Science[ wathola ukuthi ukuchayeka imibono emelene nemithombo yezokuxhumana yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo empeleni kwanda ukuguqulwa kwezindawo ezikude kwezinye izimo zemvelo, kunokuba unciphise izinkolelo kanye ngendlela ethemba ngayo.
  • Ukuhlasela nokuhlukumeza: Ukungaqondakali nomgama onikezwa yizokuxhumana kungaveza ukuziphatha okubi kakhulu komphakathi. Ukuhlukunyezwa, inkulumo eyisilomo, nokusebenzisa i-inthanethi kudlangile, abesifazane abahlasela ngokungenakulinganiswa, izigaba ezimbalwa, nezibalo zezombangazwe. Imiphumela eshaqisayo yokuxhashazwa kwe-inthanethi ingathulisa amazwi futhi inqande ukuhlanganyela empikiswaneni yomphakathi. Nakuba amapulatifomu ethuthukise imizamo elinganiselayo, umthamo wento equketheyo ukwenze kungabi nakwenziwa amaphoyisa aphelele, nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho okungavumelani ukucwasa ubandlululo.
  • I-Algalithmic Bias and Vontactism: Imithetho ehlela izinto ezibangela ukuthembisana kwe-(clicks), efana, ehlanganyelayo, ukukhulumela. Okudingwa ngokomzwelo, okuvusa imizwelo, noma okushaqisayo kuvame ukwenza kangcono, kungakhathaliseki ukunemba kwayo. Lendlela eshukumisayo ibuyisela intukuthelo ngokuphambanisa idrama nokuhlola. Njengomphumela, ukudla okungokwenhlalisayo kungabuswa yizindo, ukucubungula ukuqonda nokwenza umphakathi ujikijeke izimpikiswano zezindaba ezinjengezokufuduka, ukusabela, ukukhathalela impilo, nokushintsha isimo sezulu.
  • Privtacy and Data Ukusebenzisa kabi: Isibonelo sezebhizinisi sezokuxhumana zomphakathi] esifakiwe ekukhangiseni okusekelwe ekwazisweni okubanzi kwemininingwane yezokuthunyelelwa kwe-inthanethi, /i-raise imicimbi yezomuntu siqu. I-data iyaphuka (umzk., i-Cambridge Analytica) nokusetshenziswa kabi kolwazi lomuntu siqu ekusebenziseni imposiso kwezombangazwe. Abasebenzisi bangaqeda ukuthembana. Uma besaba ukuthi umsebenzi wabo kulayini ye-intanethi uyalawulwa noma usetshenziswa, kululaza inkululeko ebalulekile yenkulumo yentando yeningi.
  • Amandla abekwe ngokwezimo-zinye: Izinhlangano ezimbalwa ezizimele ``Mita''], X (ngaphambili iTwitter), i-Google/UMnu, ByteDence(ulawula isikwele somphakathi. Izinqumo zabo ngokulinganisela kwenombolo, ushintsho lwemithetho, nezimiso zokukhangisa ziguqula kakhulu inkulumo yeningi. Lokhu kugcwala kwamandla kubeka ingozi ekulandiseni ngentando yeningi: izithakazelo zenkampani ngeke zihambisane nobuhle bomphakathi, futhi kulinganiselwe ukuqondisa kwentando yeningi.

Ukuvimbela Imiphumela Emibi

Beqaphela ukuthi lezi zinselele zinzima kangakanani, abadlali abaningi bazama ukunciphisa imiphumela emibi yezokuxhumana kuyilapho belondoloza izinzuzo zazo. Le mizamo ingena ezigabani eziningana:

  • I-Goverment Regation: Amazwe emhlabeni wonke azama imithetho ukwandisa ukulandisa kobupulti. I-European Union’s Depal Services Act iphonsa izibopho ezifanele zenkuthalo eziseziteshini zokulwa okuqukethwe yikho okungekho emthethweni nezingozi zesimiso sohlelo. E-United States, umthetho ohlongoniswayo njengomthetho wokubonisa izimpawu zokukhanya kweBiden kanye ne-Kids Online Safety Act ezimisele ukuvikela abasebenzisi. Nokho, umthetho kumelwe ulinganise ukulinganisela izidingo zenkululeko nesidingo sokunciphisa ukulimala.
  • Izifundo ezikhokhelwe zezemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo ephakathi: ezikoleni nasemiphakathini ihlose ukuhlomisela izakhamuzi ukuba zibe namakhono abucayi okucabanga ukuze zihlole ukwaziswa. Izinhlelo ezifana ne- News Linic Linic Project ne Stanford History Education Group’s “CCONC OnCreation” ukufundisa abafundi ukuqaphela ukungezwana okunganembile, ukuqonda ukukhokhelwa kwemithetho ye-almostic, nokuhlanganyela ngokusemthethweni kuyi-inthanethiyutha yokusebenza isikhathi eside enika abasebenzisi amandla okuba abathengi nabakhiqizi bezinto ezikuqukethe.
  • Inguquko yokwehlela nokuhlela Inguquko: Ezinye izinkampani zezezokuxhumana ziye zasabela ekugxekeni ngokulungisa i-algorithis ukuze zehlise izinga eliphansi noma okuhlukanisayo, ukwandisa ukubonakala kokukhangisa, kanye nokwandisa ubudlelwane obukhona. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Twitter (manje u-X) uqala izibonakaliso nezixwayiso ku-teyithithis ezidukisayo, kanti i-Facebook efakelwe ekunqabeni iqiniso lesithathu (nemiphumela exubile). Imibono eminingi eyisisekelo ihlanganisa ukuzondla ngokongasese, “njenge-imfihloba" nedinga ukubonakala kuyiqiniso ukuze kunciphe i-ocety.
  • [[FLT: 0] ICIVIL Society and Journalism: Izinhlangano ezingazuzi nzuzo, abacwaningi bezemfundo, nezintatheli zinendima ebalulekile ekugcineni amapulatifomu elandisa. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Expronic Foundation abameleli bamalungelo obuchwepheshe, kuyilapho amaqembu okucwaninga anjenga [FLT:]] i-Internatford Observation[[ ifunda nge-intelligate izinso. Izinhlangano ezihlola iqiniso (umz.g., Snopectals, PolictiF]) anikeza izijekezo ezifana ne-tegoult.

Ikusasa Lemithombo Yezindaba Nentando Yeningi

Njengoba imithombo yezokuxhumana iqhubeka iguquka, ubuhlobo bayo nentando yeningi nako buyoshintsha. Nakhu okunye ukuthambekela nentuthuko okungase kwenzeke esikhathini esizayo:

  • Ukubekwa ngokukhuliswa: Singalindela ukuqondisa okubanzi kakhulu kukahulumeni, ikakhulukazi emazweni entando yeningi akhathalela ukuthembeka kokhetho nokulondeka kwesizwe. I-DSA ye-EU izosebenza njengesibonelo seminye imikhakha. Nokho, ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kuzoba yinselele, futhi ukuvinjelwa ngokweqile kungavimbela ukusungulwa noma ukuphambaniswa kwenkululeko.
  • I-Platforms e-Anderticle ne-Alternative: Amapulatifomu amasha anjenge-Mastodon, Blusky, kanye nezinye izinhlanganisela ezinamabhukwana anezisekeli ezinama-bretchain anikeza ezinye izindlela ezifanele kunemithombo yezenhlala-mphakathi elawulwa yinkampani. La mapulatifomu anika abasebenzisi amandla engeziwe phezu kokwaziswa kwabo nezimiso zokulinganisela.
  • ASE-Driven Metal Modiction and Generation: Amathuluzi aphambili e-Al asetshenziselwa ukuzwa inkulumo yenzondo, ukuqamba amanga, futhi axhumaniswe nokuziphatha okungavumelani nalokhu ngesilinganiso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-generative AIA (njenge-ChantGT kanye nogesi wokuphehla izithombe) yenza kube lula ukwenza okuqukethwe yinkohliso. Umncintiswano wezikhali phakathi kokuthola nokwesizukulwane ukhule. Izinhlangano zedemokhrasi kumelwe zinqume ukuthi zilawula kanjani izikhangiso ze-ijini le projectives kanye nezimbayo ze-himfake.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Media Literations: Njengoba ukufunda nokubhala kwemitapo kuqashelwa njengekhono elibalulekile lesizwe, singalindela ukuhlanganiswa okwengeziwe kwemikhankaso yesikole neyomphakathi. Amazwe anjengeFinland kakade aseyenze ukufunda imedia kubaluleke kakhulu ezweni lonke, futhi impumelelo ekwazi ukumelana nokudukiswa.
  • Shift Alubhalisa Imiyalezo Yamathulusi: ngokuqhubekayo, inkulumo yeningi isuka kumapulatifomu isuka ezindaweni ezivulekile iye kuma-app ayimfihlo okuthumelelana imiyalezo njenge-Awassapp, i-Syntal, ne-Telegram. Lokhu kushintsha kunciphisa ikhono lokuhlola nokubhala okunganembile, njengoba amaqembu angazalela izakhiwo zozungu. I-Platforms ihlola izindlela zokukhuluma ngale ncazelo ngaphandle kokuyekethisa.

Ithonya lezembu jikelele lezembu jikelele alinqunywanga kusengaphambili. Lixhomeke ekukhetheni okwenziwa ohulumeni, izinkampani, umphakathi womphakathi, kanye nabantu abasebenzisa imishini. Imizamo yokuqinisa isimilo sentando yeningi nokuzimela kwezindawo kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithombo yezokuxhumana isebenza kunokuba iphazamise umsebenzi wentando yeningi.

Isiphetho

Imithombo yezindaba yomphakathi ingenamandla angenakuphikwa: inikeza amathuluzi anamandla okuthuthukisa izinkulumo zomphakathi, ukuthembisana, nokulandisa, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo iveza izinselele ezinkulu empilweni yentando yeningi ngokuhlukanisa isigaba sezwe elizimele, ukuchitha ulwazi, nokuhlukumeza. Ukuqonda ithonya layo eliyinkimbinkimbi kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isimo sedemokrasi esinempilo ekhulwini lama-21. Njengoba sihamba kule ndawo enyakazayo enyakazayo, kubalulekile ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo, ukukhuthaza ukukhulumisana okwakha phakathi kwamazwi ahlukene, futhi sibambe izitejikishi ngendima yazo zomphakathi. Ikusasa lentando yentando yeningi lingaxhomeke ekhonweni yethu yokuhlanganisa izingozi zayo lapho ihlobana, siqinisekisa ukuthi imithombo yezokuxhumana ihlala endaweni lapho izaziswe, indawo yengxoxo, futhi inqume kanye nekusasa labo abazozibo.