Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Esiwujuqu Sokungalaleli Kombango

Ukungalaleli kwangaphakathi kwangamabomu, ukwephulwa komthetho obala njengohlobo olujulile lokwephula umthetho, kusuka eBoston Tea Party kuya e-pastry ehlalwayo yezokudla yango-1960 kanye nesimo sezulu sanamuhla, izenzo zomthetho oqotho owephukayo ziye zavivinywa ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi zalungisa isimiso somthetho wezwe. UBill Wamalungelo Omthetho, ogunyazwe ngo1791, unikeza umthetho owenzelwe ukuvikela nokuvimbela izenzo ezinjalo. Ngokuqinisekisa inkululeko eyisisekelo yenkulumo, ingqungqungquthela, nokunxusa, uBill wenkululeko yamaLungelo uveza indawo lapho ukungavumelani kungaboniswa khona ngaphandle kokwenza ubudlova nobudlova − ngisho nalapho lokho kuphazamisana kanye. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zigwebo zichazwa kanjani ngokomthetho lapho zingekhona ukuvinjelwa kwezwe khona futhi zivinjelwe ngokugcwele.

Isisekelo Somlando: ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Njengetshe

ISichibiyelo sokuqala simi njengesisekelo esiyinhloko somthetho-mthethweni sokungalaleli kwesizwe. Izigaba zaso ezinhlanu `inkolo, inkulumo, imishini, ingqungquthela, nesicelo) ngokulandelana vikela imisebenzi eyinhloko eyenza kube khona ukubhikisha ngokuthula. Nakuba umbhalo olungisiweyo ulula (“ISiphendu angeke senze mthetho... ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yokunyathelisa; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo”), ukusebenza kwawo kokungalaleli komphakathi kuye kwaba yinto eqondile.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nenkulumo Engokomfanekiso

INkantolo Ephakeme iqaphelile isikhathi eside ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala asivikeli nje kuphela ukukhuluma noma amazwi alotshiwe kodwa futhi sihambisana nokuziphatha okucacile. Lesi simiso sibalulekile ekungalalelini komphakathi, lapho isenzo ngokwaso , ifulege, ibambe amangalo, iguqe phakathi kwengoma yesizwe, iguqe umyalezo. [FLT][1] [[FLT]] [i-Tin] v. Des Moindemental Comlity School [[FLT]] [[69]] [1] [69], iNkanto ekholelwa ukuthi abafundi abafake amabhandefu amnyama bemba ukubhikisha i-vithiwe i-Vietnam [impi]" babeboshelwa “ekufanele ukuvikelwa komthetho womthetho, ngaphandle kokuba isikole sibonise ukuthi ukuziphatha okuhle kakhulu kungathi kuhle okufundisa. [inte, i-stuomstion, i-ognognognomey i-ognomeyleturog

Nokho, akuzona zonke izenzo ezingokomfanekiso ezivikelwe. Uhulumeni angabeka imingcele enengqondo “ngesikhathi, indawo, nangendlela” ekukhulumeni obala, uma kugcwele i-njlon àneuthal, ehlotshiselwe ukunikeza isithakazelo sikahulumeni esibalulekile, futhi ushiya izindlela zokuxhumana ezivulekile. Lesisenzo sokulinganisela sisho ukuthi abangalaleli bangayisho nje ukuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala singenzele ukuvimbela izimoto noma ukuhlala esakhiwo sikahulumeni phakade; uhulumeni ungalawula izimpikiswano zokuphikisa ngaphandle kokuvimbela isigijimi.

Umhlangano Onokuthula Nelungelo Lokubutha

I-gamethi lomhlangano livikela ilungelo lokubuthana ngamaqembu ngezinjongo ezishoyo. Lesi isisekelo esiqondile somthetho sokumasha, imibuthano, nokubhikisha. Izinqumo ze-Landmark njenge-[FLT][FLT] .Hague v. Committee for Instrial Organization[[1939] [193]] [1939]) yaqinisekisa ukuthi imigwaqo, imizila yasemgwaqweqweni, namapaki kusobala lapho izakhamuzi zihlangana khona ukuze zixoxe ngezindaba zomphakathi. Inkantolo yahlasela phansi iJersey City I-gaviled eyayidinga imvume yanoma isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphiwo somhlangano noma umbukiso, isithiyo esimweni sokusetshenziswa kwesinqumo somphakathi ngaphandle kwesinqumo esisobala. Lendaba yabekwa isisekelo sesinqumo kamuva sokungaphikiswa kwezikhulu.

Ibalulekile ukuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela kuphela “umbuthano onokuthula”. Ukungalaleli komphakathi okuphenduka ubudlova kulahlekelwa isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Lomugqa, nakuba uvame ukuphikisa, uqinisa imfundiso engokwesiko yokungaphazanyiswa kobudlova: ukwephula umthetho ngendlela engenabudlova kulondoloza ukuzisholo okungokokuziphatha nokungokomthetho kokuvikela.

Ilungelo Lokunxusa Uhulumeni

Isicelo esidluliswayo − ngokuvamile singanakiwe kodwa sibalulekile ngokomlando — ilungelo lokusebenzisa “impoqo kuhulumeni ukuze kulungiswe izikhalo.” Lelilungelo liye lachazwa kabanzi ukuze lihlanganise ukumangalela, ukunxusa okuqondile ngokubhikisha. Icebo leNAACP phakathi kwe-Civil Rights Movement, ehlangene ne-lithiligication, imibhikisho yomphakathi, nokunxusa, libonisa indlela isicelo esingasetshenziswa ngayo ekubekezeleni imithetho engalungile ngezindlela eziningi. [NACP] v. Icebo. [[FLT] [12] [12] [12] [imperect:3], inkantolo ephakeme yahlasela ngayo umthetho we-Virginia i-Virginia eyokwenza abakhampathi bezelela ukuvikelwa kwe-NaPlactive.[Foctivestings provicessssting.[12] [19,[12]] [19]], i-G.6]

Izinqumo Ezengeziwe Ezikhuthaza Ukungalaleli Kombango

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala siwumnyombo oyinhloko, amanye amalungiselelo aseBill of Rights nawo athonya isimo esingokomthetho sokungalaleli komphakathi.

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

Abamangaleli, ikakhulukazi labo abahileleke ekungalalelini kwesizwe, basengozini yokuboshwa nokuseshwa. ISichibiyelo sesine sidinga ukuba ukuboshwa nokuseshwa kusekelwe entweni okungenzeka kubangelwe yisizathu futhi kuhlolwe ngemvume (noma phakathi kwezindawo ezimisiwe). Lokhu kuvimbela ikhono likahulumeni lokuvimbela ukuphikisa ngokuboshwa kwabantu noma ukuphenyiswa ngokungakhethi. [FLT]] [[FLT]] r v. Ohio[[[FLT][[FLT]] [[FLT] [[16]] [1968]], iNkathi iqaphela ukuthi amaphoyisa angase athathe isimilo esilinganiselwe “ukuva nokuhlola okungakhethi." uma enokusola okunengqondo kobugebengu, izinga elidingayo, ubuciko obungakaze. Nokho, phakathi komugqa omthetho ongokomthetho nowemthetho owe-mthetho owe-o; ngokuvamile inkantolo bekhomba izinkantolo eziqinile ngaphansi kwesivikelo, futhi benziswe isivikelo esiqhubekayo phakathi kwesilinganiso.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokungavumelani

Ilungelo lokuthula futhi ukwenqabela ukumelana nokuziphikisa kubaluleke kakhulu kubantu abangalaleli abangevalelwe. Abaphehli bezeluleko ngokuvamile bayakwenqaba ukuphendula imibuzo njengenkulumo yesimiso. Isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo sesihlanu senqubo efanele sidinga futhi ukuba uhulumeni anganciphisi muntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo engokomthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ababhikishi ababoshiwe banelungelo lokuqulwa ngesikhathi esifanele, ukumelelwa okungokomthetho, nethuba lokunikeza isivikelo, kuhlanganise nezimpikiswano zokuthi izenzo zabo zivikelwe ngokwemithetho.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili ephakeme, inhlawulo ephakeme, nesijeziso esinesihluku nesingavamile. Leli lungiselelo liye lavezwa ngezinselele ekuphathweni kwababhikishi, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwegesi yezinyembezi, izinhlamvu zenjoloba, nezinye izinyathelo zokulawula. [[FLT]] [FLT]] Ithemba v. Pelzer [[FLT]] [200]] [200], iNkantolo ibambelele ukuthi “ukunganaki kweziboshwa kunakho ukuvikela” konogadathiso lokuvikela iziboshwa ijele kusenze isijeziso esinonya nesijeziso esingavamile. Nakuba icala lingahileli ukuchayeka okungakaze, kwaveza ukuthi ngisho nokuchayeka amandla amakhulu kungaphazamisa ukuhlenga okungu-81. Kumongokwakukwengamele ukungalaleli, lokhu kusebenza kusebenza ngokuhlola kwe-momongobudlova obuphakathi kwe-ade.

Icala Lenkantolo Eliphakeme Elachaza Umsebenzi Wesakhelo

Izinqumo eziningana zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zakhuluma ngokuqondile ngokuhlangana kweSiphakamiso Samalungelo Abantu nokungalaleli komphakathi.

[[UMTL:0] Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham (169)

Kulendaba, iReverend Fred Shuttlesworth yahola ukumasha eBirmingham, e-Alabama, ngaphandle kwemvume ngemva kokuba izikhulu zedolobha ziphike ngokuphindaphindiwe imvume yokulahla amaqembu asemthethweni. INkantolo Ephakeme yazilahla izinkolelo zayo, igcizelela ukuthi umthetho wemvume wedolobha wanika izikhulu imvume engaguquguquki yokuphika imvume esekelwe ekukhulumeni kwayo. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi lo mthetho wawungagunyazi ebusweni bayo nokuthi iShuquatles ngephutha. Lokhu kwagcizelela isimiso esivumela izimfuneko ukuba zigcwale ngo-62.utneral futhi ngokusekelwe ezimisweni ezinenjongo, futhi yanikeza ababhikishi bemi ababhikishi ababebhekenelosi.

[[IFLT:0]Hague v. Komiti yenhlangano yezemboni (1939])

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, lelicala laqinisekisa ukuthi imigwaqo, amapaki, kanye nemizila yomgwaqo kuyizinkomba zomphakathi ezingokwesiko. IJaji uRoberts edume ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezinjalo “kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, bekuyingxenye yamalungelo, ukugonyelwa, amalungelo, nenkululeko yezakhamuzi.” Isinqumo saqeda isimiso semvume esasidinga abahleli ukuba bathole imvume ku-“mphathi wempi nomqondisi wokuphepha komphakathi,” ongayenqaba ngokungenanhloso. Lendaba ilokhu iyisisekelo sokuhlanganisa nokubhikisha nokubhikisha.

ker v.Des Moines Independent School School (11969)

“Icala lezempi” landisa isivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala esingokomfanekiso ezikoleni zomphakathi. INkantolo yathi abafundi “abawaqedi amalungelo abo omthetho-mthetho enkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma esangweni lesikole.” Lesi sinqumo siye sasetshenziswa hhayi nje kuphela emibhikishweni yesikole kodwa nasezingxoxweni ezibanzi eziphathelene nokuziphatha okungokomfanekiso. Ibonisa ukuthi ngisho nentsha, emkhakheni lapho kuhlelekile, inelungelo lokungenela ukungalaleli komphakathi okungadingwangango - 76.

[[UMTL:0]Texas v. Johnson[[FL:1] (1989)

Mhlawumbe icala elikhulu lemifanekiso elihlanganisa ukubhikisha neSichibiyelo Sokuqala, texas v. Johnson wabekwa icala ngaphansi komthetho wase Texas ngokushisela ifulege laseMelika phakathi nomboniso wezombangazwe. INkantolo Ephakeme yawuguqula, ibambe ukuthi ukushiswa kwefulegi kuyisifebe kuvikelwe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. INkantolo yacabanga ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke awunqabe inkulumo yomqondo ngenxa nje yokuthi umphakathi uthola lowo mbono uyisihlazisa. Lesi sinqumo sabangela impikiswano ebalulekile futhi saholela ekubizeni i-ampepho yomthetho ukuze kuvikelwe ifulegi, kodwa isimiso esiyinhloko sivikelwe ukuthi ngisho nezenzo ezivusa isithunzi kakhulu.

NAACP v. Alabama (1958)

Nakuba lelicala lingazibophi ngokuqondile ngokubhikisha, leli cala lavikela ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokukhululekile. Izwe lase-Alabama lafuna ukuphoqelela i-NAACP ukuba yembule uhlu lwayo lwamalungu, iNkantolo eyayinalo eyayizophula ilungelo leSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Isinqumo saqaphela ukuthi ukuphoqelela ukuthumba kungavimbela abantu ukuba bajoyine izinhlangano zezempakatho, ngaleyo ndlela kubangele ukuba bavikelwe. Lelicala libalulekile ezinhlanganweni zenhlangano kanye namalungu amaqembu alwayo.

Izimbangela Ezingokwesayensi Nokuhlelwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Isimiso somthetho esibunjwe yiBill of Rights sivumelana eduze nesiko lefilosofi lokungalaleli komphakathi elivezwa yizihlakaniphi njengoHenry David Thoreau, uMahma Gandhi, noMartin Luther King Jr. sango1849 esithi “Ukungalalela” saveza ukuthi abantu banomsebenzi wokuziphatha owenzelwa ukumelana nemithetho engalungile, ngisho noma lokho kumelana kusho ukuya ejele. Wabhala ngodumo, “ngaphansi kukahulumeni ovala noma isiphi isiphambeko, indawo yeqiniso yomuntu olungile nayo iyijele.” Lomqondo uhambisana nesiko lomthetho-Habeas corpus kanye nelungelo lokubekela isigwebo somuntu inselele.

Martin Luther King Jr., “I - Letter yaseBirmingham Jail,” yasibeka ngokucacile isigqibo sakhe sokungalaleli kwemithetho yesizwe kokubili ngokokuziphatha nangokomthetho-sisekelo. Waphikisa ngokuthi umthetho ongenabulungisa“ awukho neze” nokuthi ukulwela amalungelo omphakathi ngokuyinhloko kwakuyimpi yokulwa nokuqaphela izithembiso zoMthetho-sisekelo kanye noMthetho Wenkululeko. INkosi yabiza “ukudlondlobala" okuphoqelela umphakathi ukuba ubhekane nokungabi nabulungisa. [FLY of Rights Broadsting] ngenxa nje yokuthi i-ethood lungelo lokukhuluma nokuhlanganisa, ngisho nalapho yenza kanjalo kwakuwukwephula imithetho yendawo. [FLD:] izinqumo zeNkawulawulo [FLD:] [FLD1] kanye [FLD] [FFF2] ne-FFROROM]

Ubandlululo lobudlova, olusemqoka kuyifilosofi yabo bobabili uGandhi neNkosi, luvumelana futhi nemfuneko yeSichibiyelo sokuqala ‘ sokuthula”. Ngokwenqaba ukuphindisela, abangalaleli abakhokhi balondoloza ukuzisholo okungokomthetho kokuvikela nokuletha ukucindezela kokuziphatha okungabangela inguquko engokomthetho nengokwenhlalo. I-Bill of Rights ayibuxhasi ubudlova; ngokuvikela inkulumo engenabudlova, iletha ukungavumelani nezindlela ezingasetshenziswa ezinkantolo nasezinhlabeni zeningi.

Izinhlangano Zanamuhla Nezimpi Ezingokomthetho

I - Bill of Rights iyaqhubeka ithonya indlela izinhlangano zezenhlalo zanamuhla ezibonisa ngayo ukungalaleli komphakathi.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Ngo-1950 nango-1960 kwasetshenziswa ngokuqondile iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ekungalalelini komphakathi. Usimende uSiphendulo ezindaweni zokudla kwasemini ezihlukaniswe ngokomthetho, ukukhululeka, kanye nokumasha konke kwahlelwa ngokucophelela kwezenzo zomthetho ezincike emalungelweni enhlangano nasesiceloni. Inkantolo ePhakamileyo yanikeza ubufakazi bokuphuka koxolo [FLT] [FLT]] [1] . Lolu mbuso wawenyukela ezindaweni zomphakathi futhi wabhikisha ngokuthula. [[FLT] [1961] [19] [196]) wahlehlisa izinkolelo zokuhlala kwamalungu ezindaweni ezikuhlalwa kuzo, wanquma ukuthi umbuso wawunganikezi bufakazi bokuhlengantengiswa ngokuthula lapho amademoni ehleli ngokuthula. Lokhu kukhipha isinqumo esinguwomphakathi futhi kuvinjelwe ngokuvikelwa ngokuthula kwendlela yomphakathi.

Imikhosi Yempi Nenkathi YeVietnam

Kuma 1970, ukuphikisa ngokumelene neMpi yaseVietnam kwavivinya imikhawulo yenkulumo engokomfanekiso. Ukushiswa kwe-draftà card, ukungcoliswa kwefulege, nokuboniswa okukhulu ePentagon nasezindaweni zasekolishi konke kwaholela ekuhlanekezeleni. Cohen v. California[ [1971] wavikela ilungelo lokugqoka ibhantshi eliphethe amazwi athi “Unqanyuko,” ukunikeza isivikelo olimini olubhekwa njengoludelelayo. Brandenburg v. [[FL:] [1] [1] [1969])] uhlela izinga lanamuhla lokukhuthaza ukukhuthaza ukulwa kwenkulumo: isenzo sokungabi namthetho livinjelwe ngaphandle kokuba “ilungele ukukhuthaza noma ukuveza isenzo sokungalungi. ”

Izinhlangano Zangesikhathi Esidlule: I - Black Lives Into Ebalulekile Ne - Activism Yesimo Sezulu

Ibhikisho lamuva, kuhlanganise naleyo eholwa yiBlack Live Matter (BLM) kanye nenhlangano yentsha yesimo sezulu, iye yaphakamisa imibuzo emisha engokomthetho. I-BLM ibhikisha ngo-2020, eyabangelwa ukubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd, yayiyimpi enkulu kakhulu emlandweni wase-U.S., ehlanganisa kokubili ukumasha okunokuthula kanye nezenzakalo zobudlova nokuphamba. Izinkantolo ziye zalwa nokuvikelwa kwesikhathi somthetho, nokusetshenziswa kwempoqo ngomthetho. I-BLM. I-Lill of Rights iye yabhektha ukubekela inselele amaqhinga anobudlova obunonya; ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zezwe zikhiphe imiyalo ngokumelene nokusetshenziswa kwegesi nezinhlamvu zenjoloba ngokumelene nokubhikishwa okungokomthetho. ISiphethi sesine siye samangalelwa kakhulu “ekululeni lokuphoza okungalawuleki kwemi (ukulwa) nokuvinjwa kwemithetho.

Abashisekeli besimo sezulu, njengalabo abaneSiphendulo sokuBuyiseka kweNguquko neSunrise Movement, baye bahileleka ezenzweni zokungalaleli komphakathi, ukuvala imigwaqo, ukuvala izakhiwo zikahulumeni, nokuphazamisa izenzakalo zomphakathi, “‘ ukufuna ukuthatha isinyathelo ekushintsheni isimo sezulu. Izisekelo zabo ezingokomthetho ngokuvamile zigxile ekuvikelweni kweSiphendulo Sokuqala senkulumo engokomfanekiso namazwi adluliswayo; baphikisa ukuthi isimo sezulu sisongela amalungelo ayisisekelo, kuhlanganise nesokungahloniphisa ukuphila nempahla, nokuthi ukuthatha izinyathelo ezingathi sína kuyadingeka ngenxa yokuthi imigwaqo ehleliwe iye yahluleka. Ezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zaqaphela “ukuvikela kwezentethelelo” ezinkantolo ezihlobene nokungalaleli, ezivumela abamangalelwayo ukuba baphikise ukuthi izenzo zabo ezingekho emthethweni zithethelele ukulimaza okukhulu. Nokho, izinkantolo zezwe ziye zalahla kakhulu ukuvikelwa kwenqubo yokuzimela idemo yentando yeningi, ukuphikisa okungekho emthethweni.

Izingxabano Eziqhubekayo Nezincazelo Ezishintshayo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kweBhili Lamalungelo Nokungalaleli komphakathi buyaphikelela.

Ukulinganisela Amalungelo Ngokumelene Nokuhleleka Komphakathi

Ohulumeni bavame ukuphikisa ngokuthi imibhikisho kumelwe iqondiswe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphazamisa, ukuvikela ukulondeka komphakathi, nokugcina ukuhleleka. “isikhathi, indawo, kanye nendlela” yemfundiso ivumela ukufakwa kwento ngo-93neural, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kungaphikisana. Ngokwesibonelo, ivumela izimfuneko ukuba zisetshenziswe ukuvimbela ukubhikisha ngezindlela ezivimbela amaqembu angathandwayo. [[FLT]] umCullen v. Coaplen [2014] [20] (2014, iNkathi yenqaba umthetho wamaMassachusetts owadala ige edatha isithiwashishini le-35 engaphandle kwemithola imishado ekhulidi enzile, ilawula ukuthi umthetho unzima kakhulu ukukhuluma kakhulu. Kodwa iNkantolo yenze isinqumo sangaphambili [FLD:2] v[FFF:]]]][FFF]]]]]

Ukumangalelwa Kokungalaleli Kombango

Abashushisi ngezinye izikhathi baye basola ababhikishi ngobugebengu obunjengokungahleleki, ukuphambanisa, noma ukuphazamisa imigwaqo emikhulu. Impumelelo yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala ixhomeke emaqinisweni aqondile. Ukungalaleli komphakathi okunokuthula, okungenabudlova okungavimbeli abanye ngokomzimba noma umonakalo wempahla kuvame kakhulu ukuvikelwa. Nokho, abashisekeli abaningi abaphula ngamabomu imithetho abayibheka njengendlela efanelekile yokulwa. I-Bill of Rights ayiqinisekisi ukuvinjelwa okungabosheki; imane iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke uvimbele udwe ngaphandle komthetho womthetho ngenxa yombono wabo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nokungalaleli komphakathi kungaholela ekuboshweni nasekuvimbeleni izinkolelo uma ithatha imithetho esemthethweni, iqukethe imithetho esemthethweni.

Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Ezintsha Nentuthuko

Imikhosi yezehlakalo yezemishini − ihlanganise ukubhikisha kwe-crecttivs, ukuhlelwa kwe-inthanethi, nokusetshenziswa kwezenhlala - khaya ukuze kuqondise izenzo . ISichibiyelo sesine sokuvikela ukuphenya okungenazimvume kudluliselwe kumakhalekhukhwini (] Riley v. California[, 2014), kodwa ikhono likahulumeni lokuhlola inqubo yomthetho ngemitayela ye-ibhusayithi, indawo eyimfihlo, nokulandisa okufihlekile kudala ithonya. ISiphendulo sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lokukhuluma ngokungafihliwe, kodwa ukuvikelwa kwesivikelo akuphelele. Njengoba ukungalaleli kwezimiso zomphakathi kuhamba kungena ezingeni-mibazwe, izinkantolo zidinga ukusebenzisa izimiso zakudala zomthetho womthetho wezomthetho ezisemthethweni ezisebenza ezintweni ezintsha.

Ifa Elihlala Njalo

ISiphakamiso samaLungelo siye sasithonya kakhulu isiko laseMelika lokungalaleli komphakathi. Ngokuhlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuhlangana, nokunxusa, nangokunikeza isivikelo somthetho nge-Create, sesihlanu, neSichibiyelo se-Heighth, abasunguli bakha isimo somthetho-mfantu lapho ukungavumelani kungachuma khona − uma kungakhokhisi izindleko. Umlando wokungalaleli kwesizwe e-United States uyisivumelwano sokuhlanganisa amalungelo omthetho kanye nokuqiniseka ngokokuziphatha. Kusukela emigwaqweni yaseBirmingham kuya ekuvukeleni isimo sezulu sanamuhla, abashisekeli baye basebenzisa iBill of Rights njengesivikelo nenkemba: isivikelo esimelene nesenzo sikahulumeni sobushiqela nenkemba ukuze bafune ukuba isizwe siphile ngokuvumelana nezinhloso zaso eziphakeme.

Njengoba izinhlangano zamanje ziqhubeka zisunduza imingcele yokubhikisha okwamukelekayo, izimiso zesisekelo zango 1791 aziqinisekisi ukuthi abantu abangalaleli uhulumeni bayonqoba, kodwa zibaqinisekisa ngeqophelo. Uma nje kunemithetho edinga ukushintshwa, kuyoba nezakhamuzi ezizimisele ukuphula imingcele ngo-(_ngenhlonipho, ngenhlonipho, futhi zinethemba lokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uzovikela ilungelo lazo lokwenza kanjalo.

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