Imfundiso ye-Immuniny Doctrine inendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni isimo sokumangalelwa kwesizwe emayunivesithi ombuso. Lesi simiso somthetho sivame ukuvikela izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise namayunivesithi omphakathi, ezinhlobo ezithile zamacala, ngaleyo ndlela zithinta abafundi, abaphathi, namanye amaqembu afuna ukuvuselelwa ngokomthetho. Ukuqonda le mfundiso kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohileleke eyunivesithi kahulumeni.

Ukuqonda Imfundiso Engaqondakali

Imfundiso Yokwehluleka Kukahulumeni isekelwe eSichibiyelweni Se - 11 SoMthetho - sisekelo Wase - United States, esinikeza ukugonyelwa kobukhosi ezindinganisweni eziningi zomthetho.

Amandla okwahlulela e-United States ngeke athathwe adlulisele kunoma yisiphi isibopho emthetho noma elungile, aqalwa noma amangalelwe omunye we-United States yizakhamuzi zaseZweni elithile, noma yizakhamuzi noma izihloko zanoma yiliphi iZwe Langaphandle.”

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinkantolo ziye zachaza lokhu ngokuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise namayunivesithi, azinakumangalelwa ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni uvume noma unqande ukugonyelwa kwazo. Lemfundiso ibonisa isimiso sokuthi umbusi (umbuso) akanakuqulwa ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe. Lomqondo usho ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawusukhona futhi uyisimiso somthetho esivamile esivela eNgilandi.

Amayunivesithi oMbuso abhekwa njenge- “amabutho kazwelonke” ngenjongo yokuzimela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma umfundi emangalela iyunivesithi kazwelonke ngenxa yokunganaki noma ukucwaswa, iyunivesithi ingazivikela kakhulu njengesivikelo, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa okuhlukile. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ilokhu ikholelwa ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zilondoloza ukuvikeleka ngaphandle kokuba zikhutshwe umthetho kahulumeni noma ziphazanyiswe ngokuzithandela nguhulumeni.

Ithonya Ekumangaleni Komphakathi

Imfundiso yokuvikela ilinganisela kakhulu ikhono labantu lokumangalela amayunivesithi kahulumeni ngenxa yezimpikiswano ezinjengobandlululo, ukunganaki, noma ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano. Ngenxa yalokho, abaphangi ngokuvamile babhekana nezithiyo ekufuneni imbuyiselo noma ukugcinwa kwamalungelo. Ngokungafani namayunivesithi azimele, angamangalelwa njenganoma yimuphi omunye umuntu, amayunivesithi ezwe ajabulela isihlangu esikhethekile esingangenayo ezimweni eziningi.

Izithiyo Zezigebengu

Umphumela oshesha kakhulu uwukuthi izingozi eziningi zomuntu siqu zihilela amayunivesithi oMbuso − njengezingozi ze-slip-efase emakolishi, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezokwelapha esibhedlela saseyunivesithi, noma ukulimala okubangelwa ukunganaki kwezisebenzi .Qaphela amaPlaintiff kumelwe anqume kuqala ukuthi uhulumeni uvume yini ukumangalelwa ngenxa yamathonsi anjalo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuqondiswa kwemithetho enjenge- State Tort Acts Act[, okunganikeza izintambo ezilinganiselwe kodwa agcine izikhonkwane zemali encipheni noma agcine ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezithile zemithetho efunwayo.

Ukucwaswa Kwemisebenzi Nezingxabano Ezibangelwa Yibo

Abaqashwa bamayunivesithi kahulumeni nabo babhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu. Izithiyo ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni elwa no-discrinia (umz., i-Sihloko VII, amaMelika anomthetho wokukhubazeka) zingaqhubeka ngokumelene nabaqashi bakahulumeni ngoba uKhongolo lunesimiso sokuzivikela esinqunyiweyo kwezinye izimo, kodwa iNkantolo ePhakamileyo ibeke imingcele yokuthi ukugovwa kwemali kulinganiselwe. Ngokwesibonelo, Board of Trustees of the University of Alabamas v. Garrett [2001], iNkanto esho ukuthi izisebenzi ze-omme ukuthi zigoboshelwa isamba semali ngaphansi kwe-ADAAD. Ngokufanayo, ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano sesivumelwano kungavalwa uma isimo singakathiwenziwe izivumelwano zesivumelwano.

Izimfuneko Zamalungelo Omphakathi Ngaphansi Kwengxenye Ngo - 1983

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zama-athoffs ngu-42 U.S.C. . 1983, evumela amasu esuntswana ngokumelene nezikhulu zikahulumeni (hhayi uhulumeni ngokwawo) ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho-sisekelo. Ngaphansi kwemfundiso esungulwe expatee Young[ [1908]), abantu bangamangalela izikhulu zikahulumeni ezisesikhundleni sazo esingokomthetho ekufuneni ukukhululeka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umfundi anganyusela iyunivesithi dean yeSichibiyelo sokuqala ekunqanyulweni kwesimiso sokususa umthetho, kodwa angeke akwazi ukubuyisa intengo emalini yomcebo kahulumeni.

Eziyingqayizivele Ekungangeni

Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukile kubaluleke kakhulu kubameli nakubalandeli abacabangela ukuhlawuliswa kweyunivesithi kahulumeni.

Umenzi Womthetho

Amazwe angawaphula ngokuzithandela amasuntswana ngokuwavikela ngemithetho. Izifunda eziningi ziye zamisa Izithiyo zeTort ezivumela amasudi alinganiselwe amelene nezinhlangano zomphakathi, kuhlanganise namayunivesithi. Ngokwesibonelo, iTort Apeences Act ivumela ukuba inyuvesi yaseCalifornia ikhokhise i-University ifune ukukhokha imfuneko eqinile yokukhokha kanye nezingozi ze-akeropi. Ezinye izizwe zivumela abathengisi nezakhamuzi ukuba zikhokhele izivumelwano, ukuba zivumele abathengisi kanye nabakhi bemali ukuba bakhokhe.

Ukuxoshwa Kwabantu

UKhomuko lungavikela uhulumeni ngokusemthethweni uma lusebenza ngaphansi kokusebenzisa amandla alo okuqinisekisa ngaphansi kweSikhawulo 5 seSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho uMkhandlu udlula uMthetho weSiphakamiso nezoMzalo [FLT] [FMLA], iNkantolo Ephakeme NEVADA] Department of Human Resources v. [2003] [iSivume]) sasekela ukuphuma kwecala lokwethulwa ngokwesikhohlo. Nokho, [kuyi-FLT:] ukukhalisa kuka-Maliand . [ikhamu lomthetho] kaMariya [FLT] v[FLD] [FFF:] [5] [20], iNkakhulu leNkakhulu leNkanto (2002]]).

Izimpahla Ezimelene Nezikhulu ZoMbuso

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, imfundiso ex Young ivumela amasudusi ngokumelene nezikhulu zikahulumeni ukuze kutholakale usizo olulindelekile. Leli ithuluzi elinamandla lokuqinisa amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma noma inqubo efanele. Nokho, alivumeli ukulimala okuvela kuhulumeni. AmaPlainthiff angasenawe futhi izikhulu ezisesikhundleni sazo ngasinye ngenxa yomonakalo, kodwa isivikelo sivame ukuzivikela ngaphandle kokuba zephule umthetho omisiwe.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

Ezinye ziveza izimpawu phakathi kwemisebenzi kahulumeni (i-immune) nemisebenzi ye-propritary (hayi eyokuzivikela). Ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenza esibhedlela noma egalaji lokupaka kungabhekwa njengokuthatha i-propiteriary. Nokho, ukuthambekela ezizweni eziningi ukubheka imisebenzi eminingi yaseyunivesithi njengohulumeni. Umehluko ungaba yisithuthi futhi uhlukahluka-hlukene ngokwezimiso.

Ukuvunywa Yinkulumo Eyimpicabadala

Umbuso ungaphazamisa ukuzivikela ngokuvela enkantolo ngokuzithandela futhi uvikele icala ngalezizinto ngaphandle kokuphakamisa ukuzivikela.

Umthetho Wamacala Nezibonelo

Izenzakalo eziningana eziphawulekayo zibonisa indlela lemfundiso evikelayo esebenza ngayo emongweni waseyunivesithi.

Hans v. Louisiana (190), iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi ukuvikela ubukhosi kudlulela ngalé kombhalo ongokoqobo weSichibiyelo seshumi nanye ukubamba isambatho ngokumelene nombuso. Lelicala liyisisekelo sokuqonda ukuthi ukugonyelwa akulinganiselwe esuthwini ezinhlobonhlobo kodwa kuhlanganisa zonke izisudi zikahulumeni ezimelene nezifunda.

Bd. ye-Trustees of Univ. of Alabama v. Garrett (2001) ebhekiswe ngqo ekuvikelekeni kwemikhakha yaseyunivesithi kahulumeni. INkantolo yathi izisebenzi zikahulumeni azinakumangalela umqashi wazo ngenxa yengozi ngaphansi kweSihloko I se-ADA ngoba iSishaya-Mnyango sasingagunyaziwe ngokusemthethweni ngaphansi kweSiphendulo se-14. Lesinqumo silinganisela kakhulu ukucwaswa kwemizwa kwezwe kuveza ukucwasana okunzima kumayunivesithi kahulumeni.

KIMEl v. Florida Board of Regents [2000] yafinyelela isiphetho esifanayo sokukhetha iminyaka elinganayo ngaphansi kobandlululo lweNkathi yeNkathi eMsebenzi. INkantolo yaphetha ukuthi i-ADEA ayizange ikwazi ukuvikela uhulumeni ngokusemthethweni, ngakho isithiya umonakalo omelene namayunivesithi kahulumeni ngenxa yokucwaswa kweminyaka.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs [2003] wasekela ilungiselelo lokuzinakekela kukaFMLA lokuyeka ilungiselelo, uvumela izisebenzi zikahulumeni ukuba zifake isigwebo sokulimala ngaphansi kweFMLA lapho ikhefu lihlobana nokunakekela komkhaya (ukucwaswa). Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukucotshozwa kungaphumelela uma ingqungquthela ibeka igebelo ibeka igebe lobandlululo lwezigodlo ngezifundazwe.

Isibonelo sangempela: Ngo-2019, umfundi wamangalela iYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, iLos Angeles, ngemva kokulimala ehholo lesikole. Inkantolo yalilahla icala ngoba i-paltiff yehluleka ukuvumelana nezimfuneko zokuveza i-California ngaphansi koMthetho we-Tort Ementes Act. Lento ehambayo, ehambisana nabavikeli bezifo, enye isithiyo okumelwe ihambe.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nezinguquko

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvikela izikhali ezizimele emayunivesithi kahulumeni kunezimpikiswano ezinkulu ezikhona phakathi kwezazi ezingokomthetho, abakhiqizi bezimiso, nabasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi izisulu eziningi ezigonyiwe zishiya umphakathi ngaphandle kokuzihlola, futhi zinciphisa ukwethenjwa komphakathi, futhi zivikela izinhlangano ekulandiseni ngecala. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvikela izikhali kuvikela imithombo kahulumeni elinganiselwe ekuqondiseni ngokweqile nasekulondolozeni uhulumeni ekuqondiseni izinhlangano zabo zemfundo.

Intuthuko Yokwahlulela

INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ayibonisanga ukuthambekela kokulawula umnyombo wokuzivikela kobukhosi. Uma kukhona, izinqumo zamuva ziqinisekisa amandla azo. Ngokwesibonelo, Allen v. Cooper [2020], iNkantolo ibambelele ekutheni iSivumelwano asinakuvimbela ukunqatshelwa komthetho wokuvimbela ukwenziwa komthetho ngaphansi komthetho wemithetho-Constitution i-created production project producted shortment dollacer. Leli cala cala lihilela ukusetshenziswa komfashiniselo we-prive, futhi iNkantolo yelungelo lalethi imvume ayinakuyikho ukulahla umthetho owenziwa ukuba ikhiphe impoqo ngenxa yenciso-mthetho.

Izinguquko Ezisemqoka Kahulumeni

Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zathatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukuvikeleka noma zokwakha izisekelo ezilinganiselwe kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo yeZikhalo yaseNew York ivumela izisu ezihambelana nezwe ukuba kuvunyelwe izinqubo eziningi ze-tort, kuhlanganise nalezo eziseyunivesithi kahulumeni. ITexas ibeke izinqano ngaphansi kwe-Texas Tort Ponties Act, kodwa igcina imingcele eminingi. Ezinye izifunda zenze izimiso zesinqumo esikhethekile sempikiswano, njengezicilongo zangaphakathi noma izimfuneko zokulawula, ukuze kuncishiswe isidingo sokufuna i-ligitation.

Eminyakeni yamuva, kuye kwaphoqelelwa ukuba kuguqulwe ukuzivikela okungadingakali kwezikhulu ngazinye, kodwa leyondaba ihlukile kumthetho wokuzivikela kwesimiso sombuso. Nokho, izindawo ezimbili ezihlangene lapho abaphangi zifuna ukumangalela kokubili iyunivesithi (kwezenqubo) kanye nezisebenzi ngabanye (ngezenzo).

Imithetho Yesifunda

ISivumelwano singandisa ukuncishiswa komthetho-mthetho wokuzimela kwesizwe, kodwa kumelwe senze kanjalo ngaphansi kwemvume engokomthetho efanelekile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakwenza kwacaca ukuthi iSiphakamiso I (isinye, iChomark Claus) asivumeli ukuhlaziywa; kuphela Ingxenye 5 yeSichibiyelo seshumi Nesine kuphela eyanele. Ngakho, noma isiphi inguquko kahulumeni esikhathini esizayo kuyodingeka silungiswe ngokucophelela ukuze sikhulume ngokuphulwa komthetho - sisekelo okubhalwe ukuthi umthetho.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zezihambi

Abafundi

Abafundi abacabangela ukumangalela iyunivesithi yezwe kumelwe baqale baqaphele ukuthi ikhothodi elihlukile lisebenza yini. Izibalo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukungasebenzi kahle kwemfundo, ukulimala ngokomzimba emakholiji, ukwephulwa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuphulwa kwesihloko se-Title IX, nokucwaswa kwemigoqo.

Kukwaphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, abafundi kufanele bacabangele i-Ex Young[[FLT: 1] isu lokuyala. Ngokwesibonelo, umfundi oyalwe ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele angafuna umyalo wokuhlehlisa ukuyala noma ukuvimbela ukwephulwa kwelungelo lesikhathi esizayo. Nokho, imbuyiselo yemali ngokuvamile ayitholakali ngaphandle kokuba kukhona umphangi.

Isithunzi Nobudlova

I-falty nezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezinezindlela ezilinganiselwe zokulungisa izindaba zemisebenzi. Ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi okufunwa ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni kungavinjelwa ngesimiso sokuvikela ngaphandle kokuba umbuso ulahle uhulumeni. Ukucwasa okuphethe kubhekene nezithiyo zomthetho-sisekelo njengoba zibonwa ku GERrett[ futhi KMIMEL][[[FLT]]] K [[FLT]] K][[FLT] K][impinda isholo ngecala eliphansi]. Nokho, ukuphindisela kusho ukuthi ngaphansi isiqu se- VI singaba nokuma okungcono kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi iNkakhulu livumele i-Atlet short ye-VII, nakuba impikiswano ilokhu incintinye ezinkantolo eziphansi.

Izivikelo zeWhistlever ziyahlukahluka ngokwezwe. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela izisebenzi zikahulumeni ukuba zifune ukuziphindiselela, kodwa futhi, kuphakama imibuzo egonyelwe ukumelana nezivumelwano. Abaqashwa abanezingxabano ngokuvamile bazithola besesimweni esinzima ngoba amayunivesithi amaningi kahulumeni asebenzisa ulimi olufanayo oluzama ukulinganisela amakhambi noma oludinga ukukhathala kwezisebenzi.

Abahwebi Nabathengisi

Izinkampani zangasese ezivumelana namayunivesithi kahulumeni nazo zingabhekana nemingcele yokuvikela izikhali lapho zifuna ukukhokhwa noma ukulimala kwesivumelwano. Ezinye izifundazwe zigodlwe izivumelwano, kodwa ezinye azinazo. Abaxhasi kufanele balihlole ngokucophelela igunya leyunivesithi lokubopha uhulumeni futhi baqonde ukuthi inhlangano kahulumeni ingase isebenzise ukuvikela ngisho nangemva kokuba isivumelwano sesayiniwe. Ezinye izifundazwe zifuna ukuba izivumelwano ziqukethe ulimi oluqinile lokulwa ukuze ziqikelelwe.

Isiphetho

Imfundiso ye-Immunity iyisici esinamandla ekumangalelaneni kwesizwe namayunivesithi kahulumeni. Nakuba inikeza isivikelo ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zomthetho nezinguquko ziyaqhubeka zihlela ukusebenza kwazo, zithinta amalungelo abantu abafuna ubulungisa. Ku-Placttiffs, indlela yokuba neyunivesithi kahulumeni enecala ilinganiselwe futhi ixhomeke kakhulu, idinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela kwemithetho engekho emthethweni, izenzakalo ezingokwesivumelwano ezingokomthetho, kanye nokutholakala kosizo olulinganayo ngaphansi [[FLT:]

Njengoba amayunivesithi kahulumeni eqhubeka efeza indima eyinhloko emfundweni ephakeme, umbango phakathi kokuzivikela komthetho womphakathi namalungelo abantu ngabanye uyoqhubeka. Ama-Atttorney, abafundi, nezisebenzi kumelwe zihlale zinolwazi ngomthetho olungisa izindaba noshintsho lwemithetho. Ekugcineni, imfundiso yokugonyelwa akuyona ephelele, kodwa ukugwenywa kwayo kudinga ukuhlaziywa okungokomthetho nokuphikelelayo.

ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola umbhalo we [[FLT: 1] weSichibiyelo se-Eventh kuyi-Cornell Legal Information Institute, ukucatshulwa kokuzivikela kombuso kumthetho wokuvikela [.S. umnyango weJaji[[[FLT:]4], kanye nokuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [FT:]] Booard of Trust of the Sucrease University of Alabamage. Garretts[FL:6].[FLT:]