Indaba Ehlala Njalo: Indlela Isivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu Esalungisa Ngayo Ukwakha Ukuthula Kwembulunga Yonke

I-Good Wearth Agreement, eyasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998, ingenye yezivumelwano zokuthula ezidume kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Yaphela iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yobudlova bamahlelo eNyakatho Ireland eyaziwa ngokuthi iZinkathazo, ezazibulale abantu abangaphezu kuka-3 500. Kodwa ithonya layo alizange liphele e-Irish Sea. Isivumelwano sokuklama izakhiwo . Izakhiwo zezakhiwo .amandla awethuthwayo, izinhlangano ezinqamule imingcele, amalungelo abantu, kanye nokunqanda ukunciphisana kwezizwe, kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-intelligence kuya e-Afrika eNingizimu Afrika. Izimiso zokuthula zaqhubeka zikhona. I-Diplomat, izimpi zenza i-mfantull comssionet.

Isizinda: Ukungqubuzana Nokuphikisana

Impi eNyakatho Ireland yayingeyona impi kodwa yayiwuhide oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezikhalo zezombangazwe, zesizwe, ezenkolo, nezezomnotho. Ngamaqiniso ayo kwakunombuzo womthetho-sisekelo: Ingabe i-Northern Ireland ingahlala iyingxenye ye-United Kingdom noma ijoyina i-Ireland enobunye? i-Union, ikakhulukazi amaProtestani, ayefuna ukuhlala e-UK; i-Nationalistanist, ngokuyinhloko, yayifuna ubunye. Emashumini amaningi eminyaka, amaqembu empi nhlangothi zombili (IRA) i-Irish Republican Army (IRA) nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ezithembekile zempi ze-Irland? kuyilapho uhulumeni waseBrithani wafuna ukuhlanganisa amabutho ayo okuvikela.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, ukukhathala nokushintshashintsha kwezombangazwe kwadala isango lezinkulumo. Ukuxhumana okuyimfihlo kwe-panel-tel, ukuhileleka kwemimeseji enjenge-US, uGeorge Mitchell owayenguMphathi we-US, kanye nokuzimisela kohulumeni baseBrithani no-Ireland ukuhlela amasu abo abekwe isisekelo. Umphumela waba ukuxoxisana okunemisuka eminingi okwakuhlanganisa amaqembu amaningi ayinhloko ezombangazwe eNyakatho Ireland, kanye nohulumeni ababili. Isivumelwano esavela ngo-10 April 1998, cishe ngemva kweminyaka emibili yezingxoxo zempi yezezendla. [] sasiyindawo ebanzi ekhuluma ngezimbangela eziyinhloko zengxabano engxenyeni eyodwa, ehlangeneyo.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu

I-Good Wear Agreement ivame ukuchazwa njengesivumelwano esithengisekayo phakathi kwemiphakathi ephikisanayo. Amalungiselelo ayo aklanyelwe ukwakha uhulumeni ozinzileyo, ohluzekile eBelfast, ngesikhathi ulondoloza indawo ye-Northern Ireland e-UK futhi usungula izimiso zokuhlanganisa i-Irish yesikhathi esizayo, evumelana neningi. Impumelelo yalesivumelwano yayisekelwe ezimisweni eziningana ezihlangene.

Ukupholisa Amandla: Isikhungo Sokubambisana

Esikhungweni salesivumelwano kunesimiso sikahulumeni obotshelelwe ngokomthetho. I-Northern Ireland Assembly kanye noBuphathi bayo kudingeka ukuba ihlanganise amaqembu asukela kokubili emiphakathini ehlangene ne-sobuzwe ngokulingana namandla ayo akhethiwe. Izinqumo eziyinhloko kumelwe zithole ukusekela okunqamule nokuhlanganisa, “‘ noma amalungu amaningi ahlangeneyo nawabuzwe, noma amalungu amaningi alinganiselwa ku-60 ewonke cishe namaphesenti angu-40 omphakathi ngamunye. Lomklamo uvimbela uhlangothi olulodwa ekubuseni omunye uhulumeni kanye nempi. Sekuyikhomba ukusekela eminye imiphakathi ehlukene kakhulu lapho ubandlululo lufaka khona engozini amandla okunikeza uhlanga olulodwa.

Isiphambano-Mhlangano: I-Dimension yaseNyakatho-seNingizimu

Isivumelwano sakha iNyakatho-South Service Council, ehlanganisa izikhonzi ezivela eNorthern Ireland Identiveption nohulumeni wase-Ireland ukuba bambisane ezindaweni ezinjengezolimo, ezokuthutha, impilo, nezokuvakasha. Lendikimba yanikeza umphakathi wesizwe ukuxhumana okuphathekayo eRepublic of Ireland kuyilapho iqinisekisa izinyunyana ukuthi ngeke zibe yimoto yokuhlanganisa ngaphandle kwemvume. Isibonelo sokubusa kwemidanti yesiphamba esiphambanayo sabuswa abalamuli baseBalkans, eKhupro, naseMpumalanga ephakathi njengendlela yokusingatha izingxabano zezindawo ngaphandle kwemingcele yokugcina.

Amalungelo Abantu Nokulingana

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu samisa uhlelo oluqinile lwamalungelo abantu. Saholela ekusungulweni kweKhomishanti yamaLungelo abantu yaseNyakatho Ireland, iKhomishane yokulingana, neSivumelwano samalungelo abantu esisha (nakuba i-Bill of Rights kusamelwe ifakwe ngokugcwele). Sadinga futhi ukuba uhulumeni waseBrithani afake i-European Convention on Human Rights ewumthetho wasekhaya (a i-Province, izahlulelo zomthetho wobugebengu, nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Lokhu kugcizelela amalungelo njengesisekelo sokuthula okuphefumlelwe ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo angokwemininingwane yamalungelo abantu kunokuwaphatha njengawo wonke awezenziwa.

Ukuqedwa Kwempi Nezinguquko Zamaphoyisa

Isivumelwano sacela ukuba kwenziwe amalungiselelo okuphepha avamile: ukuncishiswa kwamabutho amabutho aseBrithani, ukuvalwa kwezakhiwo zempi, nokuncishiswa kakhulu kweRoyal Ulster Consabulary (RUC). IPatten Report ka 1999 yatusa ukuba i-Police Service entsha yaseNorthern Ireland (PSNI) ibe inxusa lazo zombili izifunda, ilandisa ku-Plicing Board, futhi inamathele ngokugcwele ezindinganisweni zamalungelo abantu. Lesibonelo sokuguqulwa okujulile kwenhlangano (Pintern) yeqembu lezisebenzi zobuchwepheshe, zezemisebenzi yomphakathi, isekelwe yilungu lezele likapolitimende lenguquko yemithetho ye-Bosbon ukuya eNepal.

Ukudedelwa Nokukhululwa Ejele

Mhlawumbe isici esasiphikiswana kakhulu kwakuwukukhululwa kweziboshwa zezempi nemfuneko yokuqala yokuba amaqembu ahlomile akhiphe izikhali zawo. Isivumelwano sahlanganisa lezi zinqubo nenkathi ebanzi yezombangazwe, sithemba ukuthi ukuqhubekela ekuthuleni kuyokwenza ubudlova bungabi dingekile. Nakuba ukuphoqelelwa nokungapheleleki, ukuqedwa kwazo ekugcineni ngo-2005 kwabonisa ukuthi ngisho namaqembu ahlomile ahlomile anganxelwa ekunciphiseni izikhali lapho enikezwa indlela ethembekile yezombangazwe. Lesi sifundo sihlanganisa ukuthi ukuncishiswa kwezikhali kumelwe kuhambisane nentuthuko yezombangazwe kunokuba kudingeniswa nezingxoxo ezihlotshisiwe namaqembu ahlomile eColombia, eMyanmar, nasePhilippines.

Ithonya Eliqondile Ezingxoxweni Zokuthula Zezizwe Zonke

Inqubo Yokuthula YaseColombia NeFARC

Isivumelwano sokuthula saseColombia sasayinwa ngo-2016 ngeRuevolution Armeads yase Colombia (FARC) yasebenzisa ngokucacile okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-Northern Ireland. Abathumeli baseColombia nabameli bezizwe ngezizwe bavakashela eBelfast izikhathi eziningi ukuze bafunde amandla-ohavice, izisulu, ukuguqulwa, nokuguqulwa kwezangaphambili bempi babe kwezombangazwe. Ukuhlelwa kwenqubo yokuguqula isimiso sobulungisa, ukuthathisana kwezombangazwe ngenxa yeFARC, kanye nentuthuko yasemaphandleni zonke izici ze-ekhonsolo le-Freenter elungile. US Sambitor George Mitchell, owahla isihlalo izinkulumo zaseNyakatho ye-Ireland, kamuva waluleka umongameli uJuan Manuel Saunion Santontons. Ukuphumelela kwenqubo ye-Colombia kulokhu kubekela inselele inselele i-Fordium, futhi kwasemaphandleni lwawokuhlela izifundo zayo zika-1998.

Ukushintsha Kwangemva Kwe - Aparatheid YaseNingizimu Afrika

Nakuba ukuguqukela kwe-South Africa ekubuseni ngentando yeningi kwandulela i-Good Wear Agreement (1194 - 199), i-Arish yaseNyakatho iye yaqinisa izici zayo eziningi. Zombili izinqubo zagcizelela ukuhanjwa kwamandla, izivikelo zeqembu elincane, kanye nokufakwa kwalabo ababengabaphikisi kuhulumeni. AmaNegoator eNingizimu Afrika aphawula ukubaluleka kokugcina izinkulumo zigxile ezindabeni ezingokoqobo kunezikhundla ezingokomfanekiso − isifundo sabameli base-Northern Ireland abafundelwe phakathi neminyaka emide yokungasebenzi. I-South African Truth ne-Conciliation Commission yakhuthaza ukuguqulwa kobulungisa obuvela endleleni yokusebenza ngokulunga kweSihlanu ephakathi.

Inqubo Yokuthula EMpumalanga Ephakathi

Ukufana okuqondile ne-Northern Ireland kuye kwathathwa amaqembu enqubo yokuthula kwakwa-Israel-Palesitinan, nakuba ukuqhathanisa kuvame ukukhuliswa kakhulu. Ezinye izici ze-Good Friver Areant − ngokwengxenye kunqamule i-freeare-menu nesakhiwo esinezigaba ezihambelanayo − kwacatshangelwa phakathi ne-Oslo Recouls kanye neGeneva Initive. Umqondo wamandla alawula i-asemgade kahulumeni wesikhathi esizayo wase-Palestina uxoxiwe kakhulu ezifundweni nasemiphakathini. Nokho, ukwehlukahlukahlukana okukhulu kungokokungabikho kwe-odwa yangaphandle kwe-guarantor nokwe-amsmsmtry yempication ye-Belfast. Ngisho, inqubo ilokhu iyikhombano ebhekiselwayo ekufuneni leyo kwakhiwa kwezinhlangano ezizweni zesizwe ezimbili ezisezweni zezwezwe izwe.

IBosnia NeHerzegovina

I-Dayton Accountions eyaqeda iMpi yase Bosnia ngo-1995 yayisinezici ezilawula amandla kagesi, kodwa kamuva izinguquko zezinhlangano eBosnia zabheka eNyakatho Ireland ukuze ziqondiswe ukuthi zingawenza kanjani umsebenzi kahulumeni wezinhlanga eziningi ngokuphumelelayo. Imfuneko yokuvota okunqamule i-communion ePhalamende laseBosnia idweba e-Northern Ireland, nakuba izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi zase Bosnia ezingokonyakaze eNyakatho ye-Ireland, nakuba i-Bosnia ziye zagxekwa ngokuhlukanisa kwezinhlanga kunokuba zizenze ziphumelele. Ukusondela kwe-Goondrement ye-evectory yesizwe ukuveza i--omspendievert njenge-Irish, iBritish, noma yomibili i-ithrome ngokuziphikisa ngendlela yokuqaphela izimo ze-occulm emiphakathinia.

Ezinye Izigodi Ezilwayo

Ithonya leSivumelwano sangoLwesihlanu esilungile lidlulela ekuthatheleni inyathelo lokuthula eSri Lanka, eNepal, eMyanmar, eZweni laseBasque, nasePhilippines. Esimweni ngasinye, abalamuleli baye bathatha izifundo eziqondile: ukubaluleka kokuhilela abesifazane ezingxoxweni (Izinkulumo zaseNyakatho Ireland zazinezimpawu zabesifazane ezimbalwa, ukuhluleka kamuva okuqashelwayo); isidingo sengxenye yomphakathi eqinile; nokubaluleka kokufeza okulinganiselwe ngezikhathi ezicacile. Ukuqina kwesivumelwano (ikuye kwasinda izinhlekelele eziningi, kuhlanganise nokuwa kweminyaka emihlanu kukahulumeni oncishisiwe osuka ku-20171717 kuya ku 202222) kunikeza ukuthembeka njengepulani ende.

Izifundo Ezafundwa: Lokho Isivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu Esikufundisa Abalamuleli

Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengamashumi amabili yokusebenza kwezinye izimo, kuye kwavela izifundo eziningana eziyisisekelo kokuhlangenwe nakho kwaseNyakatho Ireland.

Ukusondelana Kusho Okungaphezu Kokuhlala Etafuleni

I-Good Wear Agreement yahlanganisa wonke amaqembu amakhulu azimisele ukulahla ubudlova − kuhlanganise neSin Féin, iphiko lezombangazwe le-IRA, kanye namaqembu athembekile ahlangene namaqembu ebutho lezempi. Lesi sinqumo sasiphikisana ngesikhathi kodwa kwabonakala kubalulekile: ukushiya iqembu elikhulu ngaphandle kwenqubo kwakuzolivumela ukuba lihlale likhohliwe. Izinqubo zokuthula zanamuhla zilandela ngokuqhubekayo lesi simiso, ngisho nalapho kuthatha amaqembu ahlomile abizwa ngokuthi amaphekula. Inqubo yeColombia yahlanganisa iFARC; imizamo yokuthula yamanje e-Afghanistan (kuze kuthathe i-Taliban) iphiwe ezinkulumo ezihlanganisayo. I-Ncationslyn kumelwe zihambisane ngesivikelo, njengezibopho ezifana ne-uniceds areat, kodwa kumi isimiso.

Ukuvumelana Nezimo Nokuzilungisa Kubalulekile

I-Good Wear Agreement ayizange ibekwe ngendlela eqinile ngokwesikhathi esabekiwe. Ukukhishwa kwezikhali kwenzeka eminyakeni edlulile; izinhlangano ezihluliwe zawa futhi zavuselelwa; inguquko yamaphoyisa yathatha iminyaka eyishumi. Kodwa isivumelwano sasinda ngenxa yokuthi amaqembu nabalandeli bawo bamazwe ngamazwe bahlala bevumelana. Bagwema ukuphula uhlelo lwezithiyo zesikhashana. Lokhu kwafundisa abameli ukuthi izinqubo zokuthula zidinga izimiso ezingokwezinqubo ezingokwezimo zokubuyisana kanye nesinqumo esiphikiswayo (jeng'izindikimba ezizimele nendima yengamele yohulumeni baseBrithani no-Ireland) kunemithetho eqinile engawohloka ngaphansi kwenhlekelele yokuqala.

Amakati Asekelayo Ezizwe Zonke Kodwa Awanakuthatha Indawo Yokuba Umnini Wendawo

Ukuhileleka kwe-Clinton kwabaqondisi be-Clinton ngenxa yezisusa zikaGeorge Mitchell nezomnotho kwakubalulekile. I-European Union yanikela ngemali yokuthula enkulu ngezinhlelo zokuthula, ezasekela imisebenzi yokubuyisana, ukuthuthukisa umphakathi, nokubambisana kwemidanganiso. Kodwa isivumelwano saphumelela ekugcineni ngoba abaholi bezombangazwe base-Northern Ireland nomphakathi wesizwe babenaso. Abameli bangaphandle bangavula iminyango futhi banikeze imithombo, kodwa ukuthula kudinga ukuzinikela kwendawo emsebenzini onzima wokuhlehla. Lesi sifundo siye sazisa umklamo wezinhlangano zokwakha ukuthula njenge-UN’s Peacebushice Commission, egcizelela ubuni besizwe.

Ukukhuluma Ngezimbangela Eziyinhloko, Hhayi Izimpawu Nje

I-Good Wear Agreement yahlela ukungafani kokwakha okwabangela iziNkingo: ubandlululo ezindlini, emsebenzini, nakumaphoyisa; ukuntuleka kwezombangazwe kwabashisekeli besizwe; nokulwa komphakathi. Ngokuhlanganisa ukulingana namalungelo abantu, yenza ukuthula kuqinisekiswe emphakathini. Abalamuleli kwezinye izingxabano manje banikeza ukunakekela okuseduze ezikhalo ezingokomnotho, amalungelo ezwe, nobulungisa bezenhlalo.

Ukubaluleka Komsebenzi Ocacile Womthetho - sisekelo

I-Good Wearfrey Agreement ayizange ixazulule impikiswano eyisisekelo ngobukhosi base-Northern Ireland. Kunalokho, yasungula indlela yokusingatha ukungezwani okunjalo: isimiso sokuvumelana, okusho ukuthi i-Northern Ireland izohlala iyingxenye ye-UK ngaphandle kokuba iningi lamavoti ajoyina i-Ireland ehlangene. Lokhu kwavumela womabili amacala ukuba asho ukuthi umngcele uqinisekiswe; abathandi besizwe bangathi indlela yokuhlanganisa manje ingokomthetho nentando yentando yeningi. Le "ifundisa ukungavumelani" ithuluzi elinamandla lombuso wokuthula i-gotators, nakuba futhi unezingozi, njengoba kubonakala kuphikisana kwe-post-Br eNorthern Ireland.

Ukugxekwa Nokulinganiselwa Kwesibonelo

Asikho isivumelwano sokuthula esiphelele, futhi i-Good Wearth Agument iye yagxekwa kakhulu. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi isisekelo sayo esihlanganisa ukuhlukana kwamahlelo ngokufuna amaqembu ezombangazwe ukuba ahlele izinhlu zomphakathi, anqande ukuvela kwamaphathi anqamule ukuthula. I-Northern Ireland Assembly iye yabekwa indiva ngokungafanele, futhi amaqembu ngokuvamile aye angafuni ukwakha isikhulu. Izivumelwano zokusebenzelana nenqubo yokuphumelela ebanzi yeqiniso, ngokungafani-kenziwa, ziye zashiya izisulu eziningi zinomuzwa wokuthi ukwenziwa kobulungisa kuhlawulwe ngokuthula. Futhi igebe yokwehlukana kwezomnotho kuye kwasakazwa ngokungafanele, kanye nemiphakathi ehlukeneyo ebhekene nezindawo eziphezulu zokubhekana nezinganiso zomphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthembela kwesivumelwano eziqinisekisini zangaphandle − iBrithani ne-Ireland njengohulumeni bokugcina njenge-arbites , azibonakali ezimpini lapho kungekho khona abakho abakho abakho. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Siriya noma eLibya, akukho okulinganayo nobudlelwane obungaqinisa indawo. Isibonelo futhi sathatha i-astumetric , ivumela ukuphikisana. Kulezompi ezihlanganisa umbuso onamandla nobuthakathaka, uphahla lwasenyakatho ne-Ireland lungasebenziseka kakhulu.

Naphezu kwalokhu kulinganiselwa, i - Good Wear Agreement iseyisibonelo esiphumelela kakhulu sokuxazululwa kwempi ejulile yobuhlanga ezweni lentando yeningi.

Isivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu ENkathini Yangemva Kwe - brexit

Ukuhoxa kweUnited Kingdom eEuropean Union kuye kwabeka i-Good Wearth Adventiment ngaphansi kobunzima obungakaze bubekho. I-Northern Ireland Protocol, eklanyelwe ukuvimbela umngcele onzima esiqhingini sase-Ireland, yadala imingcele yezohwebo phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland neGreat Britain, yahlukanisa abantu abaningi abahlangene. Ukuntengantenga kwezombangazwe okwabangelwa yi-Anstriar Ireland Guideption ngo-20222, ne-Democratic Union Reaserty Party yanqaba ukuhlanganyela kuze kuthathelwe indawo ye-mthetho-mthetho. I-2023 Windsor Fum Framey, ixoxisana ne-UK ne-EUM, yafuna ukuxoxa ngalezi zinkinga lapho izinhlangano zesivumelwano se-omiglome.

Lesi senzakalo siqokomisa isifundo esibalulekile sezingxoxo zokuthula: izivumelwano kumelwe zivunyelaniswe nokushaqeka kwangaphandle. Isivumelwano seGood Wear Adventity saklanywa ngenxa yokubambisana kwe-EU kanye ne-British-aster phakathi kwaleso simiso. Uma umongo ushintsha, isivumelwano kwadingeka ukuba sivumelane ne-(noma izingozi ziwohloke). Kuzo ezinye izindawo, isifundo ukwakha izivumelwano ngokuvumelana ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuhlasele amaqiniso ashintshayo ezombangazwe, kuyilapho kugcinwa izimiso eziyisisekelo ezigcina ukuthula.

Isiphetho: Ifa Eliphilayo

I-Good Wear Agreement ayiyona nje incwadi engokomlando. Isakhiwo esiphilayo esisaqhubeka sihlela indlela izwe elisondela ngayo ekuthuleni emiphakathini ehlukene. Ukugcizelela kwalo ukubambisana kwamandla, ukunqamleza imingcele, amalungelo abantu, nokuguqula okusesilinganisweni sekuyingxenye yethuluzi elivamile lokulungisa izingxabano. Ukusuka emagqumeni ase Colombia ukuya emigwaqweni yaseBelfast, imilando ka-1998 izwakala. Abalungisi besikhathi esizayo bayoqhubeka behlola impumelelo yayo nengxabano yayo, bevumelanisa izimiso zayo nezingxabano ezintsha. Isivumelwano sabonisa ukuthi ngisho nobutha obubaba kakhulu bunganqotshwa ngesineke, ngokuhlanganisa. Lokho kuyifa elidlulela kude kakhulu i-Northern Ireland.