Njengoba ubude besikhathi sokuphila emhlabeni wonke bunyuka futhi amazinga okuzala encipha, amazwe abhekene nokushintsha okukhulu kwenani labantu. Ngo-2050, inani labantu abaneminyaka engu-60 nangaphezulu lihlongozwa ukuba lifinyelele ku-2,1 000 000, lisuka ku-1 000 000 ngo-2019, ngokwe yeZizwe ezihlangene[. Lokhu kucindezela okukhulu kakhulu ezimisweni zomphakathi, ezenhlalakahle zempilo, kanye nezimakethengiso zezisebenzi. Indlela ohulumeni abasabela ngayo kakhulu ngokulandelana kwezimiso zezombangazwe, ezezomnotho, nezokulungisa izimiso zezenhlalo. Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekusekeleni izimiso zomphakathi eziqinile futhi eziphambili.

Ukubukeza Izifanekiso Zokubusa

Izifekethiso zokubusa azikho ezohlobo olulodwa; zikhona ngohlobo olubonisa imingcele engokomlando, izindinganiso zamasiko, kanye nezinto eziza kuqala kwezomnotho. Izigaba ezintathu ezibanzi – idemokrasi ekhululekile, idemokrasi, nemibuso yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo ne-phoqel denariol – ngasinye sithatha izindlela ezihlukile zenhlala- kahle nenhlala- kahle yakudala. Ezinye izizwe zibuye zihlanganise izici, ziveze izimiso ezixubile eziphikisanayo ezimelana nezingasho ezilula.

Imibuso Ezimele Engalawuleki

Imibuso yentando yeningi esemthethweni, njenge-United States, i-United Kingdom, i-Canada, ne-Australia, ithambekele ekuhleleni inqubo yezentengiselwano. Izinhlelo zokuphepha kwezenhlala-khaya zinikeza inzuzo eyisisekelo, kodwa umbuso ulinganisela ngamabomu indima yawo, ikhuthaza impesheni yomqashi, izinhloso zomqashi ozimele, kanye nemali egciniwe. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso somphakathi somphakathi sokulondoloza izimali sixhaswa ngokukhokha izintela futhi sinikeza isilinganiso esilinganiselwe, kuyilapho ama-akhawunti entela alingana no-401(k) kanye ne-IRAS eshishishishiza izingozi zokuthengiselwa umshuwalenselensele womphakathi. Ukukhathalela impilo yabantu abadala ngokuvamile kuyingxube yomshuwalense (Medicare) kanye nezinhloso zomuntu siqu, eziphumela ekukhokheleni izindleko ezinkulu zentela kubantu abadala abaningi.

Lezindinganiso zokuzibamba nokukhetha kwabathengi, kodwa kungaholela ekuhlanganiseni izikhala nokungalingani. Abathola imali ephansi, abasebenza, nabambalwa basengozini enkulu yobumpofu emhlalaphansi. Ngokwe- CD, i-United States inenani eliphakeme kakhulu lobumpofu phakathi kwamazwe athuthukile, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthembela emakethe embangweni ezomnotho kanye nokufunda kwezezimali.

Imibuso Yomphakathi

Ngokuphambene, idemokrasi yezenhlalo njengeSweden, iJalimane, iNorway, neDenmark ifaka umbuso esizeni senhlalakahle yezenhlalo. Lamazwe ngokuvamile asebenza endaweni yonke, izinhlelo zezempilo ezikhokhelwayo ezikhokhelwayo kanye nezinhlelo zomphakathi zempesheni eziklanyelwe ukugcina izinga lokuphila lapho esegugile. Ngokwesibonelo, ipeni laseSweden lihlanganisa ingxenye ekhokhelwayo enjenge-we-ach-ech ne-akhawunti esemthethweni elawulwa yizwe, iqinisekisa ukuthengwa okukhulu nokuhlanganiswa kwengozi. Umshuwalense wezenhlalakahle yaseJalimane uhlanganisa umshuwalense wesikhathi eside wokunakekela abantu, insika enikezelwe amanye amazwe amaningi asweleyo.

Imibuso yentando yeningi engokwezenhlalo ifaka futhi imali eningi ezimisweni ezisebenzayo zokuguga – ukunakekelwa kwabadala okungangeni ndawo, izinkonzo zokuqondisa izigwegwe, izikhungo zomphakathi, nezinhlelo zemfundo ezingokwesikhathi eside. Umphumela uvame ukuba ukuthatha iqhaza eliphansi kwezisebenzi ezindala, izisebenzi ezisebenzayo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, nemiphumelo engcono yempilo. Nokho, lezi zimiso zidinga amazinga entela aphakeme futhi zivumelane nezombangazwe eziqhubekayo. Njengoba abantu, inkathi yokwandiswa kwemibuso elawulwa ngemibuso engokwentando yeningi ibhekene nezingcindezi ezandayo, eziholela ezingxabalweni ngokuphathelene nokwenyuka kwenani lemali enikelayo, nokuthuthukisa inzuzo ukuze kulondolozwe.

Izinga Lombhali

Izinduna ezibusa amanxusa, ezitholakala emazweni anjengeChina, iRussia, iVietnam, neSaudi Arabia, zivame ukuphoqelela izinguquko eziphezulu ngaphandle kokuxhumana nomphakathi obanzi. Izimiso zokuphepha zingahlukaniswa, nezinzuzo eziphandleni zezisebenzi zikahulumeni kanye nesivikelo esincane sezisebenzi zasemaphandleni noma ezingahleliwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iChina, iye yanwetshwa ngokushesha ukuvikela kwayo kwezenhlala - kahle emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, kodwa kusele izikhawu eziphawulekayo phakathi kwezakhamuzi zasedolobheni nasemaphandleni. IBhange Lond IBHANGELA LASE] i-World Bank [[FLT] inombolo engaphansi kwengu 40% yezisebenzi zaseChina ezisebenzayo zihlanganyela esimisweni semali engokomthetho, ishiya abantu abadala abaningi abathembele ekusekeleni komkhaya noma ekusweleni.

Imibuso elawulayo ingasebenzisa izinguquko ezithatha impesheni ngokushesha, kodwa ukuntuleka kokuhlola nokulinganisela kungaphumela ezinzuzweni ezizenele noma ekuthatheni imali ngokungafanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imingcele emphakathini womphakathi wezakhamuzi nemithombo yezindaba ezizimele ingafihla ithonya langempela lezimiso kubantu abadala abasengozini. Kwezinye izimo, ohulumeni abanobushiqela basebenzisa izinhlelo zomphakathi njengamathuluzi okulawula kwezombangazwe, basakaza izinzuzo ezindaweni noma emaqenjini athembekile kuyilapho bedebeselela abanye.

Izimo Ezisahwaqamba Nezishintshashintshayo

Amazwe amaningi ayazi ukuthi angowokuhlawuliswa. Ngokwesibonelo, iJapane ihlanganisa isimiso somphakathi sempesheni nezimiso zomkhaya eziqinile zokunakekela abadala, kodwa futhi iveza izinselele zokuzala okuphansi kakhulu kanye nobude bokuphila obudlulele. iSingapore isebenzisa icebo lokulondolozwa kwemali (i-Central Preencyent Fund) elawulwa uhulumeni kodwa engumuntu ngamunye, ihlanganisa izici zedemokratis ekhululekileyo nezenhlalo. Amazwe ase-Latin America anjengeChile aphayona ngempondo yempesheni ngaphansi kobushiqela bamabutho ezempi, kamuva aphinde avuse asusa izakhi zomphakathi ngemva kokuguqula kwe-democrizimu. Lezi zikhangiso ezilawula inguquko zikahulumeni, ngokuvamile ngenxa yezingciphelo zezeze zezembubhishobhini.

Izinqubo Zokusingatha Ukuguga Kwenani Labantu

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isiphi isibonelo sokubusa, zonke izizwe kumelwe zibhekane namaqiniso afanayo amanani abantu: izisebenzi ezimbalwa kulowo nalowo othatha umhlalaphansi, izindleko ezikhulayo zokunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nokushintsha kwezakhiwo zomkhaya.

Izinguquko Ezilahlwayo

Izimiso zepension ziwumgqa ophambili wokulondeka kwakudala. Izinguquko ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhulisa iminyaka yomhlalaphansi ukuze ivumelane nesilinganiso esikhushuliwe sesikhathi sokuphila. Amazwe amaningi asenyuke kancane kancane afinyelela eminyakeni engu 67 noma 68. Ngokwesibonelo, iUnited Kingdom isuka ku 66 kuya ku-66 ngo-2046, kuyilapho iJalimane yaphakamisa iminyaka yayo evamile yomhlalaphansi kusukela ku-65 kuya ku-677.
  • Ukwanda kwamazinga omnikelo [ ukuze kulondolozwe amazinga okuxhasa imali. Lendlela ibhekene nokuntengantenga kwezombangazwe ngoba ikhuphula izindleko zezisebenzi nabaqashi. Idemokrasi yezenhlalo enjengeFrance iye yabhekana nokubhikishwa okukhulu ngezinguquko zempesheni ezinwebela inkathi yomnikelo.
  • Ukusukela ekukhokheni-ase-go kuya ezihlelweni ezikhokhelwayo, lapho imali egciniwe khona isetshenziselwa izimakethe zezimali. Ukushintshela kweChile emakamelweni ahlukahlukene ngo 1981 kwashukumisela izizwe eziningi ukuba zifune ukulandisa, kodwa kamuva ubufakazi bembula izindleko eziphakeme, ishefu ephansi, nezinzuzo ezizanele kuzisebenzi ezithola imali ephansi, kubangela ukuhlehlela okungalinganiyo eminyakeni yamuva.
  • Ukuhlanganisa izinqubo zokulungisa ezizenzekelayo [ ezihlanganisa izinzuzo zesikhathi sokuphila, ukukhula kwezomnotho, noma izisulu zemali. Inqubo ye-“automatic cometic control control" yeSweden inciphisa izinzuzo uma impahla ihluleka, isibonelo esithuthukisa ukulondolozwa kodwa esingaba yimpikiswano yezombangazwe.

Izibonelo zokubusa eziyithonya lezinguquko ezingenzeka. Imibuso yentando yeningi ekhululekile ivame ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni ezinkulu zezombangazwe nasezinguquko ezilandelanayo, kuyilapho imibuso yempoqo ingasebenzisa izinguquko ngokuphazima kweso. Nokho, ukwethembana komphakathi nokubonakala kwamaqembu kudinga inguquko ukuze iphumelele.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuguga Okunempilo

Ukuphila isikhathi eside kubaluleke kakhulu uma kuphila impilo enhle. Izinkonzo zokuvikela ukuvinjelwa, ukulawulwa kwezifo namahlalakhona nendlela yokuphila ematasa kunganciphisa umthwalo ezimisweni zempilo futhi kuthuthukise izinga lokuphila. Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukutholakala okungahambelani kokunakekela nokuhlola okuyinhloko kwezimo ezinjengomfutho wegazi ophakeme, isifo sikashukela, nomdlavuza. Idemokrasi yezenhlalo inikeza lezinkonzo ngaphandle kwezindleko noma ngezindleko eziphansi, kanti idemokrasi ekhululekile ingaba nezikhala zokufihla abantu abadala abangaboshelwanga noma abangaphansi kwaleyo ekhona.
  • Ukuthumela imisebenzi engokomzimba nokuthembisana ukuhlangana komphakathi ngezinhlelo zomphakathi, umklamo wobungane wasemadolobheni, kanye nokuhamba okungalingani. Uhlelo lwaseJapane “UFireai Kippu” (amathikithi obuhlobo) lukhuthaza izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezisencane ukuba zikhuthaze abantu abadala ukuba zisize ekuthengiseni izikweletu ezingazisebenzisa kamuva – isibonelo sokusungula sokunakekela komphakathi.
  • Imisebenzi yabadala yokunakekela ihlanganisa ukunakekela okusekelwe ekhaya, ukusiza ukuphila, namakhaya asebegugile. Umshuwalense wesikhathi eside wokunakekela waseJalimane uhlanganisa kokubili izikhungo zomphakathi nezisekhaya, unika imikhaya amandla avumelanayo. Ngokuphambene, i-United States incike kakhulu kuMedicaid, emboza ukunakekela kuphela ngemva kokuba abadala beye balahlekelwa yimali abayigcinele, idala “isicupho semikhaya esephakathi.
  • [ Ubuchwepheshe bokulungisa izakhiwo njenge-telehealth, imishini egugekayo, nezimiso zasekhaya ezihlakaniphile zingasiza abantu asebekhulile endaweni yayo. Izinhlelo zokufunda ngamanani zibalulekile ekuvimbeleni “igebe eliphakathi" phakathi kwabantu abadala, eliphawuleka kakhulu ekufikeni kwezindawo eziphansi nasemaphandleni.

Amandla Okusebenza Nezokuziphatha Kwabantu Abahlala Ezindaweni Ezithile

Ukuze banqande ukuncipha kwezisebenzi, ohulumeni bangakhuthaza izisebenzi esezikhulile ukuba zihlale zisebenza isikhathi eside futhi zikhange abafuduki abasebasha. Izisebenzi eziphetheyo ziveza ukuphumelela kwalamacebo. Imibuso elawula izenhlalo inikeza amalungiselelo avumelanayo emisebenzi, ukuqeqeshelwa izimali zokuxhasa impatho yempesheni, kanye nokukhetha okungalingani okungenza umsebenzi ube muhle kakhulu. idemokratial democracy egxile ekususeni izithiyo ezinjengobandlululo lobudala nokunikeza izisusa kubaqashi ukuba baqashe izisebenzi esezini.

Isimiso sokuhlanganisa imibuso sisendaweni ezwela kakhulu. Imibuso yabaphathi ingasebenzisa ukufuduka ukuze kugcwaliswe ukuswela kwemisebenzi kodwa ngokuvamile ivimbela ukuhlalisana okuhlala njalo nezinzuzo zomphakathi. Imibuso yokusebenzela uhulumeni iye yamukela abafuduki ngokomlando ukuze isekele izisekelo zentela, kodwa ukushintshwa kwamuva kwezombangazwe kuye kwasungula ulawulo oluqinile. Kuhulumeni ozimele, izimpikiswano zokufuduka zincintisana kakhulu, ezithinta ikhono lokuklama amasu okubala akudala. Ngokwe- INTERNATIOMET Monetary Fund[, ngisho nezokufuduka okuphakeme kakhulu, amazwe amaningi athuthukile ayodinga ingxubeko yokuzingezela izinguquko ukuze alondoloze ukulondolo.

Ukubambisana Nokusekela Komkhaya

Emiphakathini eminingi engokwesiko, umkhaya ulokhu uyisivikelo esiyinhloko kubantu abadala. Ngokwesibonelo, amasiko aseMpumalanga Asia, anezindinganiso eziqinile zobungcwele babantwana, kodwa ukuhlala emadolobheni nemikhaya emincane kuqeda lokhu kusekela. Imibuso yobubusi ingahlanganisa izibopho zomkhaya emthethweni − ukulondolozwa kweSivumelwano sabazali eSingapore kuvumela asebekhulile ukuba badlulisele izingane zabo ukuze basekele ngokwezimali – kodwa izinyathelo ezinjalo kunzima ukugcinwa. i-socialismism inikeza izinzuzo eziqondile zikahulumeni zokunciphisa umthwalo emikhayeni, kuyilapho idemocrali ekhululekile ngokuvamile ilindele ukuba imikhaya igcwalise izikhala ezishiywe yizinkonzo zomphakathi ezilinganiselwe.

Ukuhlangana kwenani kuyinto ekhulayo. Izisebenzi ezisezincane zibhekene nentela ephakeme neminikelo yokusekela inani labantu asebekhulile, kuyilapho zibhekana futhi nezinselele zazo siqu zezomnotho njengezikweleti zabafundi nezindleko zokuhlala. Izisebenzi ezilawulayo ezikhuthaza ukubonakala, ukusekela izimali eziqinile nengxoxo phakathi kwezizukulwane zisesimweni esingcono sokulondoloza ukubambisana komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, iDenmark, isebenzisa “ukuhlela izizukulwane” uhlelo lokuhlola ithonya lemithetho ethatha isikhathi eside emaqembuni ahlukene angokobudala.

Izinselele Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kokungafani kwazo, zonke izinhlobo ezibusayo zibhekana nezithiyo ezivamile ekubhekaneni nenani labantu asebegugile. Okucindezela kakhulu kuhlanganisa ukuswelakala kwezimali, izindleko ezikhuphukayo zempilo, ukungalingani kwendlela yokuthola izinto, nokumelana nezombangazwe. Iziqondiso zesikhathi esizayo kumelwe zilinganisele ukufaneleka kwemali kanye nobudlelwane, ukujwayela izinguquko zezobuchwepheshe nezenani labantu ngaphandle kokushiya umphakathi osengozini.

Ukulahlekelwa Imali Nezingcindezi Ezingokwezimali

Njengoba isilinganiso sezisebenzi ezithatha umhlalaphansi sinyuka, izimiso zempesheni ezikhokhelwayo zibhekene nezinciphiso zokwakha. Imisebenzi ye-OECD yokuthi izindleko zempesheni yomphakathi kwezezomnotho ezithuthukile ziyonyuka ngo-1 /3% we-GDP ngo-2050, kuyilapho impilo kanye nokunakekelwa okude kunganyuka ngenye i-240% ye-GDP. Amazwe anezomnotho ezinkulu zesikhashana, njenge-Indiya ne-Brazil, ayothola kunzima kakhulu ukuqoqa iminikelo nokunikeza inzuzo yembulunga yonke.

Amakhambi ahlanganisa ukukhuphula iminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphansi, ukunciphisa ukuphana ngokunenzuzo kwabathatha umhlalaphansi abathatha umhlalaphansi (ukuhlola) kanye nokubuyisela imali eyandayo emalini yokuzisebenzela. I-Government Pension Fund ye-Internet Global, eyakhiwe ngenzuzo kawoyela, iyisibonelo sendlela amazwe acebile angazibopha ngayo izibopho zangaphambi kwesikhathi eside. Nokho, izindlela ezinjalo zidinga ukubusa okukhulu kanye nokuzibophezela okuthatha isikhathi eside kwezombangazwe okungase kuntule emithethweni engaqinile.

Izindleko Zempilo

Abantu abadala basebenzisa ingxenye enkulu yemithombo yezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yabo yokugcina. Izindleko eziqoqiwe ngaphandle kokwabiwa ziyinselele kuzo zonke izifekethiso ezibusayo. I-Strateging ihlanganisa izindleko zemali ezisekelwe emazingeni, ukuxoxisana ngemilaliso (okuvamile kwezentando yeningi), kanye nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwemithi evimbela ukusetshenziswa kwemali. Izikhulu zobugunya zingafaka izimali eziqinile, kodwa lokhu kungaholela ezikhungweni eziphansi kakhulu nasesikhathini eside sokulinda.

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza isithembiso: Ukunciphisa imithwalo yokuhamba, ukuhlola okusizanayo kwe-AI kunganciphisa izindleko, futhi izinhlelo zokulawula izifo ezingamahlalakhona zinganqikaza izenzakalo ezibiza kakhulu. Nokho ukuhlukanisa kwamanani – kokubili phakathi naphakathi kwamazwe – kusho ukuthi abantu abadala abangafundile kahle noma abangatholakali kahle kuyi-intanethi bangashiywa. Imishini yokulawula engenisa izindleko ezibanzi nokuqeqeshwa kwemishini cishe izobona imiphumela engcono.

Ukungalingani Nabantu Abanabantu Abangenakuqhathaniswa

Ukuguga akuthinteli wonke amaqembu ngokulinganayo. Abesifazane, amaqembu amancane, izisebenzi ezihola imali ephansi, nalabo abasebenza ngokwethukela bavame ukuba nemali ephansi yokuphila, ukukwazi ukufinyelela impesheni yabaqashi, nempilo engcono. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi elikhululekile, izimiso zezentengiselwano ezingakhuphula lezi geqe. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi kunciphisa ukungalingani kwabantu kodwa kusenzima ukufinyelela amaqembu aphansi, njengabafuduki noma abangenamakhaya. Imibuso yabagunya eligunyazi ivame ukudebebeselela abantu abasengozini ngokuphelele, kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zomphakathi ezingokwenhlalo ukuze kuvunwe ukuthembeka kwezombangazwe kunokuba kudingesidingo.

Imithetho ekhuluma ngalezindawo ihlanganisa izikweleti zempesheni eminyakeni yokunakekela, inzuzo enciphile, kanye nokufinyelela emiphakathini egciniwe. Inhlangano yezempilo yomhlaba wonke ikhuthaza amadolobha akhulayo acabangela ukutholakala, ukuhlangana komphakathi, nokuphepha kwabo bonke asebekhulile, kungakhathaliseki iholo noma isizinda.

Intando Yezombangazwe Nekhono Lezinhlangano

Ukulungisa ukulondeka kwezenhlalo kuyingozi ngokwezombangazwe, ngoba ngokuvamile kuhilela ukunciphisa izinzuzo noma ukukhuphula izintela. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi elikhululekile, imijikelezo emifushane yokukhetha ingaqeda ukucabanga okuthatha isikhathi eside. Imibuso yentando yeningi yezenhlalo incike ekuvumelaneni okubanzi kodwa ubuso bungagwenywa izithakazelo ezigciniwe. Imibuso yobucukubhede ingathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha kodwa ingantula izimiso ezidinga ukuvuselelwa ngokuphumelelayo. Ukwethemba umphakathi ngokukhulumisana okunganqamukiyo, ukufezeka okunekiwe, nokubophezela okunezibopho okungantengi kuyingozi kuzo zonke izinkombano.

Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke kungasiza futhi. I-Global Commission on the Statity of Notional Profection Systems ne International Social Security Association isizana nosizo lwezobuchwepheshe. Amazwe angafunda ekuphumeleleni nasekuhlulekeni kwezwe, avumelane ne-mosfectal acustoms.

Isiphetho

Indlela isizwe esizibusa ngayo ngokuyisisekelo indlela esisekela ngayo izakhamuzi zaso ezigugile. Intando yeningi ye-odokisi igcizelela umthwalo wemfanelo nenkokhelo yezentengiselwano, idala ukuvumelana kodwa futhi ingakhethi. I-democracy yezenhlalo inikeza isivikelo sendawo yonke, esibekwe ngokwentengo yombuso, ukufinyelela intengo ephezulu. Imibuso yobushiqela ingaletha izinguquko ezisheshayo, kodwa ngokuvamile ngokulahlekelwa kokubonakala nokukhomba amaqembu ahlukene. I-hybridrodecle iyaqhubeka iguqula, iboleka izakhi ezicikweni eziningi.

Akukho ndlela eyodwa enikeza ikhambi eliphelele. Umkhangisi ngamunye obusayo kumelwe amelane nokucindezela kwezezimali, ukudinga kwempilo, nokushintsha kwenani labantu lapho kugcinwa ukufaneleka kwezombangazwe nokubambisana kwezenhlalo. Izimiso eziphumelela kakhulu kuyoba yilezo ezisekelwe ebufakazini, ezivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo, futhi zibeke phambili inhlalakahle yabantu abadala njengengxenye eyisisekelo yomphakathi. Ngokuqonda indlela ababuswayo abahlukene abasingatha ngayo lezinselele, abenzi bezimiso bangalungisa amasu obuciko asekela futhi aphelele, aqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphila okude kuphila ngesithunzi nokulondeka.