Izimiso zezombangazwe ziyindlela engabonakali yokukhangisa impucuko yabantu. Zichaza indlela amandla asakazwa ngayo, indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo, nendlela imithombo esetshenziswa ngayo kuyo yonke imiphakathi. Kusukela ngesikhathi uphaphama ulandela uhlelo lwesikole olubekwe ibhodi lesikole lendawo, ukhokha intela egodlwe kuwe, izimiso zezombangazwe ziguqula ngokuthule izenzakalo zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda lezi zimiso akuyona nje indlela yemfundo ewusizo kunoma ubani ofuna ukudlula ezweni lanamuhla, ukusekela ushintsho, noma ukumane nje uqonde izihloko zezindaba ezilawula ukudla kwethu.

Lesi sihloko sichitha izinhlobo ezinkulu zezimiso zezombangazwe, sihlola indlela ezithonya ngayo ukuba khona kwansuku zonke, futhi sihlola indima ebalulekile efezwa yizakhamuzi ekulolongeni ukubusa kwazo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi ohlangana nalemiqondo okokuqala noma uthisha ofuna uhlelo olucacile, lokhu kuhlola kunikeza isisekelo sokuqonda ukuthi izinhlelo zezombangazwe zisebenza kanjani.

Siyini Isimiso Sezombangazwe?

Isimiso sezombangazwe siyisimiso sezimiso ezingokomthetho nezingahleliwe ezibusa umphakathi. Sihlanganisa izinhlangano ezidala, eziphoqelelayo, nezichaza imithetho − ngokulindelekile isishayamthetho, umphathi, nejaji (nemithetho, amasiko, nezinqubo ezinqumayo ukuthi amandla asetshenziswa kanjani. Izimiso zezombangazwe azimi ndawonye; ziphendukela ekusabeleni ekucindezeleni kwangaphakathi, emathonyeni angaphandle, kanye nasezindinganisweni ezishintshayo zabantu ababusayo.

Emnyombweni wayo, isimiso ngasinye sezombangazwe kumelwe siphendule imibuzo emithathu eyisisekelo: Obani ababusayo? Ababusi bakhethwa kanjani noma basuswe kanjani? Imiphi imingcele, uma ikhona egunyeni labo? Izimpendulo zalemibuzo ziveza izinhlobonhlobo zezimiso ezibonwayo embulungeni yonke. Britanica ukungena kwezimiso zezombangazwe[ kunikeza incazelo ebanzi yemfundo, kodwa incazelo esebenzayo ifinyelela kude.

Izingxenye zesimiso sezombangazwe zihlanganisa umthetho-sisekelo (obhaliwe noma ongabhalwanga), uhlelo lomthetho, amaqembu ezombangazwe, nezinqubo zokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Ezimisweni ezizinzile, lezi zici zidala izindlela eziqinisekile zokuxazulula izingxabano nokusakaza imithombo. Ezimisweni ezintekenteke noma ezilawulayo, zingasebenza ngokuyinhloko ekuqiniseni amandla esigaba esibusayo.

Izinhlobo Zezimiso Zezombangazwe

Ososayensi bezombangazwe bahlukanisa izimiso ngezindlela eziningana: inani labantu abanegunya, indlela yokulandelana kobuholi, izinga lokulawula kwezwe emphakathini, kanye nokuvikela amalungelo abantu. Lokhu okulandelayo yizigaba ezivame kakhulu ezihlangatshezwa kwezombangazwe eziqhathaniswa.

Intando yeningi

Idemokrase, kusukela ku-Greek dēmokratia (ukubusa kwabantu), ukubeka igunya eliphelele ezandleni zezakhamuzi. Lokhu kusho ukukhetha okuvamile, okuncintisanayo; isivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi njengenkululeko yokukhuluma nemihlangano; ukubusa komthetho; nomthetho ozimele. Akukho mbuso wentando yeningi wanamuhla oyintando yeningi eqondile; kunalokho, kusebenza kakhulu njengedemocritheism, lapho izakhamuzi zikhetha khona izikhulu ukuba zenze izinqumo zazo.

I-Democracism ivela ngokunambitheka okuhlukene. Esimisweni sephalamende (umz., iUnited Kingdom, Canada, iNdiya) umphathi uthathwa kusishaya-mthetho futhi uyalandisa kuso. Esimisweni somongameli (umz., i-United States, Brazil) umphathi ukhethwa ngokwehlukile futhi akasaphathwanga umthetho wendlu yomthetho. Zombili lezi zimo zegazi zinezikhundla nobuthakathaka, kodwa zihlanganyela isibopho kukhetho lwezikhathi ezithile nobuningi bezombangazwe. Ngokwe- House yeminyaka yonke , inani le-democraficrasess liyehla eminyakeni yamuva, ukuthambekela okubonisa ukufezeka kwezinhlangano zentando yentando yeningi.

Umbhali

I-athonsituism igxilisa amandla kumholi oyedwa noma kuhulumeni omncane, okuncane kakhulu ukuba kungabekelwe icala emphakathini. Ukuphikiswa kwezombangazwe kuyacishwa, ukhetho (uma kuphethwe) aluncintisani ngempela, futhi abezindaba bayalawulwa kakhulu. Izakhamuzi zinamalungelo alinganiselwe okuhlela, ukubhikisha, noma ukugxeka uhulumeni. Izimiso zobugunya ngokuvamile zizithethelela ngokukhanga ekuhlelekeni, ekuzinzeni, ekuziphatheni kwesizwe, noma ekuthuthukiseni kwezomnotho ngokushesha.

Izibonelo zisukela kumlando wempi yempi (umz., i-Argentina ngaphansi kwe-junta) kuya ezifundazweni zesikhathi samanje ezizimele (umz., Vietnam) nombuso wobushiqela womuntu (umz., iBelarus ngaphansi kuka-Alexander Lukastenko). Imibuso yobushiqela ingahluka ngokunamandla, kusukela ku- “bubushiqela” obuvumela umphakathi othile ukuba ube nombuso wobushiqela ononya oncike ezindaweni ezinswe ezindaweni ezigcwele ukuqashelwa nobudlova.

Ubushiqela

Ubushiqela bumelela uhlobo oludlulele lobushiqela lapho umbuso ufuna ukulawula zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi nokungabodwa. Imfundiso engokwesayensi yokuzimela, ukuqapha okukhulu, ukuqapha, ukukhomba ngobuntu, nenkulumo - ze eqondiswa uhulumeni izimpawu. Imibuso yombuso wobushiqela ivame ukuba neqembu elilodwa noma umholi othi yiyo kuphela efuna ukwethembeka okuphelele. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa iJalimane lobuNazi, iSoviet Union ngaphansi kukaStalin, neNyakatho Korea namuhla.

Ubushiqela buhlukile kumthetho ovamile wempoqo ekufuneni kwawo: abuhloselwe ukucindezela ukuphikisa nje kuphela kodwa ukwenza isimo sobuntu nomphakathi ngokwemibono ethile. [[FLT: 0] Enclopædia Britannica iphawula ukuthi ubushiqela buphawulwa ngomqondo oyinkimbinkimbi, iqembu elilodwa, nesimiso sokulawula kwamaphoyisa amaphekula.

Umbusi

Inkosi enkulu iyisimiso lapho umuntu oyedwa, ngokuvamile inkosi noma indlovukazi, ephethe isikhundla sombuso sokuphila, ngokuvamile ngokulandelana kofuzo. Emkhandlwini ophelele, i-monarch icishe ibe namandla angenamkhawulo (umz., iSaudi Arabia, Oman). Kumthetho ngokomthetho, amandla enkosi alinganiselwe ngesimiso somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma isimiso sephalamende, futhi isebenza ngokuyinhloko njengesiqu senkolo (umz., i-United Kingdom, i-Sweden, i-Sweden).

Imibuso yanamuhla elawulwa umthetho - sisekelo isebenza njengamarepublic entando yeningi, lapho ohulumeni abakhethiwe besebenzisa igunya langempela. Inkosi yamakhosi iphikelela njengophawu lobunye besizwe nokuqhubeka. Ngokuphambene, imibuso ephelele igxilisa izikhundla zombuso, izishaya - mthetho, nokwahlulela emkhayeni wasebukhosini, nezakhamuzi ezingenaso isikhala esingokomthetho ezinqumweni zombusi.

UbuKhomanisi

UbuKhomanisi buyinkolelo futhi buyisimiso sezombangazwe. Ngokwenkolelo, bucabanga ukuthi buwumphakathi ongenazigaba, ongenazikhawulo-zwe okhiqiza izinto ngokweqembu. Ngokwenqubo, amazwe obukhomanisi angamashumi amabili namashumi amabili (iSoviet Union, iChina, iCuba, iNyakatho Korea, iVietnam) amisa ukubusa okukodwa okuhambisana nokuba nesigaba sombuso esinenkululeko yezombangazwe nemingcele enzima. I-Communist Party ibusa zonke izitho zegunya, futhi ukukhetha kusebenza ekukhetheni kweqembu le-ravity.

Izimiso zobukhomanisi zamuva ziye zavela. Ngokwesibonelo, iChina iye yamukela izinguquko zezomnotho eziye zasekelwa emakethe kuyilapho ilondoloza isimo seqembu leLenin. Umphumela uyisimiso esixubile esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “isimiso sokusebenzela abaphathi.” Inyakatho Korea ihlanganisa umqondo wobukhomanisi nentando yeningi. Igama elithi “ummeli” namuhla lichaza iqoqo lemibuso ehlukene, kodwa lihlanganyela ekunqatshweni kwemincintiswano ehlukeneyo nezikhulu.

Indlela Izimiso Zezombangazwe Ezithuthuka Ngayo Ngokuhamba Kwesikhathi

Izimiso zezombangazwe azilungiswa; zivela ezimpini ezingokomlando, ezinguquko, izinguquko zezomnotho, namasiko ashintshayo. Ukusuka ekuthatheni i-monalism kuya ezindaweni zesizwe eYurophu, ukuwohloka kwezwe ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, nokuwohloka kweSoviet Union konke kwaguqula ibalazwe lembulunga yonke lezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani amanye amazwe esekela idemokratistiki emile kuyilapho amanye ejikeleza ngokubusa ngokugumbuqela nokubusa kwempoqo.

Izici ezibangela ushintsho lwezombangazwe zihlanganisa intuthuko yezomnotho (inkolelo-lwazi yesimanje iphikisa ngokuthi imiphakathi ecebile isengozini kakhulu yokubusa idenariyuriya), izinhlangano zezenhlalo (umz., inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi eUnited States), ukucindezela kwangaphandle (umz., iEuropean Union ikhuliswa kwemibandela), kanye noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe (umz., ukunyathelisa, i-internet). Nokho akukho sici esiqinisekisa umphumela othile. Indlela ehambayo ixhomeke engxubekweni yayo ekhethekile yezinhlangano, izikhulu, nesakhamuzi esifunayo.

Esinye isimiso esinethonya “ushintsho lwedemokrasi” umfuziselo, ohlukanisa izigaba: ukukhululeka (kuvula inkululeko ethile), impumelelo (ukhetho lokuqala lokuncintisana), kanye nokuhlanganisa (izimiso zentando yeningi ezilandelwayo). Ukuguqula akuyona i-ronar; amazwe amaningi abhekana nokuphambuka noma abuyele ekubuseni ngemithetho ye-athoristism. imibiko evela eV-DEM Institute[ inciphisa idemocracy, okubonisa ukuthi njengango-2024, amazwe amaningi ayazihlela noma abuyela ekubusweni kwe-democrali.

Ukuqhathanisa Izimiso Zezombangazwe: Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi izimiso zezombangazwe zisebenza kanjani, kuyasiza ukuqhathanisa amacala aqinile. Izibonelo ezilandelayo zibonisa izinhlobo zombuso ezihlukahlukene nemiphumela yazo yangempela.

United States (Democratic Pulezidential Republic). Amandla ahlukene phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni. Ukhetho luhlala njalo futhi lukhululekile, nakuba kukhathazekile nge-gerrymanindering, izimali zomkhankaso, nokucindezelwa kwamavoti kuyaqhubeka. Isimiso sinikeza inkululeko enkulu yomphakathi kanye nomphakathi ochumayo, kodwa ukuwohloka kwezombangazwe kuye kwandisa imingcele eqinile futhi kwancipha ukwethembana ezinhlanganweni.

IChina (Isigaba esisodwa esingumgunyathi). IQumrhu lamaKhomanisi laseChina lilawula zonke izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ibutho lezempi, nezomnotho. Izinhlelo zilinganiselwe ezikhundleni zendawo futhi azincintisani nomholi ophezulu. Umbuso usebenzisa ukuqapha, ukucusumbula, ukucupha, nokulawula okungokomthetho ukuze kulawule ukungavumelani. Ukukhula kwezomnotho kukhululile ezigidi zezigidi zobumpofu, kodwa amalungelo ezombangazwe alinganiselwe kakhulu.

Saudi Arabia (AbseMonacy). Inkosi iphethe isikhulu, izikhulu zomthetho, negunya lokwahlulela. Amaqembu ezombangazwe avinjelwe, futhi akukho khetho olubanjelwa isikhundla sesizwe. Isimiso somthetho sisekelwe emthethweni weSharia, futhi amaqembu alwela amalungelo abantu abhala imingcele enzima enkululeko yokukhuluma, amalungelo abesifazane, kanye neqembu elincane lenkolo.

I-North Korea (i-Totalian Dictatorship). Umkhaya kaKim uye wabusa kusukela ngo-1948, ngehlelo lobuntu eligcwele yonke indawo. Umbuso ulawula konke ukwaziswa, unqabela noma yikuphi ukuphikiswa, futhi ugcina elinye lamabutho amakhulu kakhulu emhlabeni akhona ahlobene nomphakathi. Izakhamuzi ziphila ngaphansi kokuncishwa okukhulu nokuqashelwa, ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela okunenjongo kwezombangazwe.

Indlela Izimiso Zezombangazwe Ezikuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke

Uhlobo lwesimiso sezombangazwe izwe liye lazihlela ngokuqondile izinto eziye zaphila ezakhamuzini zalo.

  • Amalungelo nenkululeko. Imibuso iqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yokuhlangana, neyenkolo. Izimiso zobubusi zivame ukulinganisela lamalungelo, ukwenza indawo yokuqapha nokuzilawula. Ezizweni zobushiqela, ngisho nezingxoxo zomuntu siqu zingaqashelwa.
  • Izimiso zezombangazwe zinquma izimiso zentela, imithetho yezisebenzi, amalungelo empahla, kanye nezinga lokungenela kombuso kwezentengiselwano. Izimiso zedemokrasi zivame ukuba nezindawo zezenhlalakahle eziqinile kakhulu, nakuba zingezona kuphela. Izimiso zobubusi zingafinyelela ukukhula okusheshayo (umz. China), kodwa ngokuvamile ngokulahlekelwa amalungelo omsebenzi kanye nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile.
  • [ Imfundo. Imfundo, ukuxhasa, nokufinyelela imfundo zonke ziyizinqumo zezombangazwe. Imibuso yezentengiselwano ikhuthaza ukucabanga okugxekayo nemfundo yomphakathi. Izikhulu zobucukubhede zingasebenzisa imfundo njengethuluzi lokufundisa imibono, ukulawula ukuthi yiziphi izindaba nemibono ezingokomlando ezifundiswayo.
  • Isimiso sezombangazwe sinquma ukuthi ukunakekelwa kwempilo kubhekwa njengelungelo noma impahla. Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi inezimiso zezokunakekela impilo emhlabeni wonke; i-United States incike kwimishuwalense exubile nomshuwalense womuntu siqu. Izifunda zezikhulu ngokuvamile zingena ngokunakekela impilo noma zilinganisela ukufinyelela okusekelwe ekuthembekeni kwezombangazwe.
  • Ubulungisa bezombangazwe. ithonya indlela izinhlangano ezisingatha ngayo ukungalingani, ubandlululo, namalungelo amancane. Imibuso inikeza amaqembu ancishisiwe amacala angokomthetho ukuze afune ushintsho. Izimiso zobukhomanisi zingaphika ukuba khona kobulungisa besimiso noma zicindezele ukulingana.
  • Ukuphepha komthetho kanye nokuzimela kwamaphoyisa kuyizimpawu zedemokrasi esebenzayo. Ezizweni ze-pholia, amaphoyisa nokulondeka kungasetshenziselwa ukuvikela umbuso kunasezakhamuzini, kuholele ekuboshweni ngokungemthetho nasekusebenziseni amalungelo abantu ngendlela engafanele.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi izimiso zezombangazwe aziyona imibono ecatshangelwayo; zinquma ukuthi ubani othola lokho, nini, futhi kanjani — nokuthi ungakwazi yini ukukhuluma ngakho ngokukhululekile.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Ezimisweni Zezombangazwe

Ngisho nesimiso sezombangazwe esivalekile kakhulu asinakuba khona ngokuphelele ngaphandle kohlobo oluthile lokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, lokho kuhileleka kukhulu futhi kubaluleke kakhulu. Ezindaweni zomphakathi, kulawulwa futhi kucindezelwa. Nokho kuyo yonke indawo, izakhamuzi zithola izindlela zokuthonya uhulumeni wazo, kungaba ngokucindezela okungokomthetho noma ngokwethukela.

Ukusanhlamvu

Ukuvota kuyindlela eqondile nesakazeke kakhulu yokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, ikhetha abaholi futhi inqume imibuzo yezimiso. Nokho, umvoti ushiya i-scheme kakhulu(e-United States), ubheka ukhetho lukamongameli cishe ku-60%, kuyilapho amazwe anjengo-Australia egunyaza ukuvota nokufinyelela amazinga angaphezulu kuka-90%. Ukuqamba amalungelo ngokwawo kuyimpikiswano yezombangazwe, ngempikiswano emayelana nemithetho ye-ondic, ukulahla i-felon, nokubhalisa okuzenzekelayo okungahlanganyela.

Ukuzitika Nokuvukela

Izenzo zokuvota zidlulela ngalé kokuvota. Izenzo zobuphekula, ukuphoqelelwa, izicelo, nokungalaleli komphakathi kuye kwabangela izinguquko ezingokomlando, kusukela ekupheleni kobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika kuya ekunwetshweni kwesilinganiso somshado emazweni amaningi. Ezimisweni zempoqo, i-athoricism iqukethe izingozi ezinkulu, kuhlanganise nokuboshwa noma ubudlova. I-intanethi yehlise imingcele ekuhleleni, kodwa futhi yenza ukuba kuqashelwe futhi kuhlakazeke. I-Activivism ilokhu iyindlela enamandla yezakhamuzi ukuba zikhiphe izikhalo nokufuna ukulandisa.

Ukuhileleka Komphakathi Nokubusa Kwendawo

Idemokrasi ayipheleli ebhokisini lesikole. Ukuhlanganyela emabhodini ezikole, emanxuseni omphakathi, emacaleni, nasemikhandlwini yamadolobha kuhlela indawo eseduze lapho abantu behlala khona. Ukubusa okulawulwayo kunikeza izakhamuzi amathuba engeziwe okuthonya izinqumo ezithinta ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke ($parks, ukuphepha komphakathi, izintela zendawo. Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi iye yabona ukwenyuka kokuhlelwa kwemali yokuhlukanisa, lapho izakhamuzi zinquma khona ngokuqondile ukuthi zihlela kanjani imali yomphakathi.

Umphakathi Wangaphakathi Namaqembu Anesithakazelo

Izinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni, izinyunyana, izinkampani ezingochwepheshe, namaqembu okuphatha amelela izithakazelo ezithile futhi abheka ohulumeni njengabanesibopho sokulandisa. Umphakathi wezakhamuzi okhuthele uyisici esivelele sentando yeningi enempilo. Ezimisweni zempoqo, umphakathi ozimele uvame ukuvinjelwa noma ukuhlanganiswa. Ikhono lokwakha ukuhlangana ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni liyisibonakaliso esiyinhloko senkululeko yezombangazwe.

Ukugijima Ihhovisi

Izakhamuzi zingaba futhi ingxenye yesimiso ngokwaso ngokubalekela isikhundla somphakathi. Nakuba lendlela idinga imithombo nokusekelwa, inikeza indlela eqondile yokulungisa indlela. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, noma ubani ohlangabezana nezimfuneko zokuzimela; ezimisweni zempoqo, abazothatha i-athority kumelwe bavunyelwe yiqembu elibusayo noma uhulumeni.

Izimiso Zezombangazwe Nokungenela Kwembulunga Yonke

Izimiso zezombangazwe azikho ngokuzihlukanisa. Izivumelwano zezohwebo, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, izivumelwano zesimo sezulu, kanye nezindlela zokufuduka zihlanganisa amazwe ndawonye. Izwe lentando yeningi lingase licindezele umuntu osebenzelana ngempoqo amalungelo abantu; umqedazwe ungase udalule ubuthakathaka bezimiso zempilo ezihlukene; ukuhlasela kweze-ibhuloho kungase kuvele emaqenjini emibuso yemibuso yempoqo kahulumeni. Ukuqonda izinhlobonhlobo zezimiso zezombangazwe kubalulekile ekuzwaneni kobudlelwane bomhlaba wonke nezinselele zembulunga yonke.

Izinhlangano ezibusa umhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene, i - World Trade Organization, ne - International Criminal Court zibonisa ukuxubana kwezindinganiso zezombangazwe, ngokuvamile eziphikisana nezinkathazo zobukhosi besizwe. Ikusasa lokubambisana kwezizwe ngezizwe ngokwengxenye lixhomeke endleleni izimiso zezombangazwe ezihlukene ezilawula ngayo izingxabano phakathi kwezinhloso zentando yeningi nentando yeningi.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zezombangazwe zilawula izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zokuphila kwethu − inkululeko esiyijabulelayo, amathuba esiwafunayo, ubulungisa esingangena kubo, nokuphepha esingakuthatha kalula. Azizona izinto ezingabonakali kodwa ziyizici eziphila eziphendukayo ngokhetho ngalunye, ukubhikisha, ukubhikisha, ukubusa kwenkantolo, nesimiso somthetho. Kubafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda lezizimiso kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuba babe nolwazi, izakhamuzi ezikhuthele ezingavikela izindinganiso zentando yeningi, zibekela inselele ukwahlulela okungalungile, futhi zinikele ekubuseni kwemiphakathi yabo siqu.

Njengoba indawo ezungezile yembulunga yonke ishintsha — kanye nokuphambana kwentando yeningi kwezinye izindawo kanye nezinhlangano ezintsha zokubusa ngokwezigaba kwezombangazwe okuvela kwezinye — asikaze sibe sikhulu isidingo sokufunda okungokwezombangazwe. Ngokufunda indlela izimiso zezombangazwe ezisebenza ngayo, ngokuqhathanisa imiphumela yazo, nangokuqaphela amandla okuthembisana komphakathi, sizenza sikwazi ukulolonga izimiso ezisibumbayo.