Isisekelo Somklamo Omangalisayo

Amavoti ahunyushelwa abantu ngabanye ekumeleni kwezombangazwe amelela esinye sezici ezilandela i-democracy kodwa ngokuvamile ezinganakiwe kakhulu. Izimiso zisebenza njengezakhiwo zobuchwepheshe ezizosetshenziswa ukuze kube namandla omthetho athandwayo, futhi umehluko ongacaci kulezimiso ungaveza imiphumela ehlukene kakhulu kwezindawo ezithandwa yi-vota efanayo. Ukuqonda lezizinqubo kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukufaneleka nokulunga kwemiphumela yabakhethi, ikakhulukazi njengezimpikiswano ngokuguqula izinhlelo ezikhethiwe ezisungulwe idemocrali.

Lokhu kuhlola kuhlola izimiso zokuvota ezivelele kakhulu ezisetshenziswayo namuhla, izisusa zazo zokwakha, nobufakazi obusekelwe ekutheni zithinta ithonya elivelayo ekumeleni, ekuziphatheni, nasekuzinzeni kwentando yeningi. Kunokuba sibheke noma isiphi isimiso esisodwa njengesiphakeme emhlabeni wonke, sicabangela indlela ukwakheka ngakunye okusihlela ngayo isimo sezombangazwe kanye nalokho ukuhwebelana okuhambisana nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuklama.

Iposi lokuqala-laphambili: Ukungavumelani nokwehluleka

Isimiso sokuqala samuva se-post, esaziwa nangokuthi ukuvota okubanzi, siseyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhetheni imibuso elandelanayo ebhalwe kakhulu esiNgisini ehlanganisa i-United States, i-United Kingdom, neCanada. Ngaphansi kwe-FPTP, umqondisi wezwe ngamunye ukhetha ummeleli oyedwa, futhi ovotayo onengqikithi ephakeme kakhulu uzuza kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uvikela iningi yini. Lendlela eqondile inikeza izinzuzo ezicacile: ukuvota inqubo ngokuthukela, imiphumela yaziwa ngokushesha, futhi abameleli balondoloza ukulandisa okuqondile endaweni echazwe kahle.

Inkinga Yokukhumuliswa Kwabantu

Naphezu kokuba lula kwayo, i-FPTP iveza ukuhlanekezela okuhlelwe kahle okungabangela imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokungakhethi. Ingxenye eyisisekelo yezibalo yokuvota ukuthi ivuza ukusekela okusendaweni ethile kuyilapho ijezisa amaqembu asekelayo ahlukaniswa ezifundeni eziningi. Lokhu kwenza indlela engaguquki lapho amaqembu amakhulu athola khona indiva — ingxenye ephakeme yezihlalo kunengxenye yawo yevoti ethandwayo — kuyilapho amaqembu amancane ebhekene nesijeziso esiphumelelayo.

Ukwaziswa okungokomlando okuvela eUnited Kingdom kubonisa ngokucacile lesi senzakalo. Kukhetho olungu-2019 oluvamile, i-Conservative Party yawina 43.6% yevoti ethandwayo kodwa yathola 56.2% yezihlalo zephalamende, kuyilapho iLiberal Democrats yamukela i-11,6% yevoti kodwa i-1.7% yezihlalo. Imiklamo efanayo ivela ngaphesheya kwezimiso zeFPTPP: eCanada engu-2021, i-Liberal Party yakha uhulumeni omncane onezi - 32.6% zevoti kanti i-Green Green Party yamukela i-2,3% yevoti kodwa yathola kuphela izihlalo kodwa yathola kuphela izihlalo ezihlalweni.

Ukudla Okunekhono Nezitolo Ezilahlwayo

I-FPTP iveza izisusa ezinamandla zokuvota ngobuchule, noma ngezindlela zokuvota — umkhuba wokufaka ibhola hhayi kulowo othandayo kodwa kothile ongcono kakhulu ukuze kuvinjelwe umphumela ongathandeki. Lokhu kuvela ngenxa yokuthi abavoti bayaqaphela ukuthi ukuvota kwe-offantial cishe kuphele kwesithathu noma kwesesine akunathuba lokuthonya imiphumela. Ukucwaninga kwe-Electoral Reformation Society kulinganisela ukuthi amaphesenti angama-70 evota eUK jikelele aphonswa ngokuphumelelayo ngenxa yokulahlekelwa abavoti noma ivoti abawini abazuzile abawini abawini, okusho ukuthi abanalo thonya ekwakheni lokugcina iPhalamende.

Ukwanda kokuvota ngamaqhinga kululaza ukuhlelwa kokhetho lwentando yeningi: ukuthi izakhamuzi zingakuveza ngokukhululekile lokho ezikuthandayo ebhokisini lebhola. Uma abavoti kumelwe bacabangele izinto ezifanelekile kunokumane babonise ukukhetha kwabo kokuqala okuqotho, inqubo yokukhetha iba umdlalo wokubambisana kunokuyindlela yokuveza indlela ezithanda ngayo.

Ukufanekisela Okuyingcaca: Ukunemba Nokuyinkimbinkimbi

Izinqubo zokumelelwa kwe-propotical zihlose ukusungula ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kwesabelo sezibalo nezindawo ezibekwayo. Nakuba kukhona izinhlobo eziningi — kuhlanganise nezimiso zoluhlu lweqembu, ukuvota okukodwa okudluliswayo, kanye nokuxubana kwesigaba — zonke zihlanganyela umgomo oyisisekelo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi iqembu elithile lithola ipesenti elinikezwayo levoti yesizwe lamukela cishe isilinganiso esifanayo sezihlalo zomthetho.

Ukuvela Kwemishini Kunqamula Izimiso

Amazwe asebenzisa izimiso ezilandelanayo abonisa imiphumela ehlukene yezombangazwe uma iqhathaniswa ne-FPTP. Ubufakazi obuqhathanisa busikisela imiphumela eminingana ehleliwe:

  • Ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwemibono ezindlini zezishaya - mthetho, njengoba amaqembu amancane amelela izinhlangano ezihlukene ezuza ukumelela okuvumelana nokusekela kwawo okuthandwayo
  • Umvoti ophakeme, nokuhlolwa okubonisa ukuthi iqophelo lamaphesenti angaba ngu - 5 kuya kwangu - 10 liyanda amazinga okuhlanganyela ngaphansi kwezimiso ezilinganisene uma kuqhathaniswa nezimiso zobuningi
  • Ukwehla kwezimo zokuma komhlaba, njengoba amavoti efakwa ezifundeni ezilondekile anesisindo esilinganayo kulabo abasezindaweni zokuncintisana
  • Ohulumeni abahlangana njalo, befuna ukuxoxisana nokuvumelana phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi

I-International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Uncedo ilondoloza ukwaziswa okubanzi okubonisa ukuthi izimiso ezilinganisayo ziveza imiphumela ehambisana kakhulu nokukhetha kovoti phakathi kwemilinga eminingi. Nokho, lezizimiso zibhekene nokugxekwa mayelana nokuncishiswa kwesinqumo phakathi kwabameleli ngabanye nemiphakathi ethile.

Ukuqina Kwezakhi Zomzimba Nokuqina Komthetho

Isicelo esiqhubekayo sokumelela isilinganiso siphathelene nokwanda kohulumeni abahlangene kanye nokungantengi okucatshangelwayo okubangelwa yibo. i - Israel, i - Italy, neBelgium ziye zaba nezikhathi zokwakheka okuqhubekayo komfelandawonye ngemva kokhetho, ngezinye izikhathi okudinga amasonto noma izinyanga zokuxoxisana ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni athathe isikhundla. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kwephuza ukubusa nokunika amaqembu amancane amandla okukhipha ukuvumelana okungalingani phakathi nokuthenelisa.

Kodwa umlando ogciniwe unikeza umbono ocacile. Amazwe asebenzisa izimiso zokulinganisa eNyakatho neNtshonalanga Yurophu — kuhlanganise neJalimane, iSweden, neNetherlands — aye abonisa ukubusa okuzinzile ngokuqhubekisela phambili kwezimiso ezingamashumi eminyaka. Ukuhlukahluka okuyinhloko kubonakala kuwukwakheka kobuhlanga obuhlangene kunokubumelela ngokwawo ngokwawo. Amazwe anezimiso zokuvota eziqinile nezingavumelaniyo ezicacile athanda ukuveza ohulumeni abaqinile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inqubo yokukhetha.

Imishini Yokuzikhethela Enezinjini: Ama - incentive Nemishini

Ukuvota okungakhethwa, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuvota okusheshayo kokhetho olulodwa kanye nokuvota okudluliswayo emongweni omningi, kuvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe izigaba ngokulandelana kwentando. Uma kungekho mvoti ofinyelela amavoti amaningi okuqala, obenze u-runoff ophansi kakhulu uyasuswa, futhi amabhola abo adluliselwa ngokukhetha okulandelayo. Lenqubo iyaqhubeka ngokukhetha kuze kube yilapho omunye umvoti efinyelela isiqalo esiphezulu.

Imiphumela Yokuziphatha Emikhankasweni Nasemasontweni

I-RCV ngokuyisisekelo iguqula izisusa ezingenza ukuba inkulumo yentando yeningi ithuthukiswe. Ngaphansi kwe-FPTP, abazofuna ukudlulisa izisusa ezinamandla zokukhanga isisekelo sabo lapho benganakwa noma behlasela abasekeli bamaqembu aphikisanayo, ngoba bawina nje izindaba eziningi. Ngaphansi kwe-RCV, abazofuna ukubhapathizwa kumelwe bacabangele izisusa ezizithandayo ezisuka kwabasekeli babaphikisi, babangela ukucindezela kwesakhiwo esingcono kakhulu somkhankaso nesakhiwe ngokuhlangene.

Ukucwaninga okungokwesayensi okuvela ezikhundleni ze-RCV kusebenzisa i-RCV — kuhlanganise nendlu ephansi ye-Australia, iMaine ne-Alaska e-United States, kanye nokhetho oluningi lukamasipala — kunikeza ubufakazi balemiphumela. Ukuhlola ngokhetho lwe-RCV eSan Francisco kwathola ukuthi ukukhangisa okungakhi kanye namazinga aphakeme okwaneliseka kovoti abakhileyo kuqhathaniswa nokhetho oludlule. Ngokufanayo, isifunda seMaine saphawula ukhetho oluncintiweyo lwezinhlanga ezihlangene ngemva kokwamukela i-RCV ngo-2018181818, njengoba abafuna ukunxusa ukuba bangene emigqeni yeqembu ukuze bavikele amavoti amabili.

Ukufinyelelwa Nokukhungatheka Kwezinto Eziphilayo

Abagxeki bezokuvota okunqunyiwe kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okungokomthetho ngobunkimbinkimbi obuyindida nokudideka kovoti. Lenqubo idinga abavoti ukuba baqonde omakhenikha abaphezulu futhi benze izahlulelo ngabavoti abathatha iziteshi eziningi, kungenzeka benze imingcele kwabavoti asebekhulile, abavoti abangakwazi ukufunda nokubhala kakhulu, noma abakhubazekile. Ubufakazi be-Australian covwotion — lapho iRCV iye yasetshenziswa khona kusukela ngo-1918 — isikisela ukuthi lokhu kukhathazeka kuyancipha kakhulu ngemva kokuba abavoti bethole impumelelo esimisweni. Ukusungula inkathi ephambili ibonisa amazinga aphakeme kakhulu amaphutha ebhola, kodwa amazinga amaphutha ehla kakhulu phakathi kwemijikelezo emithathu yokhetho.

I-Alaska Division of Echotions inikeza imininingwane eningiliziwe ngolwazi lomvoti nge-RCV okokuqala kukhetho olunjalo lukahulumeni ngo-2022, ibonisa ukuthi cishe 99% yama-bollat abalwa ngokuphumelelayo naphezu kokukhathazeka kobunkimbinkimbi besimiso.

Inqubo Ye - momber exutshiwe: I - “hybrid approates ”

Izimiso ezixubene nezingxenye ezihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ukulandisa kwezwe elinengxenye eyodwa yesifunda nemiphumela elinganayo yokumelelwa kohlu. Abavoter bavame ukuphonsa amabhola amabili: elinye lomfundi wendawo ekuboneni kwabo (ngokuvamile kunqunywe ngobuningi) nelinye elisemcimbini wezombangazwe ezindaweni ezithile. Iqembu linquma isakhiwo sonke sendlu yomthetho, nezihlalo ezibekwayo zomphakathi ukuqinisekisa imiphumela ehlelekile.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseJalimane njengesibonelo

Isimiso sokhetho saseJalimane sombuso, esakhiwa ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, simelela isibonelo esivelele kakhulu se-MMP esebenzayo. Isimiso saseJalimane safuna ngamabomu ukuhlanganisa izinzuzo ze-British-style systtumes nomphumela olinganayo wezimiso zezwekazi laseYurophu. Imiphumela engaphezu kwemashumi ayisikhombisa eminyaka ukusebenza kwayo ifinyelele zombili izinjongo: abavoti balondoloza ukuxhumana okuqondile nommeleli wendawo, kuyilapho i-Bundestag ebumbene yonke iveza eduze ukusakazwa kwesizwe kweqembu elithandayo.

Nokho, isimiso seJalimane siye sabhekana nezinselele kakhulu. Izinguquko ziye zakhula kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi — kusukela ezihlalweni ezingaba ngu-500 ngo-1950 kuya kwezingaphezu kuka-700 emapalamendeni amuva — ngenxa yokufakwa kwezihlalo "zobugqizimbe" lapho iqembu liwina izihlalo eziningi ezizimele kunezindawo zalo ezilinganisiweyo ezizozithethelela. Izinguquko ngo-2023 zihlose ukuvezela ubukhulu bendlu yomthetho kuyilapho zigcina imiphumela elinganisiweyo. Lezi zinselele zobuchwepheshe ziqokomisa ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi bezimiso ze-protectionation, nakuba zivame ukuthinta ukumelela okuyisisekelo.

Ukutholwa nokuzivumelanisa nokukhula kwaseNew Zealand

I-New Zealand imelela olunye lwezinguquko eziphawuleka kakhulu emlandweni wentando yeningi wanamuhla. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokunganeliseki okukhulayo ngemiphumela ye-FPTP yokuguqula i-propectionon — ikakhulukazi ngokhetho ngo 1978 nango 1981 lapho ukuphikiswa kweSivumelwano sesizwe kwawina khona izihlalo eziningi naphezu kokuthola amavoti ambalwa kunaleyo yeSigqebhezana esibusayo seLabour Parti — iNew Zealand yathatha i-tendendium ebophayo ngo-1993 futhi yavota ukuba yamukele i-MMP. Ushintsho lwasungulwa ngokhetho lwango-19969.

Ukuhlolwa kolwazi lwe-Exependent lwaseNew Zealand, kuhlanganise nokucwaninga okuvela ku- i-Electoral Commission New Zealand, kubonisa ukuthi i-MMP iye yaveza imiphumela elinganayo kakhulu ngenkathi igcina ukubusa okusebenzayo kwengxenye eyodwa noma okuhlangene. Ukwaneliseka kohlelo kuhlale kuqinile, futhi iningi lalabo abahlolwa njalo lisekela ukugcinwa kwe-MMP kunokuba libuyele eFPTP.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwendlela Yokuzinakekela Engalingani

Ukuhlukanisa ngokulunga ezimisweni zokuvota kudinga ukuhlola izilinganiso eziningi ngaphandle kokulingana okulula kwezibalo.

Ukuchaza okufingqiwe

Izimiso zokuqamba zithinta ngokuhleleka ukwakheka kwamanani ezindlu zomthetho. Ukucwaninga kuveza ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi ukumelelwa kwezimiso kuveza izishaya-mthetho ezinamaphesenti aphezulu zabesifazane nabameleli abambalwa uma kuqhathaniswa nezimiso zobuningi. I-Inter-Parliamentary Union ilandela lezindlela emhlabeni wonke, ithola ukuthi amazwe asebenzisa izimiso ezilinganisa isilinganiso sesilinganiso sabesifazane abameleli abalinganiselwa ku-28% emikhandlwini yomthetho yesizwe uma kuqhathaniswa ne 19% emazweni e-FTPP. Lokhu kungafani kubonisa indlela izimiso zohlu lwezinombolo ezivumela ngayo amaqembu ukuba alinganise ngokulinganayo ezilinganisweni zezifunda ezihlukene lapho izici zombuso zezwe ezilawula khona izici ezikhetha i-FTP.

Ukuzinikela Nokuhlanganyela

Ukuhlobana phakathi kwezimiso ze-elevotor nomvoti kumelela esinye isici esibalulekile sokulunga. Uma abavoti beqaphela ukuthi imiphumela yabo ethonya ithonya elinokubaluleka kokhetho, bahlanganyela emazingeni aphakeme. Izimiso zezemfundo zibonisa ukuphendukela okuphakeme njalo okhethweni lwesizwe, ngisho nangemva kokulawula izici ezifana nemithetho yokuvota ephoqelelwe nemithetho yezezezomnotho. Inqubo ibonakala iwukubili: amavoti alahlwayo asho ukuthi izakhamuzi eziningi zibone ukubaluleka kokufaka amavoti, futhi ukuba khona kwamaqembu amaningi aphilayo kunikeza ukukhetha okukhulu okuvumelana okushukumisa ukuhileleka kwemibono ezombangazwe.

Incazelo Encane Nezwi

Ukuphathwa kweqembu elincane lezombangazwe — kokubili elihlukanisayo nenani labantu — kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ezimisweni zokukhetha. I-FPP iveza izisusa ezinamandla zokulawula izigaba ezimbili, ilulaza amazwi esithathu futhi inqanda uhlu lwezinqubo ezithathwa ngokungathi sína. Izimiso ze-propotical zisiza amalungu amancane ukuba alondoloze ukumelelwa kwephalamende, avule izikhundla ezingase zihlale zingaphandle kwenkulumo yezombangazwe ebanzi. Le njongo ithinta ukubambisana kwezenhlalo nokuhlangana ngokuthula kweqembu elimelene nenqubo yentando yeningi.

Ukuhlola Icala Okuqhathaniswayo

Izibonelo eziningana ezingokoqobo zezwe zicacisa indlela izinguquko zesimiso sokukhetha ezithinta ngayo imiphumela yezombangazwe nokuqonda kokuba ngokomthetho kwentando yeningi.

Umzamo we-Electoral wase-Italy

I-Italy isishintshe isimiso sayo sokhetho kaningi kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, isuka ekumeleni okuphelele okulinganayo ukuya ezimisweni ezihlukahlukene. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwezwe kubonisa ukuthi isimiso sokukhetha sodwa asikwazi ukuxazulula izinqubo ezijulile zezombangazwe noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwezinhlangano. Naphezu kwezinguquko eziningi ezihloselwe ukunciphisa ukuhlukana nokuthuthukisa ukubusa, izombangazwe zase-Italy zilokhu zibonakala ngokuntengantengantenga. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ngaphansi kwezici zezenhlalo nezezombangazwe — kuhlanganise nezimiso zezifunda, izigaba zezifunda, nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho — zisebenza nezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezimelana nezibikezelo ezilula ezingokwezibikezelo.

Ukutholwa kwe-STV yase-Scotland

Ukushintshela kweScotland ekuvoteni okungadluliswa kokhetho lukahulumeni lwendawo ngo- 2007 kunikeza ubufakazi bokuthi uguqulo lwezivoti luyithinta kanjani i-demokrasi yendawo. Ngaphansi kwesimiso sangaphambili se-FPTP, i-Labour Party yabusa izindawo eziningi ze-Scotland naphezu kokulahlekelwa ukusekela okukhulu, neLiberal Democrates neScottic National Party ngaphansi kwesabelo sayo sovota. Ngemva kokwamukela i-STV, ukhetho lwendawo lwaveza imiphumela ehlukene kakhulu, ngokusekela okuvamile kwesihlalo esiboniswa kahle. [[FLT:] Ukuhlolwa kukaHulumente kaHulumente ka-S [FLT] kuveza ukuthi ukuguqula ukuma kwe-SCOSETH phakathi kwe-votelTY kanye nokuvotah.

Izinguquko Nezithiyo Zezinhlangano

Imizamo yokuguqula izimiso ze-votorota ibhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu zezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi amaqembu anezimo ezizuza emalungiselelweni akhona anezisusa ezinamandla zokumelana nokuguqula. ECanada, iLiberal Party yakhankasela ushintsho lwezinqumo ngo-2015 kodwa yayeka ukuzibophezela kuhulumeni, iqaphela ukuthi i-FPTPP inzuzo yamaqembu amabili amakhulu. Amaqhawe afanayo aye adlala eUnited Kingdom, lapho u-2011 ethatha khona ukuvota okusemthethweni kokuvota kwephalamendelwa kwemithetho yesinqumo aphumela ekulahleni okuqinile — kuthonywe kakhulu ukuphikisa kweqembu elihlosekuhloselwe ukuncishwa kwemithetho kanye nomkhankaso wokungalungisi.

Indlela yokufuna inguquko ye-votoral idinga izimo ezingavamile: ukususwa okukhulu kwemiphumela yenguquko ekhona manje, njengase-New Zealand; izikhathi zomthetho-sisekelo zishintsha, njengangemva kwe-partaid South Africa; noma izinhlangano zotshani eziqinile ezakha ukucindezela phakathi kwemijikelezo eminingi yokukhetha. Ukuphakama kwezinhlangano ezingezona ezamaqembu enguquko, njengeFairVote eUnited States ne-Electoral Reformation Society eUnited Kingdom, kuye kwanezela ekutholeni inzuzo ephakeme yezimiso ezihlukile kumasipala nasezilinganisweni zikahulumeni, kwakha ubufakazi bokuhlola nokwakha inguquko ebanzi.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Nokucatshangelwa Okuseduze

Izimpikiswano eziphathelene nesimiso sokhetho zihlanganisa ngokuqhubekayo ukukhathazeka ngokukwazi ukumelana nedemokrasi, ukumelana nenguquko, nemiphumela yezenhlalo yezesayensi yezezombangazwe. Nakuba kungekho simiso sokhetho esingazixazulula ngokugcwele lezi zinselele, ezinye izici zomklamo zingasiza ekunciphiseni. Ukuthambekela kokuvota okukhethekile ekunikezeni izakhiwo ezihlangeneyo nokunciphisa imikhankaso eyingozi enikeza izinzuzo ezingenzeka ezimo-mongweni zenzondo ephakeme. Izimiso zezimiso zezokuxhumana ezingase zinciphise ukukhanga kwamaqembu amelene nesimiso sokusebenzela i-democrion ngokunikeza imishini emeleneyo esebenzela i-democratic.

Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ibangela ukucatshangelwa kabusha kwezimiso zokukhetha. Umklamo we-operator nezindlela zokubala ezithuthukisiwe zenza izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zikwazi ukufinyelelwa, kuncishiswe ukukhathazeka kokuthola izinto ezilinganiselwe ezingokomlando ezithathwa ngalé kwe-FPTP. Njengoba imiphakathi yentando yeningi iqhubeka ihlola izinhlangano zayo ezikhethiwe ngokulandelana nezindinganiso ezishintshanayo zokumelela ngokulunga, ikhono lobuchwepheshe lokusebenzisa izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi liyokwandisa uhlu lwezindlela ezingcono ezikhona kubenzi bezimiso nezakhamuzi.

Ukuqonda indlela izimiso zokuvota ezithinta ngayo imiphumela yokuvota kudinga ukunaka kokubili imiphumela yezemishini kanye nokusabela kokuziphatha. Ubufakazi bubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi imibandela yesimiso sokukhetha iklanywe kahle ukuthi ubani omelelwa ubani, iziphi izinqubo ezithathwa ngokungathi sína, nendlela izakhamuzi eziqaphela ngayo ukufaneleka kwemiphumela yentando yeningi. Njengoba izimpikiswano ngoshintsho lwezinqumo ezikhethweni luqhubeka phakathi kwemibuso ezimele emisiwe, ukuxoxisana obala ngalezizici zobuchwepheshe kuyoba okudingekile ekulondolozeni izinga lentando yeningi nokwethemba umphakathi ezinhlanganweni zezentando yeningi.