Isingeniso

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke nenkululeko yomphakathi wase-U.S. abuqondile. Nakuba i-United States iye yazibeka ngokwengokomlando njengesekela lenkululeko yembulunga yonke, ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke kuseyimpikiswano ephikisanayo futhi exazululekayo. Ngokungafani nezinye izikhulu zentando yeningi, iU.S. izivumelwano zezizwe zonke zamalungelo abantu, futhi lezo ezihlanganyelayo ngokuvamile zifakwa ngokuphikisana, ukuqonda, nokusho (ama-RUD) alinganisela ithonya lazo eliqondile. Noma kunjalo, lezindinganiso zembulunga yonke zisebenzisa ukucindezela okunokuthula okunokuthula kodwa okuphikelelayo emthethweni waseMelika, isimiso somthetho, nokucabanga kokwahlulela. Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kubafundisi, abenzi bezomthetho, kanye nezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda indlela yokuthola izinhlelo zomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho nezimiso zezizwe zonke. Lokhu kuhlola izihloko ezithinta amalungelo omhlaba wonke, ithonya eliqinile kulelo hlangothi eliqhubekayo, futhi kulelo hlelo lokukhuluma ngenkululeko, futhi kulelo eliqhubekayo, i - American.

Umlando Wezindinganiso Zamalungelo Abantu

Isimiso samalungelo abantu sanamuhla savela ngokuqondile emlotheni weMpi Yezwe II. Izenzo zonya zokuQothulwa Kwesizwe, unya lwempi, nokuncishwa kwenkululeko okuhlelekile kwaphoqelela umphakathi wezizwe zonke ukuba usungule indinganiso yendawo yonke yesithunzi sabantu. Ngo- 1945, iSivumelwano seZizwe Ezihlangene saqinisekisa ukuthi "ukholo emalungelweni abantu ayisisekelo," futhi eminyakeni emithathu kamuva uBufakazi Bendawo Yonke Bamalungelo Abantu (UDHR) bathathwa yi-UN General Assembly. Nakuba i-UDHR ingekhona isivumelwano esibophekayo, yabeka isisekelo sawo wonke amalungelo abantu alandelanayo. Ngokuphawulekayo, ukubunjwa kwe-UDHR kwaletwa yi-UD. i-Elgenorgen Rooselt, uphawu lokuqala lokuqala lwaseMelika.

IUDHR yalandelwa yi-International Bill of Human Rights (ICCPR) ne-International Common Rights on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), zombili zamukelwa ngo-1966 futhi zafakwa ngamandla ngo-1976. Zombili lezi zincwadi ezintathu zaziwa ngokuthi i-UDHR yeZizwe Ezihlangene zamalungelo abantu. I-ICPR, ikakhulukazi, ikhuluma ngamalungelo afanayo amaningi atholakala e-U.S. Bill of Rights (inkululeko yamalungelo), ingqungquthela, inquluko, futhi inqubo efaneleyo (* yenza iphuzu elingokwemvelo lokuhlola ngokuqhathaniswa. i-ICICR ngo-19777 kodwa ayizange ikwazi ukulisebenzisa kuze kube 1992, futhi ngisho nangezinhlonzelo olulandelanayo lwezi olukhulu lwalokho okuthiwayishoshoshoshoshoshoshosho ngokuqondile, ukuthi isho inqulu lungenamthetho. Inkantolo.

Naphezu kwalokhu kuqapha, inkathi yangemva kwempi yabona ukunyuka kwezinye izivumelwano eziningi zamalungelo abantu ezazizothonya inkululeko yomphakathi wase-U.S. ekugcineni. Lezi zihlanganisa iSivumelwano sokususwa Kwazo Zonke Izinhlobo Zobandlululo (CERD, sagunyazwa yi-U.S.A.an Convention Against Torture (CAT, eyagunyazwa ngo-19949),. Nokho, ezinye izivumelwano ezinkulu, njenge-Convention on the Convention of the Inssion of All Monotion of Arection of the At Women (CEDAW) ne-Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), ethorish the United States (CRC), ezivunyelwe yi-odgistery encictived, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuphikiswa kwezombangazwe nokuphathwa uhulumeni wezwe lonke. Lokhu kwenza iMelika ehlukile ekutholeni amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ahlukene.

Isihluthulelo Samalungelo Abantu Emhlabeni Wonke

Ukuze siqonde indlela izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke ezithonya ngayo inkululeko yomphakathi wase - United States, kudingeka sibone izimfihlo ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nesimo sazo esisemithethweni engokomthetho yase - United States.

  • Isimemezelo esingavumelaniyo samaLungelo Obuntu (1948) - Hhayi isivumelwano, kodwa sibhekwa njengomthetho wezwe ovamile. Izikhathi eziningi izinkantolo zase-U.S. zikhomba njengegunya elikholisayo.
  • Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke somphakathi kuMalungelo Omphakathi Nangobupolitiki (1966) – i-Ratting ye-U.S. ibekwa amathikithi. Amalungiselelo anjengeSiphakamiso 6 (ilungelo lokuphila) neSiphakamiso 7 (ukukhishwa kokuhlushwa) zinezimpikiswano eziqondiswe ngesijeziso sentambo kanye nokuboshwa.
  • I-Cenvention Against Torture (1984) – Ratudients ngo-1994. Amathonya ezimiso ze-U.S. ngokuphenywa nokuphathwa kwabavalelwe, ikakhulukazi ngemva kuka-9/11.
  • Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke sokuqeda zonke Izinhlobo zobandlululo lwezinhlanga (1965) – Ratived ngo 1994. Sisetshenziswe ekuthatheni imingcele ehlangene ngamalungelo ohlanga nokuvota.
  • Isimemezelo saseMelika samaLungelo namaButho oMntu (1948) – ithuluzi lesifunda eliqala ngaphambi kweUDHR. Lifakwe iNkantolo yaseMelika yamalungelo abantu futhi ngezinye izikhathi libhekiswe e-U.S. libalwa kumalungelo abantu.
  • Ukuquliswa kwamalungelo abantu abakhubazekile (2006 – kwasayinwa yi-U.S. ngo-2009 kodwa akuzange kugunyazwe. Noma kunjalo, izimiso zayo ziye zaboniswa ngokwengxenye kumaMelika aphethe uMthetho (ADA).

Lamathuluzi awazigqizi ngokuzenzekelayo ukudlula umthetho wase-U.S. ngaphansi kwemfundiso yomthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., izivumelwano zithathwa ngokuthi "Umthetho ophakeme wezwe" (Artle VI, Claus 2), kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme kudala ikholelwa ukuthi izivumelwano ezizihlukanisayo zidinga ukusetshenziswa komthetho wokwenza amalungelo abantu. Ngenxa yalokho, umthetho wamalungelo abantu womhlaba wonke usebenza njengesiqondiso [ esinesiqondiso esiqondile [] kunokuba ubeke umthetho ongokomthetho oqondile. Ihlela ukuguqula, ithonya umbono womphakathi, futhi inikeza amazwi ezinhlangano ezithuthukisa inkululeko yomphakathi ezithuthukisa inkululeko yomphakathi.

Izindlela Zokuthonya

Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani izindinganiso zembulunga yonke zibalulekile ngisho nasezweni ngokuvamile elimelana negunya lezizwe zonke.

Incazelo Yokwahlulela

U.S. ngezikhathi ezithile izinkantolo zibhekisela emalungelweni abantu emhlabeni wonke lapho kuchazwa uMthetho-sisekelo nezimiso zikahulumeni. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathatha indlela exubile, ezinye izigebengu eziphawula izenzakalo zibonisa amandla okuthonya umthetho wezizwe zonke. Ngokwesibonelo, Rwork v. Simmons[ (2005], iNkantolo yaphawula i-Inqulu yawa i-ICCPR kanye ne-Convention elungeniswe ngamalungelo abantwana ukuze isekele isinqumo sayo sokuphula umthetho we-Anglearth Reformation owenqabela umthetho wonya nomthetho ongavamile. Umthetho omkhulu ka-Anthony Kennedy uphawula ukuthi manje iUnited States iyodwa emhlabeni wonke evinje isigwebo sokufa kwentsha," ngokuncitshiswa kwemithetho ephakeme yezizwe ngemvume yezizwe zonke.[Fogn][2]][3]]

Umthetho Osemthethweni

Iziphakamiso ze-Congress zivame ukuboleka ulimi kumathuluzi alwela amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Doulce Against Women Act (1994) watshelwa ngokwengxenye ngu-CEDAW, ngisho noma i-U.S. ingakaze ivume ukuthi leso sivumelwano sivume. Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zinikeza imibiko yemithunzi ezibuthweni zesivumelwano zeUN, ezithi ziveze ukutusa ukuthi amaqembu omthetho wezempatho asebenzisa ukucindezela abakhi bomthetho. Uma iKomiti yamalungelo oLuntu ilahla i-U.S. inqubo enjengasekuvalweni noma ehlukanisa ubuhlanga ePolishishishini, lezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zingaveza imibiko yezivumelwano ze-UN, okuthiwayikhankathaze ukuba ziholele ngokuqondile imithetho emisha.

Umthetho Olawula Igatsha

Igatsha eliphethe lingahlanganisa izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu ngeziqondiso zezikhulu, iziqondiso zezezimali, neziqondiso zezimiso zakwamanye amazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Barack Obama u-Educative Order 13631 wamisa umsebenzi wokuhlola imikhuba yamaphoyisa ngokulandela i-Forguson, Missouri, futhi labhekisela ngokucacile ezibophweni ze-U.S. ngaphansi kwe-CERD ne-CAT. Ngokufanayo, uMnyango wezwe laminyaka yonke weZwe lamazwe eHlase-Hulumeni eMthethweni we-Hulumeni eMthethweni wasebenzisa ukuhlola amanye amazwe, kodwa inqubo ephikisanayo iphakamisa ukuqashelwa kwemithetho yezizwe nge-U. S.

Ithonya Ekwamukelweni Ngokukhethekile Kwenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ziye zashiya uphawu lwazo olucacile ehholo lenkululeko yomphakathi ephakathi ne - United States.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Neyokubonakaliswa

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sidume ngokuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, kodwa umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe onke uvumela imingcele ebanzi yokukhuluma ngenzondo, ukubhebhethekisa, nokuhlazisa kunemithetho yase-U.S. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 19 se-ICCPR, inkululeko yokukhuluma ingase ilinganiselwe lapho kudingekile ukuvikela "amalungelo noma idumela labanye" noma "ukulondeka kwamazwe onke." iKomiti yamaLungelo ehlangene ehlangeneyo ehlangeneyo ithole ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi imithetho yokukhuluma nge-U. S. izonda imithetho yokukhuluma ilula kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nezindinganiso zembulunga yonke. Lokhu kubangela izinga elikhulu lapho imithetho yomhlaba wonke ngezinye izikhathi isetshenziswa khona ukuvikela [[FLT: 0] [[FLC:1] noma "ukuvikela komphakathi] isivikelo [ngokomzekelo, ezingxabeni yemisweni yezindaba noma izinhlangano zemali. Ngokuphikisana nokwembukwayo, ikhuthaza isilinganiso somthetho we-U.[3]

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa

Ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo livikelwe ngokucacile eziculweni zamalungelo abantu zomhlaba wonke. ISiphakamiso 17 se-ICCPR sithi: "Akekho umuntu oyophazanyiswa ngokungenangqondo noma ngokungekho emthethweni ezindaweni zakhe zomuntu siqu." Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. awunalo ilungelo elicacile lokufihla imfihlo, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaveza umuntu epeninini elizimele ehlelweni lemithetho yamalungelo. Izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke ziye zathonya futhi zakhonjwa kulendawo. Roe v. Wade v. [17] [73]), ukucabanga kweNkanto eyimfihlo ngezindaba zomuntu siqu kwavela ezimisweni zomhlaba wonke, nakuba ithonya lakwamanye amazwe aye acushwa kakhulu kunale. Izentethelelo yenye izikhali ezikameleni ezikamele izikhali ze-Uni ezingu-Enyu - 177 ze-R. I-S. I-S.

Isivikelo Ekukhetheni

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke uye waba nethonya ngokukhethekile ekulolongeni umthetho we-U.S. ongekho sigebengu. Umthetho we-Civil Rights (CERD) ka-1944, i-Fair Howard Act, kanye namaMelika akhubazekile konke kubonakalisa izimiso ezihlanganiswe ezivumelwaneni lezo i-U.S. kamuva i-Fisher v. i-Yunivesithi yase-Texas[[FFLT]] [20]], [206], iSonitomaordated Relition of Constitution of Transpabliction (Creases) (CRD) isekelwe yizibophiniast, ukuphikisa izinhlelo zesikole, ukucwala kwe-'ihlangane, nokuvolulekiswa kwe--'uhlangane. I-CED'irvetic Conventionstionstion ([3] kulokhu kugunyazwe linye) embululweni lwembulunga embuluko.[3] i-A.[3] Inquluquase.[8]

Ukwahlulela Kobugebengu Nokulandisa Kwamaphoyisa

Izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ziye zashintsha kakhulu izinguquko zokwahlulela ngokusemthethweni eU.S. ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa ekuphoqeleleni, ubandlululo lobuhlanga, nezimo zokuvalelwa. INhlangano enqabela ukuphikisa kwe-George Floyd (CAT) ivimbela unya, impatho ewunya, noma ukuphathwa kabi, futhi iUN Special Rapporteur on Stutterture iye yakhipha imibiko egxeka kakhulu imikhuba enjengayo yokuvinjelwa kwezedwa kweU. iU.S. inqubo yokujeza i - United States ewundlula i - United States, nesijeziso sokuvukela kwezombangazwe. I - George Flody, i - Polist Council Inquer, nakuba ingazange ikhiphe ukuvimbela komthetho womthetho, futhi uhulumeni wasebenzisa isilinganiso ngokungenayo isigwebo esikhulu kakhulu, nakuba i - U. U.N.U.U.U.S.U.S. uyaqhubeka ngokucudis

Izinselele Nezimo Ezibucayi

Naphezu kwezindlela zethonya ezichazwe ngenhla, ukuhlanganiswa kwezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ezinhlwini zomphakathi waseU.S. kubhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho wezizwe zonke usongela ubukhosi baseU.S., ukuthi uphoqelela izindinganiso zempucuko noma zezenhlalo eziphikisanayo nezindinganiso zaseMelika, nokuthi ukhulisa amandla ezindikimba zomhlaba wonke ezingalinganiseki. Lezi akuzona nje izimpikiswano ezicatshangelwayo; zinemiphumela eqinisekile endleleni amalungelo abantu asetshenziswa futhi amukeleke ngayo.

Ubukhosi Nomthetho - sisekelo

AmaMelika amaningi, kuhlanganise nabahluleli nabamisi-mthetho, abheka umthetho wamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ngokusola ngoba ubonakala uphazamisa inqubo yentando yeningi. Ngaphansi kwesimiso sikahulumeni wase-U.S., aphethe igunya elikhulu phezu komthetho wobugebengu, imfundo, umthetho womkhaya, nezinye izindawo lapho izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu zihambisana kakhulu khona. Uma iKomiti yamaLungelo obuntu igunyaza ukuqeda isijeziso sokufa noma ukuhlaziya imithetho yabo ye-odoli, lezo zinqumiso zimelene nokulawulwa kwezwe lonke okusekelwe kakhulu. Izivumelwano ezingazifuni ngokomthetho zalenziwe ngokufuna ukuba kubekwe izivumelwano zomthetho womthetho we-Humanistion, izivumelwano azinakusetshenziswa ukuvimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho yemithetho yesizwe noma umthetho. Lesi sici sesakhiwo sisho ukuthi amalungelo awo abantu avunyelwe ukuba aqondiswe ngokuqondile; okokuqala kumelwe angene engxenyeni enkulu yezombangazwe yezombangazwe sezombangazwe sezombangazwe.

Ukumelana Nezombangazwe Nokuhlukana Kwezigaba

Kusukela ngawo-1990, ukuqashelwa kwezivumelwano zamalungelo abantu kuye kwabhebhetheka. Abagxeki belungelo baphikisa ngokuthi izivumelwano ezinjenge-CEDAW neCRC ziyizimoto zobunjiniyela bezenhlala - kahle, zikhuthaza amalungelo okukhishwa kwezisu, ubulili, noma imingcele emagunyeni obuzali. Ngenxa yalokho, i-U.S.A. ayizange yamukele i-CEDAW, i-CRC, i-ICCEPD, noma i-ICESCRR, naphezu kokusayinwa kwezivumelwano eziningi zazo. Ukwenqaba kwezombangazwe nakho kuyabonakala ku "ama-sresv, ukuqonda, nezimemezelo" (RS) okungaqiniseki izivumelwano ezigunyazweyo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-U.S.S. i-CRPR. futhi ifaka izivumelwano sokuvinjelwa kwemithetho yokufa kwe-U.R.R.

Igebe Eliyiphutha

Ngisho noma izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke zamukeleka ngokusemthethweni, ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho kuyaguquguquka. Uhulumeni wase-U.S. kuyadingeka ukuba ubeke imibiko yezikhathi ezithile ezindikimeni zesivumelwano se-UN, kodwa lemibiko ngezinye izikhathi ilulaza ukwephulwa kwemithetho, futhi ukutusa okulandelayo akuvamile ukuthathwa. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti yamalungelo omphakathi we-UN iye yakhala ngokuphindaphindiwe isho ukuvinjelwa kwesijeziso sezemthetho ezikoleni, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezimiso zomthetho zokwahlulela ukuze kuqedwe izinhlanga ezihlukene, nokuvala isikhungo sokuvalelwa eGuantanamo Bay. Akukho kutusa okuye kwasetshenziswa ngokugcwele. Igebe phakathi kokukhuluma nangempela kwe-U.S.

Imfundo Nokuqaphela Umphakathi

Ukweqa igebe phakathi kwezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke kanye nenkululeko yomphakathi ewumphakathi kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo wemfundo. Okwamanje, izinhlelo eziningi zesikole zase-U.S. ezisemphakathini nasemlandweni zigxile cishe kuphela eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo nasemthethweni wasekhaya, ziphatha amalungelo abantu njengemibono engabonakali noma engaphandle. Ukuveza izakhamuzi ezikwazi ukuhileleka ezindinganisweni zamalungelo abantu embulungeni yonke, abafundisi kumelwe bafake imfundo yamalungelo abantu ezimfundisweni zabo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge [[FLT: 0] Ilungelo lama - Huffir , [[FLT:]], [FLT] i-oct:2] i-Libertion Union Union Union Union Union (ALFU) [[FLT])] iyakwazi ukuqhathanisa izimo zezelele izivumelwano zempilo ezinhlenga) noma ukuviniza.

Elinye ithuluzi eliphumelelayo lokuhlola lisetshenziswa imibiko yamalungelo abantu nemibiko yesithunzi. Abafundi bangafunda indlela izinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni ezibhala ngayo ukuphulwa kwemithetho futhi zidlulisele imibiko ehlukile kuma-UN. Lokhu akufundisi nje kuphela amakhono okubhala nokucwaninga kodwa futhi kunika abafundi amandla okuzibona njengabasekeli bengaba abasekeli benkululeko yomphakathi. Izikole zingamema futhi izikhulumi ezivela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi noma zibamba izikhawu ze - UN lapho abafundi bexoxa khona ngolimi lwesivumelwano. Umgomo ukukhomba ukukhomba i-demysfected winder euro yomhlaba wonke futhi kubonisa ukuthi akuwona umthetho oweqalile kodwa ulimi oluhlanganyelwayo ngokuphathelene nobulungisa obungokwabo bonke abantu.

Isiphetho

Izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke zinethonya elicashile kodwa elinengqondo empucukweni yomphakathi wase-U.S. inkathi yangemva kwempi yabangela ukuvumelana kwembulunga yonke ngamalungelo ayisisekelo ukuthi i-United States ibumbene futhi ngezinye izikhathi, inqabe. Ngencazelo yokwahlulela, ukumiswa kwemithetho, nenkambiso yezomthetho, izimiso zokulawula, imikhosi esukela ku-UDHR, i-CRAD, i-CER, i-CORD, nenye imishini ye-CORD, i-CAT, kanye nezinye izinqumo eziwuphawulweyo emfihlo, inkulumo, isilinganiso, nobulungisa bobugebengu. Kodwa indlela yokuhlangana incintiswano incintiswano ebukhosiniswe kakhulu, ukwenqaba ukumelana nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yomhlaba wonke isiqinisekiso sokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho wezwe lonke [[FLCFLD:0] [iced] kunokuba kube ngumyalo oqondile. Umphumela okhethekile womuntu sinye futhi umphumela okhethekile esizimele.

Kubafundisi nabafundi, lobubuhlobo abuyona nje imfundo. Buhlomisa isizukulwane esilandelayo ngamathuluzi okuhlola izimiso zasekhaya ngokumelene nezimemo zomhlaba wonke, ukubekela inselele ukungabi nabulungisa ngokusebenzisa amagama abanzi angokomthetho, nokuhlanganyela engxoxweni yomhlaba wonke ngokuphathelene nencazelo yenkululeko. Njengoba izwe lihlangana ngokwengeziwe, imingcele phakathi kwenkululeko yomphakathi yasekhaya namalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke cishe iyofiphala kakhulu, okwenza lolu lwazi lube olubalulekile ukuze kube nesabelo sobuzwe.