Indima Eyingqayizivele Yomphakathi Wokholo Ekufinyeleleni Amanani Abantu

Izinhlangano ezisekelwe ekukholweni zinezikhundla ezihlukile ekuphileni komphakathi waseMelika. Ziphakathi kwezinhlangano ezithenjwa kakhulu emiphakathini yendawo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwemiphakathi ekhona ngokomlando ebaliwe ekubaleni kwabantu okungapheli. Lokhu kuthemba akuzenzakaleli; kwakhiwa phakathi namashumi eminyaka enkonzo, ukunakekela abelusi, nokuba khona komphakathi. Uma umholi wokholo ekhuluma ngokubalwa kwabantu epulpiti noma ehlela isenzakalo sokugcwalisa isakhiwo ehholo lobudlelwane, lowo myalezo uveza ukubaluleka kokuba umthumeli kahulumeni noma imithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo ingabi nakuphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde ikwenze.

Ukubalwa kwabantu okungokonyaka akuyona nje indlela yokuqondisa. Kunquma ukubikelwa kwezihlalo ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-R3,5 ezimalini zikahulumeni unyaka ngamunye, kuhlanganisa izinhlelo ezinjenge-Medicaid, i-Someral Nutrition Active program (SNAP), ukuhlelwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu, imicimbi yasemini yesikole, nosizo lwezindlu. Ukubalwa kwabantu okunembile kuhlola inani lezihlalo eziphethwe yizwe ngalinye e-U.S. indlu yabameli futhi yakha imingcele yezifunda zonke izigaba zikahulumeni. Uma imiphakathi ilahlekelwa izimpawu zezombangazwe futhi ilahlekelwa yimithombo yezezibhedlela, imigwaqo nezikole. Izinhlangano ezisekelwe ekujuleni kwemisuka ekungeneni kwezindawo ezithatha ingxenye.

Ukuqonda Isilinganiso: Ubani Ophuthelwayo Nesizathu Salokho

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani imiphakathi yabantu abanokholo ibaluleke kangaka ekubaleni abantu, kusiza ukuqonda ukuthi obani abavame ukulahlekelwa yilokhu kubalwa.

  • Isizwe nezinhlanga ezincane: Afrikan America, iSpanic noma i-Latino, i-Melika Yomdabu, neminye imiphakathi yase-Asia iye yathola izibalo eziphansi kunabantu abavamile. Izithiyo zolimi, ukungahleleki kwezindlu, nokungathembani kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni kuyimbangela.
  • Imiphakathi eqheleleneyo nekude: Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, amakheli angacushwa, ukutholakala kolwembu lwe-inthanethi ngokuvamile kulinganiselwe, futhi izakhamuzi zingasakazeka ngokwezwe, okwenza ukuba izibalo zibe nzima kakhulu.
  • Izingane ezincane:[ izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu ziphakathi kwamaqembu angenakho ukubhalwa kahle. Abazali bangase bangaqapheli ukuthi kudingeka babike izinsana noma izingane ezihlukanisa isikhathi phakathi kwemikhaya. Izinhlelo ezisekelwe ekukholelweni ezisencane zingasiza ekuboneni lezizici ezishiyekile.
  • [ Amanani afudukayo nababaleki: Ukwesaba ukugcinwa kwezokufuduka, ukumiswa komthetho, nokugcinwa kwemininingwane kungavimbela ukuhlanganyela. Imikhaya exubile isengozini kakhulu yokukhetha ukubalwa ngokuphelele.
  • Abantu abangenamakhaya: labo abangenazo izindlu eziqinile kunzima ukubala. I-heltars, amabhange okudla, nenkonzo ezisekelwe ekukholweni ngokuvamile zingamakhomba anokwethenjelwa kakhulu okuthintana nalenani labantu.
  • Ababaleki nezindlu ezihamba kakhulu: abazungeza kakhulu kunabaninikhaya, futhi amakheli abo angashintsha phakathi kweposi le-Census Bureau. Abafundi baseKoliji, izisebenzi zonyaka, nemikhaya ehlala ngokushintshashintshashintshayo konke kuwela kulesigaba.

Izinhlangano ezisekelwe kukholo kakade sezikhonza eziningi zalamaqembu ngamapartet okudla, amakilasi e-ESL, izindawo zokukhosela, imithola-khaya, nezinhlelo zentsha. Lobu buhlobo obukhona buqeda inkinga ebandayo ebhekene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Itebhu lokwaziswa okuhlanganisa abantu enqoleni yesonto ehamba ngemoto noma isimemezelo esifushane emthandazweni wesonto ngoLwesihlanu, lapho sebekhona, endaweni lapho bezizwa belondekile futhi behloniphekile khona.

Okwenza Ukuba Nengxenye Ekutheni Kunezindaba Zomphakathi Wokholo

Izinhlangano ezisekelwe ekukholweni kufanele zikhuthaze ukuba abantu bahlanganyele hhayi nje kuphela njengomsebenzi womphakathi kodwa futhi njengesenzo sobuphathi emiphakathini yabo. Imifula exhasa imali ebangelwa ukwaziswa kokubala isekela ngokuqondile izinhlelo zebandla eziningi ezithembele noma ezisebenza nalo. Cabangela lezi zibonelo:

  • Izinhlelo zesiqalo nezohlobo lwangaphambi kwe-intshi, ezivame ukugcinwa noma zisetshenziswe yizinhlangano ezisekelwe kukholo, zixhaswe ngezimali ngenxa yenani labantu. Ukungalinganiswa kunikeza amathuba emfundo amancane kakhulu atholelwa izingane ebandleni nasemphakathini.
  • I-Medicaid ne-Child’s Health Inshorensis Program (CHIP) ihlanganisa ukunakekelwa kwempilo kwemikhaya ehhadla imali. Amabandla aphethe imitholampilo, anikeza ama-arhesteri, noma amane nje aluleka imikhaya idinga lezinhlelo ukuba zixhaswe ngokugcwele.
  • I-Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) uhlelo lwezimali zomphakathi ezithuthukisiwe, izikhungo eziphakeme, nemisebenzi yezindlu ezibizayo. Izinhlangano eziningi zezentuthuko zomphakathi ezisekelwe ekusekeleni i CDBG ngokwezimali ngokuqondile.
  • Isimiso Sosizo Lobuthi Somlutha (SNAP) sisiza imikhaya ukuba ibeke ukudla etafuleni, sinciphise isidingo sezindawo zokudla ezibalwayo ezisezingeni lokukholwa futhi sivumele imithombo elinganiselwe yokusiza abaswele ukuba yandise ngokwengeziwe.
  • Izinhlelo zasesikoleni, izinhlelo zasemini zasemini, ngemva kwesikole, kanye nezindawo zokudla zasehlobo konke kuxhomeke ezindleleni ezimisiwe zokuthola imali. Uma izingane zingabalwa, izinhlelo ezisezikhungweni zokufundisa ezisekelwe kukholo nasemakamu entsha zibhekene nokulahlekelwa kwemali.

Ngamafuphi, ukubalwa okuphelele kuqinisa yona kanye i-net yokuphepha yomphakathi izinhlangano ezisekelwe ekukholweni ezisizayo ekuqiniseni isisekelo. Ukukhuthaza ukubalwa kwabantu akuwona umsebenzi ongaphandle wezombangazwe; kuyisenzo esiqondile sokuzisebenzela nokuzifaka komphakathi.

Izinhlangano Ezisekelwe Ukholo Zingakhipha Ithemba

Akukho ndlela eyodwa yokuthola inani labantu ngokuphumelelayo, kodwa imiphakathi yokholo iyakwazi ukuthola amathuluzi acebile emizileni yokuxhumana kanye nezinqubo zohlelo. Amasu alandelayo athathwa emikhubeni emihle kakhulu eyathathwa ngo-2020 emijikelezweni yokubala abantu, kanye nocwaningo oluqhubekayo oluvela ku- U.S. Bureau's Complete Count Makomittes uhlelo.

Ukuvalwa Kwenani Ekuxhumaneni Okukhona

Ungaceli abantu ukuba baye engosini entsha noma baye emicimbini ehlukile, kunalokho, hlela ukuba kubhalwe imiyalezo ebhalwe ngomakhalekhukhwini etholakala njalo emphakathini wakini. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise:

  • Ukukhuluma kafushane ngengxenye yezimemezelo zezinkonzo zokukhulekela noma imibuthano.
  • Indiza efaka ephephandabeni lamasonto onke.
  • Ikhasi elinikezelwe kuwebhusayithi yenhlangano elihlobana ngokuqondile nohlelo lokubala olukulayini.
  • Iziteshi zezokuxhumana, ezisetshenziswa izisebenzi nezisebenzi zokuzithandela ukuze zifinyelele izinto eziphilayo.
  • Uchungechunge lwezikhumbuzo zemiyalezo ethunyelwa kubantu abakhetha ukusebenzisa imishini ehambayo.

Ukucwaninga kwezezokuxhumana kubonisa ukuthi ukuchayeka ngokuphindaphindiwe esigijimini emizileni eminingi kundisa kokubili ukukhumbula nokuthatha isinyathelo. Uma umuntu ezwa ngokubalwa kwabantu epulpiti, ubona indiza emnyango wokukhama ukudla, futhi uthola umbhalo okhumbuza bonke phakathi nesonto elifanayo, amathuba okuba nengxenye akhula kakhulu.

Umququzeleli Wezehlakalo Ezixubile Ezigcwalisayo

Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu ingenye futhi yezilula kakhulu: ukuvula iminyango yesakhiwo sakho futhi unikeze amacomputer, amaphilisi, noma izakhiwo zephepha ukuze abantu bakwazi ukuqeda ukubalwa lapho. Lokhu kuthinta ngokuqondile igebe lenombolo elivimbela ukufika okuphansi nezakhamuzi zasemaphandleni ekuthatheni ingxenye ye-inthanethi. Izici eziyinhloko zesenzakalo esiphumelelayo sokugcwalisa isakhiwo zihlanganisa:

  • [ Izisebenzi zokuzithandela eziqeqeshiwe: inikeza abantu ithuba lokuthola isenzakalo ngemibuzo eyisisekelo ephathelene nefomu lobalo ngaphandle kokunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho noma sokufuduka. I-Census Bureaurage inikeza izinto zokuqeqesha ngokukhululekile kanye nethuluzi elihambisana nalo .
  • ukufinyelela ngolimi: kuqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi zokuzithandela zikhuluma izilimi ezimelelwe umphakathi noma zisebenzise iziyalezo zolimi lwe-Census Bureau. Ifomu yolwembu lwe-inthanethi ngokwayo ikhona ngezilimi eziyi-13, futhi amafomu ephepha akhona ngesiNgisi nangeSpanish.
  • [ Ukunakekela umntwana nokudla okuqabulayo: Susa izithiyo zokuba khona ngokunikeza izingane imisebenzi nokudla okulula.
  • Izikhathi eziningi: nikeza izenzakalo ngezikhathi ezihlukene, kuhlanganise nobusuku nezimpelasonto, ukuhlalisana nezimiso zomsebenzi.
  • Isiqinisekiso se-Privzect: Beka amacomputer noma izibhebhe ezindaweni zangasese lapho ababuzwa bengaqeda khona ifomu ngaphandle kokugcinwa. Posta i-sayina ecacile echaza izivikelo zemfihlo zika-hulumeni.

Qeqesha Abaholi Bokholo Njengezikhungo Zokubalwa

Amazwi anethonya elikhulu kunoma yimuphi umphakathi wokholo abefundisi, amaamam, orabi, abefundisi, nabaholi abavamile abanikeza izintshumayelo, amakilasi, nabantu abelulekayo. Beka abaholi ngamaphuzu afingqiwe okukhuluma ngokubalwa kwabantu ukuze bakhulume ngokuqiniseka nangokukholisa. Cabangela ukunikeza isimiso esifushane sokuqeqesha, iphepha elilodwa lephepha, noma umyalezo wevidiyo oqoshiwe ovela kumholi wenkolo othenjwayo. Uma umholi ongokomoya emile phambi komphakathi futhi ethi, "Ngiqedele ifomu yami yokubala abantu, futhi ngicela ukuba ungithelele," ukuthi ubufakazi bomuntu siqu bunganqoba ukunqikaza nokunganaki okungcono kakhulu kunanoma isiphi isimemezelo sezekelelwa.

Asebenza Nomtapo Wezisebenzi ZaseBureau namaKomiti Okubala Aphelele Endawo

Izinhlangano ezisekelwe kukholo akudingeki ukuba ziklame imizamo yazo yokufinyelela ngaphandle kwemigomo kusukela ekuthatheni ikhanda. I-Census Bureau Minists ihlela ochwepheshe abasebenza nabo ukuze banikeze imithombo yamahhala, ukuqeqesha, nokusekela ukwaziswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundazwe eziningi zinendawo ezihlangene namaKomiti okuQala ahlanganisa indawo. Ngokuhlangana nale zinhlangano ezikhona, inhlangano yokholo ingathuthukisa izinga layo lokufinyelela ngaphandle kokuzama ukuyenza. Amakomiti avame ukunikeza izinto ezibhaliwe, zibhalwe phansi, futhi ngisho nezisebenzi zokuzithandela ezingasiza ekuboneni izenzakalo zezisebenzi. Isihluthulelo siwukuhlukanisa iqophelo lokuxhumana kwasekuqaleni; ukuhlelwa kwenombolo yenombolo yenani kumelwe kuqale ngaphambi kokuba kuphumelele.

Ukwakha Ukwethemba Ngokukhulumisana Okubonisayo

Ukwethemba kuyimali yanoma yikuphi ukuqashelwa kokubalwa kwabantu, futhi izinhlangano ezisekelwe ekukholweni zinemisebenzi eminingi kunayo. Kodwa kumelwe kugcinwe ukuthembana, hhayi nje kuphela. Izizathu ezivame kakhulu ezinikezwa abantu zokungahlanganyeli ekubaleni abantu yizinkinga zomuntu siqu, ukwesaba ukuthi uhulumeni uzophambana, nokudideka ngokuthi ulwazi luzosetshenziswa kanjani. Izinhlangano zokholo zingazisingatha lezi zinkinga.

Chaza Izivikelo Eziyimfihlo

Umthetho we-Federal ucacile: Noma yimuphi umbiko oqoqwe kulendawo uyimfihlo iminyaka engu-72. I-Census Bureau ayinakuhlanganyela ukusabela komuntu ngamunye nokugcinwa komthetho, iziphathimandla zokufuduka, noma noma yimuphi omunye uhulumeni. Ukusabela akunakusetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuthi inzuzo noma ukuphoqelela noma yisiphi isibopho esingokomthetho. Lesivikelo sifakazelwa kuSihlokwana 13 se-U.S. futhi siphethe izijeziso zobugebengu kunoma yisiphi isisebenzi sase-Censustuars esiphula umthetho. Abaholi bokholo kufanele bachaze lokhu ngokucacile futhi mhlawumbe ngokusebenzisa incazelo enjengethi: "Impendulo yakho ibekwe uphawu ngaphansi komthetho oqinile kunaleyo eyimfihlo yodokotela edinga ukubekezela.""

Inkulumo Yokufuduka Ikhathazeka Ngokuqondile

Emiphakathini yabafuduki, ukwesaba ukubalwa kwabantu okusetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokugcinwa kokufuduka kungokoqobo futhi kuye kwakhuliswa emijikelezweni yamuva yezombangazwe. Izinhlangano zokholo zingahlehlisa imingcele ephambene nokukhohliswa ngokugcizelela amaphuzu amathathu:

  1. Ukubalwa kwabantu kuthatha wonke umuntu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usemthethweni kangakanani. Lokhu bekulokhu kuyinqubo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-200, futhi kusekelwe ekugunyazweni nguMthetho-sisekelo ukubala bonke abantu.
  2. Akungabazeki ukuthi ukuba isakhamuzi noma isikhundla esingokomthetho esiphathelene nokubalwa kwabantu. (UNote: Ukubalwa kwabantu kuka - 2020 akuhlanganisanga umbuzo wezakhamuzi, futhi i - Census Bureau ithi ngeke kuhlanganise nowodwa phakathi nokubalo okuyophela.)
  3. I - Census Bureau inemithetho eqinile yokuvikela ukwaziswa.

Yilwa Nokwaziswa Okunganembile Nokulalela Ngozwela

Akuwona wonke amathandabuzo asekelwe kwezombangazwe noma esimiso. Amanye amalungu omphakathi amane angaqondi ukuthi kungani izindaba zokubalwa kwabantu zikhona nsuku zonke. Abanye kungenzeka ukuthi bezwile izincazelo zozungu zigcwele ezokuxhumana. Kulezi zimo, ukuphikisana noma ukuxoxisana kuzohluleka. Kunalokho, abaholi bangenza impucuko yokuxoxa ngokukhululekile lapho imibuzo ivunyelwa khona futhi kunikezwa izimpendulo ngokubekezela. Umbuzo ofana nothi, "Kungani uhulumeni efuna ukwazi ukuthi bangaki abantu abasendlini yami?" Akufanele kuhlangane nephuzu elibhalwe phansi kodwa ngengxoxo eqotho mayelana nendlela izikole zokubhalisa izikole, ukwakha imithola zincwadi, futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi umphakathi uthola ngayo isabelo sawo esiwusizo?

Ukwakha Ubuhlobo Ngaphandle Kwebandla

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibandla lokholo elilodwa linganikezelwa kanjani, inselele yokufinyelela inani eliphelele lokubala idinga indlela ehlangene. Izinhlangano ezisekelwe kukholo zingandisa ithonya lazo ngokwakha ubuhlobo nezinye izinhlangano zomphakathi ezithembekile. Cabangela ukubambisana:

  • Imitapo yezincwadi e-Public: ingumatapo ongokwemvelo osizana nomphakathi ekubaleni abantu ngoba inikeza umnyango we-inthanethi, izinto zolimi oluhlukene, nendawo yomphakathi engathathi hlangothi. Isenzakalo sokubalwa kwabantu esihlangene phakathi kwesonto nomtapo wezincwadi singathola kuzo zombili izimemezelo.
  • Izikole nezinhlangano zabazali nothisha: zixhumana njalo nemikhaya futhi zingasakaza ukwaziswa kokubala abantu ezikhwameni, ekubhaliseni, nasezimisweni zesikole zokubhalelana imiyalezo. Isimiso sokudla esisekelwe ekukholweni esingahlanganisa ukuhlangana kwabazali besikole.
  • Izikhungo zezempilo ezihlangene:[ Izindawo zempilo neminyango yezempilo zisiza abantu abaningi abalingana nezinkonzo ezisekelwe enkolweni. Umthola-khaya wezempilo endaweni yokupaka izimoto yesonto ungahlanganisa ukwaziswa ekuhleleni umsebenzi.
  • Amabhizinisi asendaweni: Izindawo zokudlela, izitolo zokudla, namanye amabhizinisi amancane angabonisa izigqebhezana, ahlanganise ukwaziswa kokubala emarisidini noma ezikhwameni, futhi avumele izisebenzi zokuzithandela ukuba zibeke amathebula okwaziswa ezindaweni eziphezulu.
  • Izinhlangano zomphakathi namaqembu omphakathi: Lezinhlangano zingasiza ekuboneni izindawo ezinzima ukufinyelela kuzo, zisakaza umnyango wezokwaziswa, futhi ziphethe izenzakalo kwezinye izindawo ngaphandle kwezindawo zenkolo.

Ukubalwa kwabantu kunikeza ithuba lokujulisa ubuhlobo futhi kwakha izakhiwo ezingasetshenziswa ekuthatheni izinyathelo zomphakathi esikhathini esizayo, kusukela ekubhalisweni kwamavoti kuya emikhankasweni yezempilo yomphakathi.

Umphumela Olinganayo Nokugubha Impumelelo

Ukuze ilondoloze amandla futhi ibonise ukubaluleka kokuthola inani labantu, izinhlangano ezisekelwe ekukholweni kufanele zilandele imizamo yazo ngezindlela ezingenakulungiseka. Nakuba i-Census Bureau ingakhululi amazinga okusabela esiteshi sovikelo lwezitebhisi ngesikhathi sangempela, kunezinyathelo zokuvota amabandla angazihlola:

  • Inani lezincwadi zokwaziswa ezasakazwa (izimpukane, izincwajana, imiqondo yezokuxhumana).
  • Ukuba khona kwababalwayo kuhlanganisa izenzakalo ezigcwalisayo.
  • Inani lezinguquko ezifakwa ezigijimeni (izinhlansi zingaqoqa ama - rape angaziwa).
  • Ukuphazanyiswa amalungu omphakathi ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwawo nokuthi ahlose yini ukuhlanganyela.
  • Ucwaningo lubangelwa yilabo abahlola ushintsho ngaphambi nangemva komkhankaso wokuhlola ushintsho ekuqapheleni nasekuzimiseleni ukusabela.

Ngemva kokuphela kwenkathi yokubalwa kwabantu, ukugubha ukuhlanganyela njengempumelelo yomphakathi kuqinisa ukubaluleka kokuthembisana uhulumeni. Isimemezelo esilula senkonzo, ukubhalela izisebenzi zokuzithandela, noma indaba ethile ephephabhukwini ekhuluma ngothile owanqoba umngcele ukuze aphendule wonke amasiko okuhlanganyela ayosiza umphakathi kahle ezindabeni zesikhathi esizayo neminye imizamo yomphakathi.

Ukunakekela Okungahlangani Nenani

Ukubalwa kwabantu kuyisenzakalo esingapheli, kodwa isisekelo sokuthembisana komphakathi singaba yingxenye ehlala njalo yenkonzo yenhlangano yokholo. Ubuhlobo obakhelwe phakathi nokuthola inani labantu, ukwethenjwa okutholakala ngezingxoxo ezikhanyayo, nobudlelwane obubangelwa izinhlangano zomphakathi awupheli lapho izibalo ziphela. Amabandla amaningi aye asebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwawo njengomthombo womsebenzi wokubala oqhubekayo wokubala ukwaziswa okungagunyaziwe, njenga:

  • Ukuhlolwa njalo kwendlela ukwaziswa okuphathelene ngayo nokubalwa kwabantu okuthinta ngayo imali nokumelela kwebandla, okwahlanganyela nebandla ngemibiko yaminyaka yonke.
  • Imvume yokusekela iCensus Bureau ukuba ilondoloze ukusekela imali okunamandla futhi iqhubeke ithuthukisa izindlela zayo zokufinyelela.
  • Ukuqashelwa kokubalwa kwabantu kube izenzakalo zaminyaka yonke, njengeSifundazwe ngeSonto noma i - Community Health Month.
  • Ukuqeqeshelwa isizukulwane esisha sabaholi bomphakathi ebandleni abaqonda indlela ukwaziswa nezimiso okukuthinta ngayo ukuphila komphakathi.

Ngalendlela, umsebenzi wokukhuthaza ukubalwa kwabantu uba ingxenye yobizo olukhulu lokufuna inhlalakahle yomphakathi. Izinhlangano ezisekelwe okholweni ezifeza lendima azimane nje zisekele ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni; zifeza isici esiyinhloko somsebenzi wazo wokukhonza abasengozini, zikhulumela abantu abangenazwi, futhi zakhe umphakathi lapho wonke umuntu ebaluleke khona.