Isisekelo Sentuthuko Engokomthetho Emphakathini

Izinqubo ezingokomthetho zakha umgogodla wendlela amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo okuchazwa ngayo, kuvikelwe futhi kuphoqelelwe ngayo kunoma yimuphi umphakathi wentando yeningi. Lezizinqubo zimisa imithetho elawula ukusebenzelana kwabantu ngabanye, izinhlangano, nohulumeni, zidala uhlelo oluqinisekile lokuxazulula izingxabano nokuhleleka. Ngaphandle kokuchazwa ngokucacile okungokomthetho, umqondo wamalungelo uhlala ungaqondakali futhi ungenakuphoqelelwa, futhi awunamithwalo yemfanelo edingekayo ukuze abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano bathwale icala.

Kubafundisi nabafundi abahlola umlando nezinhlangano zomphakathi, kubalulekile ukuqonda lezi zinqubo ezingokomthetho. Indlela imithetho esungulwa ngayo, ichazwe futhi isetshenziswe ngayo ngokuqondile ithonya okuhlangenwe nakho kwezakhamuzi okuphilayo, ithonya yonke into kusukela ezinhlanhleni zomuntu siqu kuya emathubeni ezomnotho. Lesi sihloko sihlola izici eziyinhloko zezinqubo ezingokomthetho, ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo, nendima ebalulekile yemfundo ekulungiseleleni izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo nesimiso somthetho.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Yezomthetho

Izinqubo ezingokomthetho zibhekisela ezinqunyweni ezimisiwe nezinqubo imithetho esungulwa ngazo, ethathwa ngazo, ethathwayo, futhi ephoqwayo. Lezi zinqubo ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho engokomthetho isetshenziswa ngokungaguquguquki nangokungakhethi, ivikela amalungelo abantu kuyilapho kugcinwa ukuhleleka komphakathi. Ingxenye eziyinhloko zezinqubo zomthetho zihlanganisa umthetho, ukufushaniswa, nokugcinwa kwemithetho, ngayinye isebenza umsebenzi ohlukile phakathi kwesimiso somthetho esibanzi.

Enye yezinjongo eziyinhloko zezinqubo zomthetho ukunikeza ukubikezela nokuzinza. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda indlela imithetho ehlelwa ngayo nendlela izingxabano ezingokomthetho ezixazululwa ngayo, zingahlela izenzo zazo ngokuhambelana futhi zibe nesiqiniseko sokuthi isimiso sizozisingatha ngokufanelekile. Lokhu kubikezela kuyisibonakaliso somthetho, isimiso esithi akekho ongaphezu komthetho futhi imithetho engokomthetho isebenza ngokufanayo kuwo wonke amalungu omphakathi.

Izinqubo ezingokomthetho zisebenza futhi njengesehlo emandleni kahulumeni. Ngokumisa izinqubo ezicacile zokwenza umthetho nokubukeza kokwahlulela, lezizinqubo zivimbela izenzo eziwubuwula zezikhulu zikahulumeni futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa ngokukhanyayo nangokulandisa. Loluhlelo lubalulekile ekuvikeleni izinhlangano zentando yeningi futhi kulondoloze inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Inqubo Yomthetho

Ukwakhiwa kwemithetho kulandela inqubo ehlelwe kahle yemithetho ehloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukufakwa okukhulu nokucatshangelwa ngokucophelela. E-United States, le nqubo iqala ngokufakwa kwesivumelwano eMfuleni wabameleli noma eSigeqeni. Isibekisi sihamba ngezigaba eziningana:

  • [ Ukubukeza i-committee[[FL:1] lapho ochwepheshe bendaba behlola khona izindleko, babambe izindlebe, futhi bahlongoze ukulungisa.
  • [ Impikiswano ye-Floor lapho amalungu egumbi axoxa khona ngemali kanye nevoti ngezinguquko ezihlongozwayo.
  • quota lapho umzimba ogcwele uvumela khona noma wenqaba intengo.
  • Ikomiti yokuhlanganisa lapho kuhlanganiswa khona umehluko phakathi kwezinguqulo zendlu nezigele.
  • [ Isenzo esithatha isinyathelo lapho isikhulu siphawula khona isikweleti sibe umthetho noma sisebenzise amandla e-veto.

Le nqubo enezinyathelo eziningi iklanyelwe ukuvimbela umthetho onamawala noma ongacatshangelwa kahle. Ivumela ukuba kuzweke izimo ezihlukahlukene futhi kwakhiwe amathuba okulungisa nokuhlehla. Inqubo yomthetho ivulekele ukufakwa obala ngokuzwa, ukukhulumela komphakathi, nemizamo yokuzinqumela, inikeza izakhamuzi izwi emithethweni ewabusayo. Ukuze kucaciswe kabanzi indlela umthetho kahulumeni osebenza ngayo, uMthetho--- - ngokomthetho u-Konrevern. Inqubo ye-gov yemithetho inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungelinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu esimisweni somthetho, avumela izinkantolo ukuba zihlole ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni ziyavumelana yini nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo. Lenqubo yamiswa ecaleni lengqophamlando Marbury v. Madison (1803] [183] [iNkantolo Ephakeme] [igunya layo lokumemezela imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho engokomthetho. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, ukubukezwa komthetho womthetho-mthetho waseMelika kuye kwaba yisisekelo.

Inqubo yokubukeza ukwahlulela ihilela izinyathelo eziningana:

  • Icala lilethwa phambi kwenkantolo iqembu elithile lithi isenzo somthetho noma sikahulumeni siphula amalungelo abo.
  • Inkantolo ihlola amalungiselelo angokomthetho afanelekayo nemibhalo engokomthetho.
  • Abahluleli babheka ukuthi lo mthetho noma isenzo singaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho.
  • Uma inkantolo ithola ukwephulwa, ingase ishaye umthetho phansi noma ikhiphe umyalo wokulungisa.

Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zisebenza njengenhlolo-hlolo emandleni okulawula nokulawula, ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ayidluli imikhawulo yomthetho-mthetho. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni amalungelo amancane, njengoba izinkantolo zingachitha imithetho ephula inkululeko eyisisekelo ngisho nalapho leyomithetho isekelwa iningi. Iproject eChicago-Kent College of Law inikeza imithombo ebanzi emacala enkantolo ephakeme nenqubo yokuhlola kwezehlulelo.

Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Emsebenzini Ongokomthetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo bubalulekile ekuphileni komphakathi. Amalungelo ayizinto ezinikezwa abantu ngabanye futhi azivikelekile ngokomthetho, kuyilapho imithwalo yemfanelo iyimisebenzi abantu abafanele ukuyenza emphakathini nakuwo. Lokhu kulinganisela kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe inkululeko ebusayo esebenzayo lapho inkululeko isetshenziswa ngaphandle kokugxambukela amalungelo abanye.

Amalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa Avikelwe Umthetho

Amalungelo abantu ahlanganiswa ezincwadini zomthetho ezihlukahlukene, ezinoMthetho-sisekelo neSiphakamiso samalungelo esisebenza njengemithombo eyinhloko eUnited States. Lamalungelo ahlanganisa kokubili isivikelo esingaphansi kwesivumelwano, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma nenkolo, kanye nezindawo zokuvikela ezingokwesiko, njengelungelo lenqubo nesivikelo ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo.

Isihluthulelo samalungelo abantu sihlanganisa:

  • nikeza inkululeko [ njengenkululeko yokuveza, yokuhlangana, nemikhuba engokwenkolo, elinganisela ukuphazamisa kohulumeni ekuphileni komuntu siqu.
  • Amalungelo anjengesivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho nelungelo lokuvota, okuqinisekisa ukuphathwa okulinganayo nokuhlanganyela emphakathini.
  • Amalungelo e-procedical njengelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga, ilungelo leseluleko somthetho, kanye nesivikelo ekuzibekeni icala, okubusa indlela isimiso somthetho esiphatha ngayo abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu.
  • Amalungelo ombuso aqashelwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuzinqumela komuntu siqu, izinqumo zomkhaya, kanye nokuvikela imininingwane yomuntu siqu.

Lamalungelo awaphelele futhi angase athobele imithetho enengqondo lapho ephikisana nezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokukhuluma alikuvikeli ukuvuselelwa ebudloveni, futhi ilungelo lokubutha lingase litholwe isikhathi, indawo, nemithetho evimbelayo. Inselele eqhubekayo yezimiso zomthetho iwukulinganisela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye nezidingo ezihlanganyelwe njengomphakathi nokuhleleka komphakathi.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yezakhamuzi Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Ngaphandle kwamalungelo, izakhamuzi zinemithwalo yemfanelo ebalulekile ekusebenzeni komphakathi wentando yeningi.

Imithwalo yemfanelo engokomthetho ihlanganisa:

  • Imithetho ebophayo emisiwe ngezinqubo ezingokomthetho, iqaphela ukuthi ukwephula umthetho kunemiphumela.
  • [ ukukhokha izintela [ ukuxhasa izinkonzo zomphakathi nesisekelo esizuzisa zonke izakhamuzi.
  • Ukukhonza kumajaji uma ibizwa, ukuhlanganyela ngokuqondile ekuqondiseni ubulungisa.
  • Ukuhlanganisa neziyalo zenkantolo[[QUL:1] nezahlulelo zomthetho.

Imithwalo yemfanelo yeqembu idlulela ngalé kwezimfuneko ezingokomthetho futhi ihlanganisa nezenzo eziqinisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi:

  • Ukuvota okhethweni kuzo zonke amazinga kahulumeni.
  • Ukuhlala unolwazi [ ngezindaba zomphakathi nangezenzo zikahulumeni.
  • Ihlanganyela enkulumweni yeningi kanye nokuhlanganyela emibonweni engafani.
  • Ukuvulela izinhlangano zomphakathi nenkonzo yomphakathi.
  • Ukusekela ushintsho[ ngezindlela ezingokomthetho njengokunxusa nokubhikisha okunokuthula.

Umqondo wesivumelwano sezenhlalo, esishicilelwe izazi zefilosofi njengoJohn Locke noJean-Jacques Rousseau, usekela ukuthi abantu bayavuma ukudela inkululeko ethile futhi bamukele imithwalo yemfanelo ethile ukuze bathathele indawo amalungelo abo asele. Lesi sivumelwano siyisisekelo sikahulumeni ongokomthetho futhi sichaza ukuthi kungani izakhamuzi zinawo kokubili amalungelo nezibopho esimisweni somthetho.

Indima Yemfundo Ekufundeni Okungokomthetho

Imfundo ibalulekile ekusizeni abantu ukuba baqonde amalungelo abo nemithwalo yabo yemfanelo ngaphakathi kwesimiso somthetho. I-sakhamuzi esisulelwe kahle sihlonyiselwe ukuthatha igalelo ezinqubweni zentando yeningi, ukusekela ukuvikelwa okungokomthetho, nokugcina uhulumeni unecala. Ukufunda okusemthethweni, ikhono lokuqonda nokusebenzisa imiqondo engokomthetho nezinqubo, kuyisici esibucayi semfundo yomphakathi.

Imfundo Ephelele Nokubaluleka Kwayo

Imfundo yamaCobic igxile ekufundiseni abafundi ngokwakheka nokusebenza kukahulumeni, isimiso somthetho, namalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yokuba izakhamuzi. Imfundo ephumelelayo idlulela ngalé kokubamba ngekhanda amaqiniso kahulumeni futhi kunalokho igcizelela ukucabanga okugxekayo ngokuthi imithetho ithinta kanjani ukuphila kwansuku zonke nokuthi izakhamuzi zingahileleka kanjani ezimisweni ezingokomthetho.

Izici eziyinhloko zemfundo eqinile yomphakathi zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuqonda izakhiwo zikahulumeni emazingeni endawo, amazwe, nakuhulumeni.
  • Ukufunda ngenqubo yomthetho nendlela izakhamuzi ezingathonya ngayo ukwenza umthetho.
  • Ukufunda amacala enkantolo aphawulayo [ awenziwe amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo.
  • [ Ukuveza omagazini bamuva bomthetho [ kanye nethonya labo emiphakathini ehlukene.
  • [ Amakhono okuthuthukisa ukungenela komphakathi njengokukhuluma obala, ukuphikisana, kanye nokuqamba.

Ukucwaninga kuveza ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi abafundi abathola imfundo yomphakathi ebanzi basengozini kakhulu yokuvota, bahlanganyele emisebenzini yomphakathi, futhi bathembe izinhlangano zentando yeningi. USA.gov imithombo yemfundo [ inikeza amathuluzi othisha nabafundi abahlola uhulumeni nezihloko zezakhamuzi.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukufunda Okungokomthetho Ezikoleni

Ukufunda okungokomthetho kuhilela ukuqonda amagama angokomthetho, izinqubo, nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho okusebenzayo. Izikole zingakhuthaza ukufunda okungokomthetho ngamasu amaningana:

  • Ukudlulisa izihloko zomthetho ohlelweni lwezifundo kuhlanganisa umlando, izifundo zezenhlalo, ngisho namakilasi ezincwadi.
  • [ umema ochwepheshe bezomthetho ukukhuluma nabafundi ngomsebenzi wabo nangesimiso somthetho.
  • Ukuncintisana ngempoqo yecala lapho abafundi bephikisana khona namacala okucabanga.
  • [ imithombo yemali [ emalungelweni omthetho nasemithwalo yemfanelo efinyelelekayo entsheni.
  • Ingxoxo e- e-' yokwaziswa kwamanje kwezindaba zomthetho nezinqumo zenkantolo eziphikisanayo.

Ukufunda okungokomthetho kunikeza abafundi amandla okulawula izimo abangase babhekane nazo ekuphileni kwabo, njengokuqonda amalungelo abo lapho besebenzelana namaphoyisa, ukwazi ukuthi bangakubekela inselele ukuphathwa kabi, nokuqaphela lapho bedinga usizo olungokomthetho, futhi kubalungiselela ukuba babe abavoti abanolwazi abangahlola abazobhapathizwa ngokusekelwe ezikhundleni zabo ezingokomthetho nezimiso.

Ukuhlola Icala Enqubweni Yezomthetho

Ukuhlola amacala abalulekile angokomthetho kubonisa indlela izinqumo zokwahlulela eziye zawathonya ngayo amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Marbury v. Madison (103)

Lelicala eliyisisekelo lamisa isimiso sokuhlola kokwahlulela e-United States. INkantolo Ephakeme, eholwa uMahluleli Omkhulu uJohn Marshall, yanquma ukuthi yayinegunya lokumemezela izenzo zomthetho woMkhandlu ngaphandle komthetho. Lesi sinqumo saguqula ijaji laba yigalelo likahulumeni elilinganayo elinamandla okuhlola izenzo zomthetho nezobuphathi. Marbury v. Madison[ lihlala liyilungu lezelele likamthetho womthetho wemithetho-mthetho-mthetho waseMelika ngoba lachaza indima ye-judicariary ekuchazeni uMthetho-sisekelo nesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mhlawumbe icala elibaluleke kakhulu lamalungelo omphakathi ekhulwini lamashumi amabili leminyaka, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [ yamemezela ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwakuphula iSivikelo sika Claus olinganayo seSiphendu seshumi nambili. INkantolo Ephakeme yagumbuqela Phosev. Ferguson[FLT] [FLT] [1896] isinqumo esase sasungula imfundiso ehlukile kodwa elinganayo, saqaphela ukuthi izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukene zazingalingani.

Isinqumo sikaBrown saba nemiphumela efinyelela kude kakhulu ngalé kwemfundo. Sanikeza amandla angokomthetho emzabalazweni wamalungelo omphakathi, waholela eMthethweni Wamalungelo Omphakathi ka-1964 kanye nase-Voting Rights Act ka-1965. Icala labonisa indlela ukuhlolwa komthetho okungasetshenziswa ngayo ukulungisa ukungabi nabulungisa kwezimiso zezwe futhi kwandisa isivikelo esikhona emaqenjini angaphansi.

Miranda v. e - Arizona (1966)

Lelicala lasungula imfuneko yokuba abaphathi bomthetho bazise abasolwa ngamalungelo abo ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwelungelo lokunakekela izingane. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sidinga amaphoyisa ukuba axwayise abasolwayo ngelungelo labo lokuthula nelungelo labo lokulalela izixwayiso ezingokomthetho. IMiranda ejwayelekile oyizwayo ezitejini zamaphoyisa isuka kulesi sinqumo.

Icala imanda v.Arizona libonisa indlela izinqubo zomthetho ezilinganisela ngayo isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekuhloleni ubugebengu namalungelo abantu. Isinqumo saqaphela ukuthi indawo ehlangeneyo yokuwinwa kwamaphoyisa ingaholela ekuvumeni izono ngokuzenzakalelayo, nokuthi izivikelo ze-procedveral zazidingeka ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo omthetho-mthethweni. Abagxeki baye baphikisa ngokuthi imfuneko ye-Miranda ivimbela ukugcinwa komthetho, kuyilapho abasekeli bewugcina ubalulekile ekuvikeleni inqubo efanele.

URade (1973)

Lelicala eliphikiswana kakhulu lamisa ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha isisu, liqaphela ukuthi ukuvikela kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane kwenkululeko yomuntu siqu kuhlanganisa isinqumo sowesifazane sokuqeda ukukhulelwa. INkantolo Ephakeme yaveza uhlelo olulinganiselwe olulinganisela ilungelo lowesifazane lokukhetha ngokumelene nezithakazelo zikahulumeni empilweni kamama kanye nokuphila okungase kwenzeke.

Roe v. uhlala ungesinye sezinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme eziphikiswanayo emlandweni waseMelika. Ibonisa indlela izinqubo zomthetho ezisingatha ngayo imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi yezenhlalo nezimiso zezimiso, nendlela izinqumo zokwahlulela ezingalawula ngayo isimiso somphakathi nezimiso zamasiko. Icala futhi libonisa isimo esinamandla sokuchaza umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, njengoba izinqumo zenkantolo ezilandelayo nezenzo zomthetho zishintshile futhi zibekela inselele uhlelo olusungulwe eRoe.

Inqubo Engokomthetho Nokushintsha Kwezenhlalo

Izinqubo ezingokomthetho azizehlukanisi, zisebenzelana nezinhlangano zezenhlalo, izinguquko zezombangazwe, nezinguquko zempucuko, kokubili ezibonisa futhi zithonye izindinganiso zomphakathi. Ukuqonda lokhu kunamandla kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo kuvela kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zivame ukusebenzisa izinqubo zomthetho njengethuluzi loshintsho, ukuqulisa amacala, ukusekela umthetho, nokufuna imithetho yokwahlulela eqhubekisela phambili imigomo yazo. Umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu, umzabalazo wabesifazane, kanye nomzabalazo wokulingana komshado konke kuncike kakhulu ezindleleni ezingokomthetho zokuqinisekisa amalungelo azo. Lezinhlangano zibonisa ukuthi izinqubo ezingokomthetho zingaba imoto yentuthuko engokwenhlalo lapho izakhamuzi zihlanganyela nesimiso sezenhlalakahle.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinqubo ezingokomthetho zingamelana futhi nokushintsha ngokugcina izakhiwo zamandla ezikhona kanye nezenzakalo ezingokomlando. Izinkantolo zingase zingabaza ukugumbuqela izincazelo ezimisiwe zomthetho, futhi izindikimba zomthetho zingase zithathe isikhathi ukuphendula izidingo ezivelayo. Lokhu kucindezeleka phakathi kokuzinza noshintsho kungokwemvelo ezimisweni zomthetho, okumelwe kulinganisele inani lokuzimela nesidingo sokuzivumelanisa.

Isiphetho

Izinqubo ezingokomthetho zinikeza inqubo echaza amalungelo, evikelekile, nelinganiselwe, futhi imithwalo yemfanelo yabelwe futhi iphoqelelwe.

Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo akuyona nje indlela yokufunda, kubalulekile ukuze izakhamuzi zibe isakhamuzi esishisekayo emphakathini wentando yeningi.

Imfundo inendima ebalulekile ekwakheni le ncazelo. Imfundo esemthethweni nezinhlelo zomthetho zokufundisa izakhamuzi zihlomisela abafundi ulwazi namakhono abawadingayo ukuze baqondise isimiso somthetho futhi basebenzise izinqubo zentando yeningi. Ngokufaka imali emfundweni yomphakathi, umphakathi uqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo zikulungele ukuvikela nokuqinisa izisekelo ezingokomthetho ezivikela amalungelo nokuchaza imithwalo yemfanelo.

Amacala nezinqubo okuxoxwa ngazo kulesi sihloko zibonisa umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokwakha umphakathi onobulungisa. Izimiso zomthetho azimi ndawonye. Zilolongwa abantu abahlanganyela nazo, ngokuvota, ngokuqamba amanga, nangokukhuluma ngenkulumo yasobala.