Ukuchazwa nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho ngezinkantolo kwakha isisekelo sanoma isiphi isimiso somthetho esisebenzayo. Nakuba izishaya-mthetho zomthetho zinikeza izimiso zomthetho nemithetho-mthetho, yisigebengu esifaka ukuphila kulemibhalo, sinquma ukuthi incazelo yayo isebenza kanjani futhi isebenza kanjani ezimpikiswaneni zezwe langempela. Le nqubo ayisebenzi ngokomthetho; ihilela ukwahlulela, ukunamathela ezimfundisweni ezimisiwe, nokucabangela ngokucophelela umongo. Izinkantolo zisebenza njengabalungisi bokugcina, ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isebenza ngokungaguquki, ngokungakhethi, nangokuvumelana nezimiso zobulungisa. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi nezimiso eziqondisayo ekuchazeni nasekusebenziseni imithetho, ukuhlola izinselele ezisebenzayo, izinselele, nokuhlola impikiswano eqhubekayo, kanye nempikiswano eqhubekayo yalesosimo sokwahlulela.

Izimiso ZeCore Eziqondisa Ukuchazwa Ngokomthetho

Incazelo engokomthetho inqubo yokuhlakanipha umahluleli athola ngayo incazelo yombhalo ongokomthetho. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ikhona incazelo ye-projekthi eqinisekile nokusemthethweni, izinkantolo zincike ezimisweni eziyisisekelo eziye zavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Lezizimiso azifani kuphela; ngokuvamile, abahluleli basebenzisa inhlanganisela yazo kuye ngokuthi icala linjani nokuthi umthetho ucacile. Ukuqonda lezici ezibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi izinkantolo zifinyelela kanjani eziphethweni.

Ukubhala Ngemibhalo: Umbhalo Oyinhloko WeZwi Elilotshiwe

I-Textalism isekela ukuthi incazelo yomthetho kufanele ithathwe ngokuyinhloko ngokwencazelo evamile yombhalo wayo ngesikhathi ebekwa. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela ihlonipha ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ngokulinganisela amaqhinga okwahlulela futhi inqanda amajaji ukuba athathe isikhundla sezimiso zawo siqu kulabo bomthetho. IJaji u-Antonin Scalia wayengummeli ovelele walendlela. Ngaphansi kwencazelo evamile yombhalo, izinkantolo zigxile kulokho umthetho okushoyo, kunokuba zikholelwe ukuthi kufanele kushiwo. Lesimiso sivame ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle kwe-"ncazelo yemithetho ecacile," efuna ukuba ulimi lomthetho lucace futhi lubhalwe ngaphandle kokubheka imithombo yangaphandle. Nokho, ukuhlelwa komthetho akunazinto ezilula; ukunquma "incazelo ephakathi" ngokwayo" incazelo edinga ukuphikisana, ukusetshenziswa kolimi oluvamile, ukuhlelwa kwencazelo, nokusetshenziswa komthetho.

Ukuzibopha: Ukufuna Injongo Engokomthetho

Ngokungafani nokubhala, inhloso yokufuna ukuveza injongo yokuqala noma injongo yabenzi bomthetho abamisa lo mthetho. Lendlela ivame ukuhlanganisa ukuhlola umlando wemithetho, kuhlanganise imibiko yamakomiti, izimpikiswano zaphansi, nokuzwa amarekhodi, ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi yiyiphi inkinga eyayiklanyelwe ukuxazulula nomphumela ohloselwe abamisi-mthetho. I-Anvocationism iyavuma ukuthi imithetho ingaba ihlelwe ngokungafanele noma ibe nophawu olubalulekile, futhi indima yomahluleli iwukuveza umgomo wendlu yomthetho. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi iphutha ngoba kunzima ukuqonda inhloso eyodwa, ehambisana nendikimba eyodwa, futhi ingavumela abahluleli ukuba basebenzise umlando ngokufaniswa kusengaphambili. Naphezu kwalokho, ukugxeka, kuhlala kunezinjongo ezivamile, ikakhulukazi lapho kusetshenziswa ithuluzi eliphikiswa ngokuphikiswana.

Ikhono Lokuqapha NeliyiStar Desis: Amandla Okusekela Izinqumo Zangesikhathi Esidlule

Imfundiso yokubheka i-specisis, esho "ukuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe," iyisisekelo sezimiso zomthetho ezivamile. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, izinkantolo ngokuvamile zibopha ukulandela izinqumo zezinkantolo eziphakeme ezisebusweni bazo futhi zithambekele kakhulu ekulandeleni izinqumo zazo siqu zangaphambili. Isinqumo siqinisekisa ukuqina, ukubikezela, nokulingana phambi komthetho ngokuphatha izindaba ezifanayo. Amandla esinqumo esifanayo angahlukahluka; iNkantolo Ephakeme ibopha zonke izinkantolo ezisezinkantolo eziphansi, kuyilapho inkantolo yezwe ibopha ibopha phakathi kwalelozwe. Nokho, izandulela azizona ezingenakugcinwa. Izinkantolo zingalawula kuqala uma zithola ukuthi zinephutha, azikhonziwa, zingenziwanga, noma zithathwe zishintshe ngomthetho. Izehlakalo zitholwe yizicime ezimweni ezinjalo, njengoba isilinganiso sezikhulu zikahulumeni, futhi zincike kakhulu, noma zinciswe ngezindlela ezikamelene zezezinye izinhlangano.[Fogs][3]

Ukuhumusha Imibhalo Ebhalwe Ngesibalo: Ukuhumusha Phakathi Kwesakhelo Esibanzi

Ukubhala kugcizelela ukuthi umthetho akumelwe ufundwe ngokuhlukanisa kodwa phakathi komongo obanzi wesimiso somthetho sonke, kuhlanganise nezimiso ezihlobene, amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Lokhu kuqaphela ukuthi imibhalo engokomthetho iyingxenye ye-unethi enkulu yencazelo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wentela kumele uchazwe ngokukhanyiselwa komthetho wentela wonke, futhi umthetho womthetho wesigebengu kumelwe ufundwe njalo ngesivikelo somthetho-mthetho. Ngokuvamile umehluko ohlangene nesimiso sobunye, okuthi isakhiwo sendlu yomthetho uthathele phambili ukuba singakwazi ukudala ukuphikisana phakathi komthetho. Izinkantolo zizama ukuchaza amalungiselelo ngendlela evimbela ukungqubuzana neminye imithetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlelwa komongokwawo kumelwe kufundwe njalo ngemiphumela engokomthetho othile, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usebenza ngendlela ewusizo. Izimiso eziqondiswe kakhulu kuleyo hlelo olubalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni eziqondisweni eziqondiswe ngokwezimiso eziqondiswe ngokomthetho.

Izindlela Eziyinhloko Zokuchaza Imithetho Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ngaphandle kwezimiso ezivamile, izinkantolo zisebenzisa izindlela ezithile zokuchaza imithetho nemithetho - sisekelo. Lezi zindlela ziye zathuthukiswa ngokuzijwayeza nangokufunda, futhi ngokuvamile zibonisa izibopho zefilosofi ezijulile ngendima yamajaji.

Izindlela Zokuchaza Imithetho

Umthetho Ocacile

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, umthetho ocacile uyisici sokuqala sencazelo yemithetho eminingi. Uma ulimi lomthetho lucacile futhi lungaholeli emphumeleni ongenangqondo, inkantolo ilusebenzisa ngendlela ebhalwe ngayo. Lo mthetho usekela umqondo wokuthi injongo yomphathi wendlu yomthetho ichazwe kangcono ngamagama akhethayo. Izinkantolo zivame ukuthembela kwizichazamazwi ezivamile ukuze zinqume incazelo yamagama ngesikhathi sokumiswa. Nokho, igama lingase libe nencazelo ekhethekile engokomthetho ehlukile ekusetshenzisweni kwalo, lapho incazelo yobuchwepheshe ikhona.

Wonke Umthetho

Lendlela idinga ukuba umthetho ufundwe wonke, hhayi ngokugxila emibhalweni ehlukene. Inkantolo izocabangela injongo yayo yonke lesenzo, isakhiwo sayo, kanye nokuhlangana kwengxenye yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izincazelo ezitholakala engxenyeni eyodwa yomthetho zingasebenza kuyo yonke indawo. Wonke umthetho usiza ekuxazululeni incazelo ngokuqiniseka ukuthi incazelo ifanelana ngokuqondana necebo eliphelele.

Umthetho Omelene Nokweqisa

Ngaphansi kwalomthetho, izinkantolo zikhetha izincazelo ezinikeza ithonya kuwo wonke amazwi nezigaba ewumthetho kunokuba zinikeze olunye ulimi ngokungadingekile. Uma enye incazelo ingenza ilungiselelo libe elingenanjongo, incazelo ehlukile enikeza ukubaluleka okuzimele. Lesimiso sisuka ekutheni izishayamthetho aziwachithi amagama.

Umlando Ongokomthetho Nenjongo

Uma incazelo ecacile ingacacile noma iholela ekungabini nangqondo, izinkantolo zingaphendukela emlandweni wemithetho ukuze ziqonde injongo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa imibiko yamakomiti, izitatimende zabaxhasi, nezinhlelo zangaphambili zomthetho. Izinga lokuncika liyahluka; abanye abahluleli, ikakhulukazi abafunda imibhalo, bayangabaza umlando wemithetho, bephikisa ukuthi ayithembekile futhi ilawulwa. Abanye bangabheka njengefasitela elibalulekile enjongweni engemva komthetho. Icala eliyingqophazamiso likaZiqu-Ziqu- zintathu oNgcwele. United States [1892]) iyisibonelo esivelele lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenzisa khona izinjongo zokulawula umthetho ukuze iqede umbhalo ongokoqobo.

Ukuze kucaciswe kabanzi ama-statest cost, Isethi yesiqondiso soMahluleli eqoqweni lokwakha inikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo okubhekisa.

Ukufinyelela Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo iphakamisa imibuzo ehlukile ngoba imithetho-sisekelo mibanzi, izincwadi ezihlala njalo okumelwe zisebenze ezimweni ezingalindelekile. Imibono emibili eyinhloko ephikisanayo ibusa umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika:

Ukudazulula

UbuShona bufuna ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo osekelwe encazelweni yawo yokuqala yomphakathi noma injongo yokuqala yabakhiqizi bawo. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela inqanda ukuqapha kokwahlulela futhi ivimbela abahluleli ukuba babhale kabusha uMthetho-sisekelo ukuze babonise izintando zanamuhla. U-Critaryism ungaphinda wahluka-phinde ube ngokwengeziwe: incazelo yokuqala (lokho umbhalo ohloselwe umphakathi ekuhlonishweni kwe-ratiation) kanye nenhloso yokuqala (lokho abafaki befuna khona ngokomuntu siqu). Abasekeli bakuqala bakhetha incazelo yakuqala, bencike emithonjeni engokomlando enjengezimpikiswanothi, izincazelo zokwahlulela zakuqala, nezichazamazwi ezilandelayo. Abagxeki ngqa ungaholela ekuphelelweni kwemiphumela noma ekungalungisizwani, njengoba ingeke isho ushintsho oluyisisekelo.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Inqubo ephila ngomthetho-sisekelo (i-productal posit) evumela incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ukuba ishintsheke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ivumelane nezimo ezintsha nezingalingani. Lendlela igcizelela izimiso ezibanzi zencwadi (njengenkululeko, ukulingana, nenqubo efaneleyo) ivumela izinkantolo ukuba ziyisebenzise emongweni wanamuhla. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi lokhu kuvumelana kudingekile ukuze uMthetho-sisekelo uhlale ubalulekile futhi umukelekile emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Izenzakalo zezwe ezifana Brown. Bown. ibhodi yemfundo[FLT:] (11954] futhi ivumela izinkantolo ukuba zisebenzise i-momestontonston. ] v. Hodbergefell. [FLT3:] [20]] ngokuvamile zikhonjiwe njengezibonelo zokuphila komthetho womthetho-bukhompume, njengoba ziveza izinga elide lokuphikisa izindinganiso zezelelwa ezingoko ezingoko ezilawula. [inqulution] (ir.) ezinikeza abahluleli ezilandelayo eziqinile kakhulu, inqubo enikeza imvume enikeza amandla kakhulu

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithetho Enkantolo

Lapho inkantolo isichaza umthetho ohlobene nawo, kumelwe isebenzise leyoncazelo emaqinisweni aleli cala eliphambi kwalo.

Indima Yomthetho Wecala Nenjongo Ekusetshenzisweni

Uhlelo lokusebenza aluvamile ukuvumelana ngokuqondile namaqiniso nomthetho. Abahluleli kumelwe bachaze icala lamanje elisendabeni yangaphambi kwezenzakalo. Banquma ukuthi amaqiniso abalulekile yini ngokomthetho futhi balinganise ukuthi isiphi isigaba esiwumthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, icala elihilela ubuchwepheshe obusha lingadinga inkantolo ukuba inqume ukuthi isibonelo esikhona yini, kodwa kunecala elikhona manje eliphathelene nobuchwepheshe obuhlukile", liqonde isimo esisha. Le nqubo yokucabanga okusekelwe kuso isekelwe eqenjini likamthetho ovamile. Izinkantolo ezisezandle-mthethweni eziphezulu ziboshelwe (umthetho ongokomthetho) kodwa zinendingakhonzi ekusebenziseni isichashazo sokuhlukanisa izimemezelo ezintsha. Ikhono lokuhlukanisa indaba ngokuhlukanisa izinto ngokwezimo ezigqamisayo yithuluzi eliyisihluthulelo lomahluleli.

Ukuhlakanipha Kokwahlulela Nemingcele Yako

Ukwahlulela okuhlakaniphile kunamandla okwahlulela ukuze enze izinqumo ezisekelwe ekwahluleleni kwawo ngaphakathi kwesimiso somthetho. Lokhu kuqonda kungokwemvelo ezicini eziningi zenqubo, kusukela ekuhluleleni ngezindlela zobufakazi kuya ekunqumeni imisho. Emmongweni wesimiso esingokomthetho, ukwahlulela kuvumela umahluleli ukuba avumelane nemithetho ekhethekile yecala. Isibonelo, umahluleli angathola ukuqonda okukhulu ukunikeza imiyalo noma okunye ukukhululeka okubonakala kulungile. Nokho, ukuqonda akunamkhawulo. Kumelwe kusetshenziswe ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso zomthetho, futhi kubukelwe ukusetshenziswa kabi kwecala. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokunamathela ngokuqinile emithethweni nokuqondana kuhlale kuqinile. Umqondo owemthetho owe-umthetho.

Ukulinganisela Imithetho Engqubuzanayo

Esinye isici esiyinselele sokusetshenziswa kwenzeka uma kusetshenziswa imithetho emibili noma izivumelwano zomthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo kumele zixazulule lezingxabano zisebenzisa amasonto amisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso sokuthi umthetho othile ulawula umthetho jikelele ( geteralia khethekileonibus engathathi hlangothiiea yodwa [)) idinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela kwenjongo kahulumeni nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Ekuchazeni Okungokomthetho

Incazelo yencazelo nenqubo kugcwele ubunzima. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilwisane nemibhalo engacacile, imithetho ephelelwe isikhathi, kanye namathemba ezenhlalo ashintshayo, konke lokhu kuyilapho zilondoloza ukufaneleka negunya lazo.

Ubutha Nokuxabana Ngolimi Oluqopha Imithetho

Imithetho ivame ukubhalwa ngamazwi adidayo noma angacacile, noma ngenxa yokuyekethisa, ukuthakatha, noma ukulinganiselwa okungenakugwenywa kolimi. Amagama anjenge "ukucabangela,"" noma "isithakazelo somphakathi" avuleke ngokwemvelo ekuchazeni. Uma ibhekene nalawo magama, izinkantolo kumelwe zigcwalise igebe. Lokhu kunikeza abahluleli amandla abalulekile, aphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokulandisa ngentando yeningi. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi izishaya-mthetho kufanele zilwele ukunemba okukhulu, kuyilapho ezinye ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuvumelana okuthile kudingekile kwemithetho ukuze kusebenze. Isinqumo esicacile ngokuvamile sixhomeke ekuchazeni izimiso ezamukelayo umahluleli, ukwenza indlela yokukhetha iphuzu elibucayi elisemphumeleni.

Ukuvumelanisa Imithetho Nezimiso Zomphakathi

Imithetho ivame ukuqiniswa iqhwa ngesikhathi, kuyilapho umphakathi ushintshashintsha. Umthetho owenziwe eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule ungase ungabonisi ukuqonda kwanamuhla kobuchwepheshe, ubuqu, noma ukulingana. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi zingachaza imithetho emidala ngokukhanyiselwa i-mongo entsha noma zigcine iziphakamiso zokuyilungisa. Kwezinye izimo, izinkantolo ziye zahlela imithetho ngokufunda ngencazelo entsha, njengokuchaza umthetho nge-"tephanic memone" ukuhlanganisa i-imeyili noma imiyalezo ebhalweyo. Kwabanye, ziye zanqaba ukuchaza ukuthi ushintsho lumelwe luvele kumthetho womthetho ongokomthetho. Lokhu kungathi ingcindezi zisuke zilindele izimpikiswano ezinjengokuphelo oluthi ukuphehlwa kwemizwa kwezimiso zobuchwepheshe nokuthathelwa. Impikiswano eqhubekayo ngokuthi i-mestruption igcinwe emafutheni.

Ithonya Lezombangazwe Nezenzo Zokwahlulela

Izikhulu zomthetho womthetho noma umthetho ngokuvamile zigxile endleleni izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo futhi zisebenzise ngayo imithetho. Ukumangalelwa kwecala kuphakama lapho inkantolo ibona ukuthi iye yaphula indima yayo ngokwenza umthetho omusha ngokuphumelelayo noma ngokungawunaki umbhalo ocacile womthetho noma umthetho. Ngokuphambene, izimangalo zokunqanda umthetho (noma, ngokwezimo, ukunqabela) zivela lapho inkantolo ihluleka ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo noma ukusekela izinhloso zomthetho. Umxeba phakathi kwencazelo nemithetho uphikiswana njalo. Ukuzwa kwejaji elicacile ngabahluleli kuveza izimpi ngokulandela ifilosofi, njengoba indlela yamajaji ilawula imithetho yabo cishe ngezindaba ezishisayo. Umbono wokuthi izinkantolo zingalulaza ukuthemba umphakathi ngokwezombangazwe, okuhloselwe ukusekela kokuchaza izindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zokuchaza Okusebenzayo

Ukuhlola izindaba eziphawulekayo kubonisa indlela izimiso nezindlela zokuchaza okusebenza ngayo.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo, iNkantolo ePhakeme yavumelana ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwaphula i-Unimetic Protection Claus yeSichibiyelo se-145th. Lesi sinqumo sanquma ngokuqondile ukulwa [ u-Bracky v. Ferguson 'ka" "kakhulu kodwa lilingana" imfundiso. INkantolo yasebenzisa i-mongomome nenjongo ye-atmosfective Protencesme Memonetic Clacence ye-Draisence ye-Dintercence ye-exption, iphikisa ukuthi i-evoctives progreementstion ingualss, i-evience, kodwa ingenza impikiswano engcono kakhulu, kodwa ibonise impikiswano engokomthetho, kodwa iyakulandela impomposa.[FL:]

URade (1973)

[[[FLT: 0]] Icala elicubungulayo [[[FT:1], iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-mshado elihlanganisa isinqumo sowesifazane sokukhipha isisu. INkantolo ihileleke ekuhlaziyweni okude komlando wokukhipha isisu futhi yasebenzisa uhlelo olulinganiselwe lokulinganisela amalungelo abesifazane ngokumelene nezithakazelo zikahulumeni. Abagxeki [FLT:] [FLT] [vFLT] [OMhlawundlu] iphikisa ngokuthi iNkantolo ihileleke ekwenzeni umsebenzi wokwahlulela ngokudala ilungelo elingatholakali embhalweni wezomthetho. Icala lifaka imvume ewumphumela wempi yezombangazwe neyomthetho, ukuphakama kwempi yayo [[FF] [F] [5] ewusebenzisayodwa kakhulu] futhi umbiko wesandla sembukwayo.[Fosembukwayo, imvume engokomthetho ophelele] [ehlukene, i-Fosekuhluzomthetho oqinile] [ehlelwe kakhulu] [enye inguquko yesizwe] [esigaba: [F] [F]

Isiphetho

Ubuciko bokuchaza nokusebenzisa imithetho buwumzamo onzima oyinhloko wokuhlakanipha oyinhloko wemisebenzi yokwahlulela. Izinkantolo azifundi nje imibhalo; kumelwe zisebenzise izimiso eziphikisanayo, zixazulule, futhi zisebenzise imithetho evamile eqondile. Izindlela zombhalo, ukuqamba, nesibonelo zinikeza uhlelo, kuyilapho izindlela ezifana ne-realism kanye nomthetho-mostitution zinikeza imibono ephikisanayo yokulandelana komthetho-mthetho. Izinselele ezinjalo eziwukungaqondani ngolimi, ukuxazulula imibandela yezenhlalo, kanye nemibuzo engokomthetho iqinisekisa ukuthi lo mkhakhakha uhlala unamandla futhi uphikiswana. Ekugcineni, ukuthembeka kwesimiso somthetho kuxhomeke ekwenzeni lomsebenzi onzima, ukubonakala, nokuthembeka ekuhleleni umthetho. Njengoba umphakathi uqhubeka, izindlela zokuchaza umthetho ziyoqhubeka zihlungwa, mhlawumbe zigcinwe ngokulunga, lapho kungenziwangakho kulungile, lapho kugcinwa inkantolo enkantolo.