Table of Contents

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sisebenza njengenye yezinsika ezibaluleke kakhulu zentando yeningi yaseMelika, siqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa buqondiswa ngokungakhethi futhi bungagwegwesi kulo lonke elase-United States. Izinkantolo zase-U.S. zakhiwa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo ukuze kuqondiswe ubulungisa ngokungakhethi, phakathi kwegunya elimiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo noMkhandlu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, uchwepheshe ongokomthetho, noma uyisakhamuzi okwaziyo, ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sizokuhambisa ngayo kukho konke okudingayo ukuze wazi ngezinkantolo zomthetho womthetho, kusukela ekwakhelweni nasebusweni bazo, kunoma iziphi izindlela ezisingatha izinkantolo zombuso, noma ukuthi zihluke kanjani ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Ziyini Izinkantolo Ezizimele?

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyizinkantolo ezikhethekile ezisingatha amacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni, imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo, nezimpikiswano ezidlula imingcele kahulumeni. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ezinegunya elikhulu ezindabeni eziningi zomthetho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyizinkantolo ezilawula imingcele elinganiselwe, okusho ukuthi zingalalela amacala agunyaziwe kuphela nguMthetho-sisekelo we-United States noma imithetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kulinganiselwa okuyisisekelo kusho ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni azinakunquma wonke amacala afika phambi kwazo.

ISiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sasungula iNkantolo Ephakeme neSishaya-mthetho esigunyaza ukumisa imithetho yokumisa isimiso sezinkantolo eziphansi. Lesi sisekelo somthetho-mthetho siye saphumela esimisweni senkantolo kahulumeni esinezimpinda ezintathu ezisingatha izinkulungwane zamacala unyaka ngamunye, kusukela ekumangaleleni kwezephulamthetho kuya ekumangaleni komphakathi okuyinkimbinkimbi okuhilela izinkulungwane zezigidi zamaRandi.

Izakhiwo Ezintathu Eziyinhloko Zezinkantolo Zesizwe

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sinamazinga amathathu: ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala okuphakathi, nenkantolo yokugcina. Izinga ngalinye lifeza injongo ehlukile futhi linemithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile phakathi kwesimiso sokwahlulela esibanzi. Ukuqonda lesi simiso sezikhulu ezisezingeni eliphansi kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela amacala ahamba ngayo phakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni nendlela izenzakalo ezingokomthetho ezimiswa ngayo.

Izinkantolo Zesigodi ZaseU.S.: Izinga Lokuqulwa Kwecala

Izinkantolo zesigodi ziyizinkantolo ezivamile zenkantolo kahulumeni. Inkantolo ngayinye yesifunda inejaji elilodwa lesifunda lase-United States, elimiswe uMongameli futhi eliqinisekiswe iSigele ukuze siphile. Izinkantolo zesigodi zisingatha amacala phakathi kwesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni – kokubili inkantolo yezembubhiso. Lezinkantolo zimelela iphuzu lokungena emacaleni amaningi kahulumeni futhi zilapho amaqiniso ecala anqunywa khona ekuqaleni.

Izinkantolo zesifunda noma zamacala zezwe ezingu-94 zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zesifunda sase-U.S. lezinkantolo zisakazwa e-United States ukuze ziqinisekise ukutholakala kwendawo, okungenani nenkantolo eyodwa yesifunda esifundazweni ngasinye, nesifunda saseColumbia. Amanye amazwe amakhulu anezifunda eziningi ukuba zithwale amacala azo ngokushelelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo ezinabantu abaningi zingahlukaniswa zibe yizifunda zase-Northern, e-Southern, eMpumalanga, naseNtshonalanga.

Izinkantolo zesigodi zisingatha amacala nokuqulwa kwecala, zixazulule izimpikiswano ngokunquma amaqiniso nangokusebenzisa umthetho kulawo maqiniso. Le nkonzo ethola iqiniso ihlukanisa izinkantolo eziqulweni zokwahlulela nezinkantolo, ezibukeza imibuzo engokomthetho kunokuphinda ziphindise izinqumo eziyiqiniso. Ezinkantolo zesigodi, abahluleli, abahluleli nabejaji bahlola ubufakazi, bezwa ubufakazi, futhi benza izinqumo ngokwenzeka ngempela ecaleni elithile.

Izinhlobo Zamacala Ezizwakala Enkantolo Yesigodi

Amacala omphakathi nawobugebengu alawulwa uhulumeni aqulwa ezinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni. Izinga lamacala ahlukene futhi ahlanganisa izindaba ezibalulekile ezweni.

Ezindabeni zomphakathi, imicimbi yombango ihilela izingxabano phakathi kwabantu, izinkampani noma ohulumeni, lapho umncintiswano oyedwa noma ngaphezulu efaka khona icala lokukhokha isinxephezelo ngenxa yengozi yomuntu siqu noma yezomnotho (isibonelo ukuphulwa kwesivumelwano esihilela uHulumeni wase-U.S., ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, izingxabano phakathi kwezakhamuzi noma amabhizinisi emibuso ehlukene, ukuvinjelwa okusemthethweni nokungagunyazwa). Lezi zimbangela zonke izingxabano eziyinkimbinkimbi zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano kuya ekutheni amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Isimiso sokulawula izifundazwe sinqunywa lapho amacala ehilela imithetho kahulumeni, uHulumeni (noma noma iziphi izikhungo zawo), futhi izingxabano phakathi kwezakhamuzi noma amabhizinisi ezindawo ezihlukahlukene lapho isilinganiso sempikiswano singaphezu kuka - R250 000,00. Lokhu kulawula okuhlukahlukene kuvumela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zisebenze njengezingathathi - hlangothi lapho amaqembu avela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ehileleke ekuhlawulweni, kuvimbeleni ubandlululo okungase kube khona ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Amacala ezigebengu ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ahilela ukwephulwa komthetho kahulumeni. Icala lesigebengu lihilela ukwephulwa komthetho kahulumeni (ukusho ukuthi ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa ezweni, ukuphanga ebhange, ukukhwabanisa noma ukweba ezinhlanganweni ezikhohlisiwe zikahulumeni, ukukhohlisa imali yaseU.S.). Izigebengu zezelele ngokuvamile zihilela amacala awephula umthetho kahulumeni, athinta ezentengiselwano ezihlangene, noma ahilela izakhiwo zikahulumeni noma izikhulu.

Indima YabaHluleli Abadumile

Eminye imisebenzi yenkantolo yesifunda inikezwa amajaji kahulumeni. Amazagrate amiswa yinkantolo yesifunda yivoti eningi yamajaji futhi akhonza ngokweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili uma iphelele futhi iminyaka emine uma iyingxenye yesikhathi, kodwa angaphinde amiswe ngemva kokuqeda igama lawo. La baphathi bokwahlulela basiza ekuqondiseni umsebenzi oqinile ezinkantolo zesifunda ngokusingatha izindaba zokuqala nezinhlobo ezithile zecala.

Ezindabeni zobugebengu, amajaji angaqondisa amacala athile, ukusesha nokubopha imvume yokubopha, ukuphatha izimemezelo zokuqala, ukumisa ibheyili, ukunquma imisebenzi ethile (njengokuzama ukuqeda ubufakazi), nezinye izenzo ezifanayo. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, izimantshi ngokuvamile zisingatha izindaba ezihlukahlukene njengokuthatha izinqumo zomthetho nokuthola umsebenzi. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kwenza abahluleli bezwe bagxile ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ukuthi imisebenzi yezenkantolo yesiqhelo iphathwa ngendlela ephumelelayo.

Izinkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala Zase - United States: Isilinganiso Seziphakamiso Eziphakathi

Kunezinkantolo zezibalo eziyi - 13 ezihlala ngaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zezicelo zase-U.S. lezinkantolo ezithatha isigwebo eziphakathi zifeza indima ebucayi esimisweni sokwahlulela sikahulumeni ngokubukeza izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi umthetho usetshenziswa ngokufanele.

Kunezifunda zikahulumeni eziyishumi nambili ezihlukanisa izwe libe yizifunda ezihlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, iSifunda sesihlanu sihlanganisa izifunda zaseTexas, Louisiana, naseMississippi. Icala elivela ezinkantolo zesifunda zalezo zindawo lidluliswa eNkantolo yamacala eUnited States eSifundeni sesihlanu, esikhungweni sesihlanu, esikhungethwe ngenhla eNew Orleans, eLouisiana. Lenhlangano yendawo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukubukezwa kwe-appelte kuyatholakala kulo lonke izwe.

Additionally, the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals has a nationwide jurisdiction over very specific issues such as patents. This specialized court handles appeals in technical areas where consistent national standards are particularly important, including patent law, international trade, and certain claims against the federal government.

Indlela Izinkantolo Ezisebenza Ngayo

Umsebenzi wenkantolo ethatha isigwebo uwukunquma ukuthi umthetho wasetshenziswa kahle yini enkantolo enkantolo equlweni noma engosini yezomthetho. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo zamacala, izinkantolo ezithatha isigwebo azenzeli ukuqulwa okusha, ukufakaza, noma ukuhlola ubufakazi mathupha. Kunalokho, babukeza umbhalo ogciniwe enkantolo ephansi ukuze baqaphele amaphutha angokomthetho.

Izikhalo ezikhongozwayo ezinkantolo zesifunda ziqala ukuzwakala yiqembu, elihlanganisa abahluleli abathathu benkantolo yesifunda. AmaParies abhala phansi "ama-brief" enkantolo, ephikisa ngokuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo senkantolo kufanele "siqinisekiswe" noma "siguquliwe". Ngemva kokugcinwa kwalezi zikhangiso, inkantolo izohlela ukuthi "impikiswano engokomthetho" lapho abameli beza khona phambi kwenkantolo ukuze benze izimpikiswano zabo futhi baphendule imibuzo yabahluleli. Le nqubo ivumela abahluleli ukuba bahlole kahle izindaba zomthetho futhi baqinisekise ukungaguquguquki endleleni umthetho kahulumeni ochazwa ngayo futhi usebenze ngayo.

Inkantolo yesifunda ngayinye inamajaji amaningi, kusukela kwabayisithupha kuya kwabayisithupha eSifundeni sokuqala kuya kwabangamashumi amabili nane eSifundeni se-Ninth. Ukuhluka kwenani labahluleli kubonisa ukugcwala okungafani kwezindawo ezihlukahlukene zezifunda. Abahluleli benkantolo yesifunda bamiswa ngumongameli futhi baqinisekiswa yiSigele.

INkantolo Ephakeme Yase - United States: INkantolo Ephakeme Kunazo Zonke

INkantolo Ephakeme yaseUnited States ineJaji Eliyinhloko laseUnited States namajaji ayisishiyagalombili akanye nayo. Njengenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu esimisweni sikahulumeni, iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenza njengomsekeli wokugcina womthetho kahulumeni nencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo.

Ngokukhetha kwayo, futhi phakathi kweziqondiso ezithile ezamiswa yiKhongolo, iNkantolo Ephakeme izwa izibalo ezilinganiselwe zecala ecelwa ukuba linqume. Lawomacala angase aqale ezinkantolo zikahulumeni noma zikahulumeni, futhi ngokuvamile ahlanganisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngoMthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho kahulumeni. Indlela yeNkantolo ekhethayo yokukhetha imvume ivumela ukuba igxile emibuzweni ebaluleke kakhulu engokomthetho ebhekene nesizwe.

INkantolo ePhakeme ngokuyinhloko isebenza ngokuhlola ngokuqondisisa, okusho ukuthi ikhetha amacala okuzwa. Icela i-certiorari eNkantolo Ephakeme engaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa ukubukezwa; iningi lamacala asele alinakwa noma liphikwa, ngokuphumelelayo ukwenza izinqumo ezinkantolo eziphansi ekugcineni. Lenqubo ekhetha kakhulu iqinisekisa ukuthi iNkantolo ikhuluma kuphela ngalawomacala aveza imibuzo kahulumeni ebalulekile noma axazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi.

Ukumangalelwa Kwasekuqaleni KweNkantolo Ephakeme

Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuyinhloko isebenza njengenkantolo edlulisa icala, futhi inemingcele elinganiselwe ezindaweni ezithile. Uma iNkantolo isebenza njengenkantolo yamacala kuthiwa inegunya lokuqala, futhi injalo ezimweni ezimbalwa ezibalulekile, njengalapho uhulumeni othile umangalela omunye umbuso. Amacala okulawula kwakuqala awavamile futhi ngoba, ngaphandle kwezingubo noma izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifunda ezimbili, iNkantolo ivumela izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi ukuba zihlanganyele imingcele yayo yokuqala.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esiqinile sezinkantolo zesifunda ezintathu, izinkantolo zezikhalo, neNkantolo ePhakeme, isimiso sikahulumeni sihlanganisa izinkantolo eziningana ezikhethekile ezisingatha izinhlobo ezithile zamacala. Lezinkantolo zinolwazi ezingxenyeni ezithile zomthetho futhi zinikeza ukumiswa okugxile ezindabeni ezikhethekile.

Izinkantolo Zokungavumelani Nezimali ZaseU.S.

Kunezinkantolo zamacala awile e-U.S. ezinkantolo zeBhankipracy zisiza abantu namabhizinisi abangakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu zabo ukuba baqale ngokusha. Isifunda ngasinye sihlanganisa inkantolo ewileyo yase-U.S. inkantolo engenisa imali njengeqembu lenkantolo yesifunda. Lezinkantolo zisingatha zonke izikhankaso zokuwa kwamaphepha, okungenakugcinwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Imithetho yezimali isiza abantu abangasakwazi ukukhokha abakweletayo ukuba bathole isiqalo esisha ngokuqeda impahla yabo ukuze bakhokhe izikweletu zabo, noma ngokwenza uhlelo lokukhokha imali. Imithetho yebhanki ivikela amabhizinisi akhathazekile futhi inikeza abakweletwayo abahlelekile imali ngokuhlela noma ngokuchitha. Lezi zinqubo zihlanganiswa ngaphansi kweSihloko 11 se-United States Code (Imithetho yeBhankimputa).

Ezinye Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinkantolo zinegunya ezweni lonke ezindabeni ezinjengentela (United States Taxity Court), zithi zimelene nohulumeni (United States Court of Federal Antions), kanye nezohwebo lwezizwe zonke (United States Court of International Trade). Lezinkantolo ezikhethekile zivumela ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi nezingokobuchwepheshe zomthetho kahulumeni.

INkantolo Yezohwebo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yase - United States isingatha amacala ahilela imithetho yezohwebo nemithetho ephathelene namasiko ezwe lonke, kuyilapho iNkantolo Yase - United States inegunya elikhethekile ekumangaleleni okuningi okuphathelene nemali emelene nohulumeni wase - United States.

Icala Lenkantolo Kahulumeni: Yimaphi Amacala Amankantolo AngokoFederal Angawezwa?

Ukuqonda igunya lenkantolo kahulumeni kubalulekile ekuqondeni uma icala lisenkantolo kahulumeni kunokuba ligajwe inkantolo kahulumeni. UMthetho-sisekelo nemithetho kahulumeni ichaza imingcele yegunya lenkantolo kahulumeni, idala isimiso lapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha khona izinhlobo ezithile zezimpikiswano kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya elivamile ezindabeni eziningi ezingokomthetho.

Isinqumo Semibuzo KaFederal

Inkantolo yesifunda kahulumeni ingukuqala wanoma iliphi icala elivela ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo, noma izivumelwano. Le-"i-gasmenti" ivumela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zichaze futhi zisebenzise umthetho kahulumeni, ziqinisekise ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ziqondwa kanjani kulo lonke izwe.

Izindaba ezihilela ukulawulwa kwemibuzo kahulumeni zihlanganisa lokho kwephulwa kwemithetho kahulumeni yamalungelo abantu, ukuquliswa kwezigebengu zikahulumeni, izimpikiswano ngezinhlelo zokuqondisa zikahulumeni, nezinselele ezithinta umthetho - sisekelo wemithetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni. Lezi zimo zihilela imibuzo yomthetho kahulumeni ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zikufanele ngempela ukuxazululwa.

Ukulahlwa Okuhlukahlukene

Izindawo ezihlukene zenza ukuba isikhulu sombuso othile sifake icala enkantolo kahulumeni uma ummangalelwa esesimweni esihlukile. Ummangalelwa angafuna futhi "ukususa" enkantolo yombuso ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo. Ukuletha umthetho kahulumeni enkantolo kahulumeni, wonke ama-paliff kumelwe abe sezindaweni ezihlukene kunabo bonke abamangalelwa, futhi "ophakathi kwempikiswano" kumelwe abe ngaphezu kuka-R35 000.

Izindawo zokulawula izinhlobonhlobo zifeza umsebenzi obalulekile ngokunikeza i-interum uma amaqembu avela ezifunda ezihlukene ehilelekile ekufuneni imvume. Abalaleli boMthetho-sisekelo babekhathazekile ngokuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zazingazisa izakhamuzi zazo ngaphandle kwezindawo ezihlukene, ngakho zadala lendlela yokulawula kwenkantolo kahulumeni ngisho nalapho iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho ziphakama ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni.

Amacala ezigebengu angase angalethwa ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukahlukene.Izwe lingase lilethe ukuquliswa kwezigebengu ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, futhi uhulumeni wezwe ungamane ulethe ukuquliswa kwezigebengu enkantolo kahulumeni.

Isilinganiso Somthetho - sisekelo Sokwahlulela

UMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo uchaza imingcele yangaphandle yegunya lenkantolo ehlangene. UMbuso wokwahlulela uyohlanganisa wonke amaBanga, eMthethweni nase-Equty, uvela ngaphansi kwaloMthetho-sisekelo, iMithetho yase-United States, neMithetho, noma owenziwe ngaphansi kweGunya lawo;-oMacala athinta amanxusa, amanye abefundisi noMnyango womphakathi; nakuwo wonke amaCase-Astere; nakuwo wonke amaCases asezweni elihlukile; phakathi kwezizwezwe ezihlukene; phakathi kwezwekazini ezithi i-Stockes;-Contriations;-Controverses ezakubests; i-Controversessss phakathi kweMibuso emibili noma engaphezulu; uHulumeni nezakhamuzi zasezweni; ububanzi bezwe elihlukile; izizwezwezwezwezwezwe elingaphansi kwezwe elihlukile ngaphansi kwezwe, i-Estance, noma iZizwe, noma iMadomist, noma iZizwe, noma iMadome, noma iZizwe, iZizwe, noma iZizwe, amazwe angaphandle, noma amazwe angaphandle

Lolimi olungokomthetho lumisa izinga eliphakeme lamandla okwahlulela kahulumeni.ISishaya - mthetho singakhetha ukunikeza izinkantolo zikahulumeni igunya phezu kwezinye noma kuzo zonke lezi zigaba, kodwa ngeke lwandise igunya likahulumeni ngaphezu kwalokho uMthetho - sisekelo okuvumelayo.

AbaHluleli AbawuFederayo: Ukumiswa Nokuthathwa

Ukuzimela kwenkantolo kahulumeni kuyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho - sisekelo waseMelika. Abahluleli abaphethe i - Federal bajabulela isivikelo esiklanyelwe ukubavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi babavumele ukuba benze izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni nasemaqinisweni kuphela.

Inqumbi yokunqumelana usuku

Amajaji ahlangene (neNkantolo Ephakeme") akhethwa nguMongameli futhi aqinisekiswe "ngeseluleko nemvume" yeSigele futhi "azophatha amahhovisi awo phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle" le nqubo yokumisa, emiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo, iqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji kahulumeni akhethwa ngenqubo ehilela kokubili amagatsha aphethe nezomthetho.

UMongameli uveza abantu ngabanye ukuba bakhonze njengabahluleli bakahulumeni, ngokuvamile ngemva kokuxoxa namanxusa avela kuhulumeni lapho ijaji lizokhonza khona. IKomiti yeSishaya-mthetho ikhipha isigwebo sokufakelwa kwecala, futhi iSigele esigcwele sivotela ukuthi i-cominee. Lenqubo ingathatha isikhathi eside futhi ngezinye izikhathi ibe nengxabano, ikakhulukazi enkantolo ePhakeme.

Isikhathi Sokuphila Nenkululeko Yokwahlulela

Abahluleli bangase babambelele ezikhundleni zabo kukho konke ukuphila kwabo, kodwa abaningi bayeka noma bathathe umhlalaphansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuphila kuklanyelwe ukuvikela ukuzimela kokwahlulela ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi abahluleli akudingeki bakhathazeke ngokuphinde baqashelwe noma bakhethwe kabusha. Amajaji aseSikhungweni Somphakathi angenza izinqumo ezingathandeki ngaphandle kokwesaba ukulahlekelwa izikhundla zabo, ezibavumela ukuba bachaze umthetho ngaphandle kokungenela kwezombangazwe.

Futhi zingasuswa ngokujeziswa yiNdlu yabameleli nokuqiniseka yiSigele. Kuwo wonke umlando, abahluleli bamazwe ayishumi nanhlanu baye bagxekwa ngenxa yokona okuthiwa. Lenqubo yokujezisa inikeza indlela yokususa abahluleli abahlanganyela ekuziphatheni okubi okungathi sína kuyilapho belondoloza inkululeko yokwahlulela kubahluleli abamane benze izinqumo ezingathandwa.

Okunye okungasamukeleki ekumisweni kwenkantolo ukuphila konke amajaji, akhethwa abahluleli besigodi futhi asetshenziswe igama elithile eliqondile.

Indlela Izinkantolo Eziwumbuso Ezihluke Ngayo Ezinkantolo ZoMbuso

IUnited States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso senkantolo ezimbili, nezinkantolo zikahulumeni nezikahulumeni zisebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwalezi zimiso ezimbili kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohamba ngezinyawo eMelika.

I - Jurisdict: Ilinganiselwe ama - v. General

Izinkantolo ze-Federal zinemingcele elinganiselwe. Zingalalela amacala agunyazwe ngokuqondile nguMthetho-sisekelo noma imithetho kahulumeni. Zisingatha amacala kahulumeni, imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho, izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe, namacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kulawula okulinganiselwe kusho ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni azinakuzwa zonke izinhlobo zecala, kodwa kumelwe zibe negunya elikhethekile lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Ngokuphambene, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya elivamile. Zizwa izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho e-US. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izigebengu eziningi zobugebengu, izindaba zomthetho womkhaya, amacala okuzilimaza komuntu siqu, izimpikiswano zesivumelwano, nezinye izindaba ezivamile ezingokomthetho. Icala elikhulu ezingokomthetho eUnited States lixazululwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni kunokuba lixazululwe izinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Ukunqunywa Okukhethekile Nokuphelele

Ukulawula okuhlanganyelwe kukhona lapho izinkantolo zombuso nezwe zinegunya lokuzwa uhlobo olufanayo lwecala. Amacala okulawula izinhlobonhlobo ayisibonelo esivamile. Impikiswano phakathi kwamaqembu avela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ingafakwa enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni, futhi ukukhetha kuyisinqumo esingokomthetho. Uma kukhona ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ye-athonsi, ama-pollaff angakhetha ukukhetha i-forum yawo ethandwayo, futhi abamangalelwa bangakwazi ukususa amacala enkantolo engokomthetho.

Kukhona imingcele ephelele lapho kunamacala athile kuphela enkantolo. Amacala e-Banruptacy, imvume, kanye nombuso omelene nokuthembeka angohulumeni kuphela. Isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ne-probate kuyisimo esikhethekile. Lemithetho elawulayo ekhethekile ivimbela ukuthenga i-insum futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi amacala azwakala kahle kakhulu esimisweni senkantolo ukuba awasingathe.

Umehluko Okhona

Izinqubo zenkantolo ye-Federal zihlelwe kahle kakhulu futhi zihlelwe ngendlela ehlelekile, futhi zigcizelela imithetho yobufakazi. Izinqubo zenkantolo yoMbuso zingase zihlukahluke kakhulu ngokwemithetho yombuso ngamunye, zizenze zivumelane ngokwengeziwe nezidingo zendawo. Izinkantolo ze-Federal Parlegs of Civil Procedure neFederal Rules of Criminal Procedure, ezinikeza izindinganiso ezifanayo kuzo zonke izinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ngokuphambene, ngayinye inemithetho yayo ehlukile ngokwezinga eliphawulekayo kuye ngokwesifundazwe ngasinye. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zathatha imithetho efana nemithetho kahulumeni, kuyilapho ezinye zilondoloza izimiso ezihlukile ze-procedrodual. Lokhu kungadala izinselele kubameli abasebenzisa izifunda-mazwe eziningi kodwa kunikeza izimo ukuba zivumelane nezidingo nentando yendawo.

Ukukhethwa Kokwahlulela

Umongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, aqinisekiswa yiSigele. Lesi simiso sinikeza izizinzi futhi sivikela amajaji ethonyeni lezombangazwe. Ukuphila kwamajaji kahulumeni kuyisici esihlukile sesimiso sikahulumeni esiklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ukukhululeka kokwahlulela.

Ngokuphambene, abavoti ngokuvamile abahluleli benkantolo kahulumeni, nakuba indlela yokukhetha eqondile ingahluka kuye ngokwesifundazwe. Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa ukhetho lwe-project, ezinye zisebenzisa ukhetho olungenayo isigaba, kanti ezinye zisebenzisa izimiso zokukhetha lapho abahluleli bemiswa khona bese bebhekana nokhetho olugcinwayo. Lezizindlela zokukhetha ezihlukene zibonisa amafilosofi ahlukahlukene ngokulandisa ngesinqumo nokuzimela.

Inqubo Yokudlulisa Amacala Ezinkantolo EzingamaFederal

Ukuqonda indlela ukudlulisa amacala okusebenza ngayo esimisweni sikahulumeni kubalulekile ukuze siqonde indlela ezandulela ezingokomthetho ezimiswe ngayo nendlela amaphutha alungiswa ngayo ezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukudlulisela Amacala ENkantolo Yesigodi

Uma inkantolo yesifunda sezwe isinqume icala, icala lingase lidluliselwe enkantolo yecala yase-United States. Noma iliphi icala lingase lidluliselwe enkantolo yesifunda uma nje inkantolo yesifunda isiqede isinqumo (izindaba ezithile zingadluliswa phambi kwesinqumo sokuphetha ngokwenza "isimangalo sokudlulisa"). Lelilungelo lokudlulisa icala liqinisekisa ukuthi abantu banethuba lokuphikisa amaphutha angokomthetho awenziwa yinkantolo.

Izinkantolo zezikhalo ezisebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sokubukeza okubophekile emacaleni amaningi, okusho ukuthi kumelwe zizwe izikhalo ezigcinwe kahle. Lokhu kuphikisana nokubukeza okucatshangelwe eNkantolo Ephakeme, lapho iNkantolo ikhetha khona ukuthi yimaphi amacala okumelwe atholwe. Isimiso sokuhlola okuphoqelelweyo siqinisekisa ukuthi abaqondisi banethuba elilodwa okungenani lokubukeza izinqumo zenkantolo yesifunda.

Ukufuna Ukubukezwa Kwenkantolo Ephakeme

Ngemva kokuba inkantolo yezophenyo inqume icala, umkhandlu olahlekile angacela iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba ibukeze. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme inegunya elingokomthetho emacaleni amaningi, okusho ukuthi ingakhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okumelwe azwe. Izimemezelo ezifuna amafayela enkantolo ePhakeme zifuna isicelo sesicelo se-certiorari yecala, icela iNkantolo ukuba ibukeze isinqumo senkantolo ephansi.

INkantolo Ephakeme inikeza i-certiorari ngokwesiko lapho kunempi phakathi kwezifunda ngendaba ebalulekile engokomthetho, lapho inkantolo ephansi inqume umbuzo kahulumeni obalulekile ongazange uxazululwe iNkantolo Ephakeme, noma lapho inkantolo ephansi ishiye izinqubo zokwahlulela ezamukelekayo. Indlela engakhethi yeNkantolo iyenza ikwazi ukugxila ezicabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu zesizwe kuyilapho ishiya izinqumo eziningi ziwukuphetha umthetho.

Izimiso Ezibalulekile Ezibusayo

Izimiso eziningana eziyinhloko zihlela indlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezisebenza futhi zisebenzelane ngayo nezinye izingxenye zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela

Lamagatsha amathathu — angokomthetho, aphethe, nahluleli — asebenza ngaphakathi kwesimiso somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo se "amasheke nezilinganiso"" Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba igatsha ngalinye lihlukene ngokomthetho namanye amabili, uMthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile udinga ukubambisana phakathi kwamagatsha. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zifeza indima ebalulekile kulesi simiso ngokuchaza imithetho edluliswa yisiKhongolo, ukubukeza izenzo ezithathwa igatsha eliphethe, futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi amagatsha womabili asebenza ngemingcele yomthetho-mthetho.

Amandla okwahlulela okuhlola, [1] igunya lezinkantolo lokumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ngaphandle kwemithetho, kungokunye kokuhlola okubaluleke kakhulu kokuthi igatsha lisebenza phezu kwamanye amagatsha. Nakuba lingashiwonga ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo, lombuso wamiswa ekuqaleni komlando waseMelika futhi uye waba isici esiyisisekelo sesimiso senkantolo yombuso.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwamandla Enkantolo Engokwenani

Izinkantolo zikaFederal zibhekene nokulinganiselwa okumbalwa okubalulekile egunyeni lazo. Izinkantolo zinganquma kuphela ukuthi ikhona ngempela "izinhlangothi noma izimpikiswano," okusho ukuthi azinakuyikhipha imibono noma zinqume imibuzo ecatshangelwayo. Ama-paries kumelwe ukuba ahlome "kuya" ku-shee, okusho ukuthi kumelwe ukuba alimala kakhulu okungalungiswa ngesinqumo senkantolo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokuvamile kumelwe zihloniphe izinqumo zenkantolo futhi zigweme ukuphazamisa ukuqulwa kwecala okuqhubekayo. Izimiso zikahulumeni zidinga ukuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni zibonise ukuzithoba okufanele ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nasemthetho kahulumeni, ngisho nalapho zilondoloza ukuphakama komthetho kahulumeni ngemibuzo kahulumeni.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ezizimele Emzabalazweni WaseMelika

Izinkantolo zomphakathi zifeza izindima eziningi ezibalulekile emphakathini waseMelika ngaphandle kokuxazulula izingxabano zomuntu ngamunye. Zichaza uMthetho - sisekelo nezimiso zikahulumeni, zimisa izenzakalo ezingokomthetho eziqondisa amacala esikhathi esizayo, zivikele amalungelo omuntu ngamunye kuhulumeni ophambanayo, futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni usebenza ngokuvumelana kulo lonke izwe.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yezinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo zeFederal zizwa amacala aveza ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ngohulumeni bezwe, bezwe, noma bezwe. Lamacala angahlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, inqubo efanele, isivikelo esilinganayo, nezinye izivumelwano eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo.

Ngecala elingokomthetho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zaba nendima eyinhloko ekwandiseni amalungelo omphakathi, ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu siqu, nasekuchazeni imingcele yamandla kahulumeni. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme Yesimemezelo ziye zathonya umphakathi waseMelika ezimpikiswaneni kusukela esikoleni kuya ekuvoteni amalungelo obugebengu.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukuthi Umthetho Uwuhlobo Olufanayo

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uchazwe futhi usetshenziswe ngokungaguquki kulo lonke izwe. Uma izifunda ezihlukahlukene zifinyelela iziphetho eziphikisanayo ngendaba efanayo engokomthetho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ingathatha isinyathelo ukuze ixazulule lempi futhi imise umthetho ofanayo. Lokhu kuvumelana kubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni zomthetho ezithinta ezentengiselwano zamazwe, ukulondeka kwesizwe, nezinye izindaba ezikhathalela izwe.

Ukuxazulula Izingxabano Phakathi Kwamazwe

Lezi zinkantolo ze-Federal, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, zinikeza inkundla yokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe. Lamacala angase ahlanganise izingxabano zomngcele, amalungelo amanzi, noma ezinye izingxabano ezingenakuxazululwa ngezinqubo zezombangazwe. Ngokunikeza inkundla yokwahlulela yezimpikiswano zamazwe ahlukene, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisiza ekulondolozeni ubuhlobo obunokuthula phakathi kwemibuso.

Ukufinyelela Izinkantolo Ezizimele: Ukucabangela Okuwusizo

Kubantu ngabanye nasemabhizinisini ahileleke ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kunini futhi kanjani ukungena ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Ukuqonda Inkantolo Efanele

Isinyathelo sokuqala kunoma isiphi isiphi isiphi inkantolo esinegunya kulempikiswano. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlaziya ukuthi icala lihilela imibuzo kahulumeni, ukuthi ukubusa ngokwehlukana kuyasebenza yini, nokuthi imiphi imithetho yokulawula ekhethekile iyasebenza yini. Ukukhetha inkantolo engalungile kungaphumela ekuxoshweni kwecala futhi kuchithe isikhathi nengcebo.

Ama-athorney kumelwe ahlole ngokucophelela izinzuzo nezingozi zenkantolo kahulumeni nohulumeni lapho kukhona ukubambisana. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zinganikeza izinqubo eziqondaka kahle, amajaji anolwazi kakhulu ezicini ezithile zomthetho, kanye neqembu lamajaji elihlukene kakhulu. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zinganikeza isinqumo esisheshayo, ukujwayelana kakhulu nezimpikiswano zendawo, futhi ngokunokwenzeka kunikeza umthetho ongcono kakhulu.

Ukuqonda Izinqubo Zenkantolo Yomphakathi

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zilandela imithetho eqondile elawula yonke into kusukela endleleni izikhalo ezibekwa ngayo ezinkantolo. Imithetho ye-Federal ye-Civil Procedura ibusa amacala omphakathi, kuyilapho i-Federal Rules of Criminal Procedura ibusa izigebengu. I-Federal Rules of Evicence isebenza kokubili emacaleni omphakathi nawamacala obugebengu.

Le mithetho iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile, kusebenza kahle futhi kuvumelana kuzo zonke izinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Ukubaluleka Kokumelela Ngokomthetho

Nakuba abameleli benelungelo lokuzimelela enkantolo kahulumeni (eyaziwa ngokuthi "pro se"), ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinqubo zikahulumeni nomthetho ongaphansi kwenza ukumelelwa okungokomthetho kubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni eziningi. Abahluleli bombuso nezisebenzi zenkantolo ngeke banikeze iseluleko esingokomthetho sokufaka izintambo, futhi isimo esingokomthetho sezindaba zikahulumeni singaba yinselele kulabo abangaqeqeshwangangokomthetho.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nezinselele Zanamuhla

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni siyaqhubeka siguquka ukuze kuvunywe ukushintsha kwezidingo zomphakathi, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, nokushintsha kwecala.

Ubuchwepheshe Ezinkantolo Ezihlangene

Izinkantolo ze-compal ziye zamukela ngokwandayo ubuchwepheshe ukuze zithuthukise ukufinyelela kobulungisa nokusebenza ngokusheshisa. Izimiso ze-electronic ehlela ama-computer zivumela abameli ukuba babhale ama-akhawunti akude, futhi izinkantolo eziningi manje zinikeza ukutholakala kwemibhalo yenkantolo nge-inthanethi ye-inthanethi ye-PACER. I-Vidio efakwayo iye yavame kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezithile zokuqulwa kwecala, ikakhulukazi ngemva kobhadane lwe-COVID.

Ukuphathwa kokuqulwa kwamacala

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo ekusingatheni amacala azo ngokuphumelelayo. Inani lamajaji kahulumeni alizange lihambisane nokwanda kwenani labantu kanye nokunqwabelana okukhulayo, okuholela ekukhathazekeni ngokulibala ezinqumweni zecala. Ngezikhathi ezithile iziNkampala zicabangela umthetho wokwakha izinhlangano ezengeziwe zokwahlulela, kodwa inqubo yokumisa ingaba yephuza futhi ingabi nengxabano kwezombangazwe.

Izindawo Ezihlanganisa Umthetho Ozimele

Lezi zinkantolo eziqavile ziyaqhubeka zilwisana nokuvela kwezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ezindaweni ezinjengokungavikeleki kwezomthetho, ukuthungatha ukwaziswa, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa nokungaqondakali.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okwengeziwe Ngezinkantolo Zesizwe

Kulabo abafuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni, kunemithombo eminingi. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yamaCourt ase-U.S. ( www.ucourts.gov) inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi mayelana nohlelo lwenkantolo, izinqubo, nemithombo yemfundo. Le ndawo ihlanganisa iziqondisi zejaji, ukwaziswa mayelana nokuhambela izinkantolo, kanye nezinto zokufundisa zabafundi nothisha.

I-Divince of Justice webhusayithi ( www.construct.gov) inikeza ukwaziswa mayelana nokugcinwa komthetho nomthetho kahulumeni. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngamunye zigcina amawebhusayithi azo anemithetho yendawo, izifomu, nolwazi mayelana namajaji nezinqubo ezithile.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekulandeleni ukuqulwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme, ingosi yeNkantolo ( www.upremecourt.gov) inikeza ukunikezwa kwemibono, ama-replym nolimi oluqoshiwe, nekhalenda leNkantolo. Izinhlangano eziningana, kuhlanganise ne-SCOTUSblog, zinikeza ukuhlaziywa nokukhulumela ezicabeni zeNkantolo Ephakeme nezinqumo.

Izikole zomthetho nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho zivame ukunikeza izinhlelo zomphakathi nemithombo yemfundo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. izinkantolo eziningi zinikeza abafundi namaqembu omphakathi izinhlelo zemfundo, zinikeze amathuba okubona isimiso sokwahlulela sisebenza.

Isiphetho

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni siyisici esiyinkimbinkimbi kodwa esibalulekile sentando yeningi yaseMelika. Kusukela ezinkantolo zesifunda ezisingatha amacala kuya eNkantolo Ephakeme ixazulule imibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu yesizwe engokomthetho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni umthetho kahulumeni, ekuvikeleni amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, futhi kuqinisekiswe ubulungisa ngokungakhethi.

Ukuqonda isakhiwo sezinkantolo zikahulumeni, isikhundla sazo, nendlela ezihluke ngayo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ulwazi olubalulekile nganoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela isimiso somthetho waseMelika esisebenza ngayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi ofunda uhulumeni, umnini-bhizinisi olandela imithetho, noma isakhamuzi esinesithakazelo ekutheni amalungelo akho avikelwe kanjani, ulwazi lwesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni lukunika amandla okuqonda kangcono futhi uhlanganyele negatsha lokwahlulela likahulumeni.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka ziphendukela ekubhekaneni nezinselele ezintsha kuyilapho zilondoloza indima yazo eyinhloko njengabaqaphi boMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho kahulumeni. Ngokunikeza inkundla yokuxazulula izingxabano, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu, nokuqinisekisa ukubusa komthetho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziseyisisekelo sesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi waseMelika nesibonelo sezimiso zokwahlulela emhlabeni wonke.