Indlela Izinkantolo Ezisebenza Ngayo Emphakathini Wakho: Ukuchazwa Okucacile Kwesimiso SeNkantolo

Izinkantolo zisebenza njengesisekelo sobulungisa kunoma yimuphi umphakathi. Zinikeza indawo ehlelwe kahle lapho izingxabano zingaxazululwa khona ngokuthula, imithetho ichazwe, futhi ubulungisa bunikezwa ngokufanelekile. Nakuba isimiso somthetho singabonakala sesabisa, siqonda isimiso esiyisisekelo sendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo sikunika ithemba lokuhlanganyela nazo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubizelwa ukuba ube yilungu lejaji, uhileleke ecaleni, noma umane nje ufuna ukuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukucaciswa kwesimiso senkantolo, kusukela ezinkantolo zendawo ukuya ezinkantolo ezinkantolo eziphezulu, futhi sichaza indlela ingxenye ngayinye esebenzela ngayo ukukhonza umphakathi.

Ukuthunywa Kwesimiso Senkantolo Ngemikhomo

Ngaphambi kokubheka lesi sakhiwo, kuyasiza ukuqonda ukuthi yini izinkantolo eziklanyelwe ukuyenza.

  • [[QULT:0] Izimpikiswano ezixazululiwe: Izinkantolo zinikeza ukungathathi hlangothi ekuxazululeni izingxabano zomphakathi, njengokuphikisana kwesivumelwano, izingxabano zezindawo, noma ukulimala komuntu siqu.
  • [ Ukwethula uMthetho: [[[FLT]] Lapho umthetho ungacaci noma ukusebenza kwawo kuphikiswa, izinkantolo zinegunya lokuchaza ukuthi umthetho usho ukuthini nokuthi usebenza kanjani eqenjini elithile lamaqiniso.
  • Ukuvikela Amalungelo:[ izinkantolo zisebenza njengesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye. Zibukeza izenzo zikahulumeni futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi inqubo efanele ilandelwe, zivikela izakhamuzi ekwakheni uhulumeni noma ngaphezu kokuzama ukufinyelela igunya likahulumeni.
  • Ukufeza uMahluleli eCases Criminal: ezindabeni zobugebengu, izinkantolo zinquma icala noma ubumsulwa futhi zifake izigwebo ezivumelana nomthetho nobukhulu becala.

Isimiso Senhlangano: Izinga Elithathu Lezinkantolo

Izimiso eziningi zenkantolo, kokubili ezingeni likahulumeni nohulumeni, zihlelwe zaba isigaba sabefundisi esinezintathu. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela ukubukezwa kwamacala ngokucophelela futhi sithuthukise ukungaguquguquki ekusebenziseni umthetho. Amacala ngokuvamile aqala phansi futhi angasuka uma iqembu libekela umphumela inselele.

Isigaba 1: Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala (Isisekelo)

Izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala ziyindawo yokuqala yokungena cishe kuzo zonke izindaba. Lezi izinkantolo abantu abaningi abaziqaphelayo kuthelevishini nakumabhayisikobho, lapho ofakazi befakaza khona futhi kuhlala khona izinkantolo. Zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zezikhotha zecala , [[[FLT:]], [[FLT]] izinkantolo eziphezulu [[FLT:], noma [FLT:]] izinkantolo [[FLT]], kuye ngokwemingcele yasemaphandleni. Emiphakathini yasemaphandleni, zingabizwa ngokuthi [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] noma [FLT] izinkantolo ezikhombiwe [FL:]

Izinkantolo zamacala zisingatha izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamacala:

  • [[QUT:0] Icala elibi:[ Lapho uhulumeni emangalela khona othile ngokwephula umthetho. Umgomo uwukunquma icala futhi ubeke isijeziso (kuhle, ukugcinwa, noma ukuboshwa).
  • Icala leCivil: Lapho elinye iqembu (i-paltiff) lisheshisa elinye (ummangalelwa) ukuxazulula impikiswano yangasese. Umgomo ngokuvamile uwukukhokha imali ewohlokile (ukukhokhela) noma ukuyala othile ukuba enze noma ayeke ukwenza okuthile (isiyalezo).

Umahluleli noma abahluleli balalela ubufakazi, bahlola imibukiso futhi bazwe ubufakazi ukuze banqume ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela.

Isigaba 2: Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala (Ababukezi)

Uma iqembu lilahlekelwa ekuqulweni kwecala futhi likholelwa ukuthi kwenziwa iphutha elingokomthetho, lingadlulisela isikhalo enkantolo ephakathi ethatha icala. Lezinkantolo aziqhubeli ukuqulwa okusha. Azikho ofakazi, amajaji, futhi abukho ubufakazi obusha obunikezwayo. Kunalokho, iqembu labahluleli (ngokuvamile abathathu) libukeza umbhalo wokuqulwa kwecala `````imibhalo, imibukiso,', futhi libone ukuthi umthetho usetshenziswe kahle yini.

Yini eyenzekayo phakathi nesicelo? Abameli bafaka izifushaniso ezibhalwe kabanzi eziphikisa ukuthi kungani inkantolo yamacala yayilungile noma ingalungile. Ezimweni eziningi, baveza izimpikiswano ngomlomo, lapho abahluleli bangabuza khona imibuzo eqondile ngecala. Inkantolo ye-appellate ingathatha enye yezenzo eziningana:

  • Isiqinisekiso: Thokoza nesinqumo senkantolo equlwayo, ukusivumela ukuba sime.
  • [ landela i-' Ukungavumelani nesinqumo senkantolo equlwayo, ukugumbuqela.
  • I-Remand:[ Icala lithumela emuva enkantolo equlweni lecala ukuze kuqulwe ikhambi elisha noma ukuqhubekelwa kwezomthetho ukuze kulungiswe iphutha.

Ukudlulisa izikhalo akulona ithuba lesibili lokuphikisa amaqiniso; kuwukubukeza izinqubo nezincazelo ezingokomthetho.

Isigaba 3: INkantolo Ephakeme (Igunya Lokugcina)

Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu esimisweni yinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme yoMbuso noma iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.). Lenkantolo inegama lokugcina ngemibuzo engokomthetho elawulwa yi-athom. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo eziphansi, okumelwe zizwe izikhalo eziningi, izinkantolo eziphakeme zivame ukubukeza izinqumo []. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zikhetha ukuthi yiziphi izimangalelo ezizo okumelwe zizwe, ngokuvamile ezihilela imibuzo ebalulekile yomthetho noma izinqumo eziphikisanayo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphansi.

Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ithatha icala, isinqumo sayo siba isibonelo esisiswana kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi kulelo gunya. Lesi simiso, esaziwa ngokuthi stares decis (ukuma ngokwezinto ezinqunyiwe), siqinisekisa ukuqina nokubikezela emthethweni. Ikhasi elibhaliwe lichaza imibono yabo. Uma inkantolo ihlukanisa, umbono wabaningi uba umthetho, kuyilapho ukuphikisa imibono kunikeza ezinye iziphetho ezingokomthetho ezingase zithonye izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo.

Izinkantolo Ezizimele: Izimiso Ezimbili Ezihambisanayo

E-United States, kunezimiso ezimbili ezikhona: izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ukuqonda inkantolo ethatha icala elibalulekile ekutholeni indlela isimiso sisebenza ngayo.

Izinkantolo ZoMbuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi angokomthetho ahlangatshezwa umphakathi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umthetho kahulumeni ulawula imisebenzi eminingi yansuku zonke. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zinezithiwa [ ukuphatha kwecala [ emacaleni ahilela:

  • Imithetho yobugebengu kahulumeni (ubugebengu, ukuhlasela, ukubulala).
  • Izindaba zomkhaya (isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa).
  • Izingxabano zezamabhizinisi.
  • Umthetho wempahla (izingxabano zezwe, ukuthengiselwana kwezindawo).
  • Ukulimala komuntu siqu (izingozi zezimoto, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezokwelapha).
  • Izabelo nefa (intando nezindawo).

Isifundazwe ngasinye sinesimiso saso sasenkantolo, ngokuvamile esibizwa ngezindlela ezihlukile, kodwa isakhiwo esinesithathu esibizwa ngokuthi i - Trial -> Appler Court -> Inqulu Ephakeme) sivamile kulo lonke izwe.

Izinkantolo Ezizimele

Izinkantolo ze-Federal ziyisimiso esihlukile esimiswe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Sisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni noma uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Ukulawula kwazo kulinganiselwe [ ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezimpikiswano, kuhlanganise:

  • Amacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni (ukungahlali ebhange, ukuwa kwemali, intela, ukugunyazwa kwemvume, ukugunyazwa komgunyathi, ubugebengu bukahulumeni obunjengokuphangwa ebhange noma ukukhwabanisa ngeposi).
  • Izindaba lapho uhulumeni waseU.S. uwumcimbi khona.
  • Izingxabano phakathi kwezizwe noma phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene (izigaba ezihlukene) lapho imali ephikisanayo idlula khona umngcele othile.
  • Imibuzo yoMthetho - sisekelo (ivumelana nemithetho esekelwe enkululekweni yokukhuluma, ekuvikeleni okulinganayo, enqubweni efanele, njll.).

Isimiso sikahulumeni siveza isimiso sikahulumeni ngeZinkantolo zeSigodi zase-U.S. (inkantolo), iziNkantolo zokudlulisa Amacala zase-U.S. (i-appelete), kanye neNkantolo ePhakeme engaphezulu yase-U.S. ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ngalezi zikhundla eziqondile, USA.gov inikeza ukuwohloka okuwusizo komehluko phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nohulumeni .

Abahlanganyeli Abayinhloko Enkantolo

Nazi izindima ezibalulekile ozozithola enkantolo:

Ijaji

Ijaji lingumthathi hlangothi womthetho. Ecaleni, umahluleli ubeka umthetho ngokuphikisa, unquma ukuthi yibuphi ubufakazi obungavumelekile, futhi ufundisa abahluleli ukuba basebenzise umthetho. Ekuqulweni kwebhentshi (ngaphandle kwejaji), umahluleli wenza futhi njengomtholi weqiniso, anqume umphumela. Ecaleni lobugebengu, umahluleli ugweba ummangalelwa ngemva kokumangalelwa. Indima yomahluleli iwukuqinisekisa inqubo elungile kuzo zombili izinhlangothi.

IJury

Ijaji liyiqembu lezakhamuzi ezikhethwe emphakathini ukuba zikhonze njengabatholi-qiniso. Emacaleni obugebengu, abahluleli banquma ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala yini ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo . Enkantolo yomphakathi, inqumo yecala elithembeke kakhulu esekelwe ebufakazini [[FLT]] umbango [FLT]]. Ilungelo lokuqulwa icala liyitshe lesimiso sobulungisa, i-enshrin eHlulwe ngeSithandathu nangeSiphendulo se-U. Umthetho-Constitution. Ilungu lejaji ye-jaji yecala lingenye yezindlela eziqondile kakhulu ezihlanganyela ezakhamuzini ezisembusweni zazo.

Izinyoni Eziyi - attorney

Ama - attorney amelela abantu abahilelekile kulesi simo.

  • Umthungisi:[ ecaleni lobugebengu, umshushisi umelela uhulumeni (abantu) futhi uthwele umthwalo wokuqinisekisa icala lommangalelwa.
  • I-Platotiff's Attorney: Endabeni yomphakathi, lo mmeli umelela umuntu noma inhlangano eletha icala.
  • I-Attorney e-Defense: imelela ummangalelwa emacaleni obugebengu nawomphakathi. Umsebenzi wommeli uwukuvikela amalungelo ekhasimende, ukubekela ubufakazi bohlangothi oluphikisayo inselele, bese eveza icala lekhasimende.

Abasenkundleni Basekela Abashiyi

Ngaphakathi kwezigcawu, abanye abantu abaningana bagcina inkantolo isebenza. umabhalane wenkantolo uphatha amaphepha enkantolo, izinhlelo zokuzwa, futhi unike izifungo. [ ubailiff[ unikeza ukulondeka nokugcina uhlelo enkantolo. [[FLT:] intatheli ye-partment [[FLT:]] ikha i-partumment yanoma yini eshiwo phakathi nemicimbi, okubalulekile ekudluliselweni noma yisiphi isikhalo. Inhlangano yaseMelika inikeza izimali ezindima ezibalulekile [FLT:]].

Indlela Indaba Ehamba Ngayo Kulesi Simo: Isiqondiso Esihamba Ngenyathelo

Nakuba isimo ngasinye sihlukile, abaningi balandela indlela efanayo kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekugcineni.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Ukuxosha Nokuhola

Indaba ngayinye iqala ngencwadi. Endabeni yomphakathi, ummangalelwa ufaka u-'FLT:0] ulumbe udaba lwabo. Endabeni yecala lobugebengu, uhulumeni ufaka amafakethe uxwebhu lokuhlola [ (icala noma ulwazi). Ummangalelwa ube esephendula. Endabeni yomphakathi, lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi [[FLT:] [[FLT]]; ecaleni lobugebengu, ummangalelwa ungena isikhalazo ([[FLT, hhayi], hhayi icala lokwaziswa) i-igract. [FLT]

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Ukuthola

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, zombili izinhlangothi zihlanganyela ekutholeni. Lena inqubo engokomthetho yokunikezana ukwaziswa nobufakazi. Abaqondisi bathumela izigebengu [imibuzo ebhaliwe], imibhalo ecelayo, izimemezelo[ [izingxoxo ezihlangene zofakazi], futhi baye bahlola ubufakazi. Ukuhlolwa kusiza uhlangothi ngalunye luqonde amandla nobuthakathaka bendaba yabo futhi lukhuthaze ukubuyisana noma ukunxusa.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili Nezindlebe

Abagcini bamafayela bacela umahluleli ukuba alawule ezindabeni ezithile ngaphambi kokuba icala liqale. Ukuhamba okuvamile kuyisimo sokulahla [, ukuphikisana ngecala akunele ngokomthetho. Ezimweni zobugebengu, ukuzimisela ukunqanda kucela umahluleli ukuba akhiphe ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho. Umahluleli ubamba ukuzwa ukunquma le mithetho, enganciphisa impikiswano yokuqulwa kwecala noma ngisho nokuxazulula icala ngaphandle kokuqulwa.

Isinyathelo 4: Ukulingwa

Uma icala lingaxazululwa ngokulixazulula noma ngokulikhipha ngesicelo esiphoqelelwe, liyaqulwa.

  1. Ukukhetha (I-Voir Dire): Ama-Attorney angabuza abajaji abangakhetha indawo engakhethi.
  2. [[Umthetho:0] Izinkulumo ezivulayo: AmaLawy ahlela lokho abahlose ukukufakazela.
  3. Ukunikezwa kobufakazi:[ Umshicileli uhamba kuqala, ebiza ofakazi futhi enikeza imibukiso. Ukuzivikela kungaphambana ne-examine. Ulwelwelwe lube selunikeza ubufakazi balo.
  4. [[Umthetho:0] Izimpikiswano ezichazayo: AbaLawuli bafingqa ubufakazi futhi baphikisane nohlangothi lwabo.
  5. [[Umthetho:0] Imiyalo e-Jirf: Umahluleli ufundisa abasizi-jaji emthetho othintanayo.
  6. I-Deliberation ne-Vrect: Ijaji lishiya inkantolo ukuze lixoxe ngecala ngasese. Kumelwe bafinyelele isinqumo esivumelanayo ezinkantolo futhi ngokuvamile nasemacaleni omphakathi.

Isinyathelo So - 5: Ukukhuluma Kwangemva Kokukhala Nokukhanga

Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingathumela izinketho zangemva kwecala licela umahluleli ukuba agumbuqele isinqumo somahluleli noma abeke eceleni isinqumo. Uma sihluleka, isinyathelo esilandelayo siyisikhalo enkantolo ephakeme. i-Cornell Legin Information Institute inikeza ukucatshangelwa okuningiliziwe kwenqubo yokunxusa [.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile Nezindlela Ezihlukile

Imiphakathi eminingi inezinkantolo ezikhethekile eziklanyelwe ukusingatha izinhlobo ezithile zamacala ngendlela ephumelelayo nenozwela.

Inkantolo Yomkhaya

Izinkantolo zomkhaya zigxila kuphela ezindabeni ezihilela imikhaya, njengesehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukusekelwa kwezingane, nokuvikelwa kobudlova ekhaya.

Inkantolo Eyinkantolo

Izinkantolo eziphethe inqubo engokomthetho yokuphatha ifa lomuntu ngemva kokufa. Ziqondisa ukukhishwa kwefa lefa, ukuqinisekiswa kwezikweletu zikhokhwa, futhi zisakaza impahla ezindlalifa. Zingase futhi ziphathe imikhumbi enakekela izingane noma abantu abadala abakhubazekile.

Iziphakamiso Ezincane Enkantolo

Inkantolo esho into elula inkantolo yamacala enziwe lula eklanyelwe izingxabano ezihilela imali encane (ngokuqhathaniswa izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zamaRandi, kuye ngokwezwe). Izinqubo azihleliwe, futhi amaqembu avame ukuzibonakalisa engenabameli. Kuyindlela esheshayo nengenamali yokuxazulula izingxabano njengokungavumelani komninindlu noma imali ebolekwayo engakhokhelwanga.

Enye Impikiswano

Izinkantolo eziningi manje zikhuthaza noma zifuna amaqembu ukuba azame ukudlulisa izinqumo noma [[FTLT:2]] ukuhlanganisa ukuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokuba ayoquliswa. I-Mediation ihlanganisa iqembu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi elisiza abaphikisanayo ukuba bafinyelele isivumelwano sokuzithandela. I-Arbit ifana ne-untrial, lapho umhloli ongathathi-mphini ezwa khona futhi enza isinqumo, esingabopha noma esingabophanga. I-aDR ngokuvamile igcina isikhathi, imali, futhi inciphisa inani lemizwelo. .No.com unikeza iziyalezo ezinhle ezibonelweni ezincane ze-AD [FLT]

Indlela Izinkantolo Ezikuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Ungase ungahambi njalo enkantolo, kodwa izinkantolo zithonye ukuphila kwakho ngezindlela eziningi. Isivikelo ositholayo lapho usayina isivumelwano, ilayisense yomshayeli onayo, ukuphepha kwemikhiqizo oyithengayo, nelungelo lakho lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile konke kusekelwa amandla esimiso senkantolo ukuchaza imithetho nokuyimisa. Amalungelo ezindawo alondekile ngoba izinkantolo zixazulula izingxabano. Izinhlangano ziphephile ngoba intuthuko yezenhlalo ibekwa ibhodi ngezinqumo zenkantolo ezihlanganisa amalungelo abantu.

Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuhlanganyela kuyo — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuvotela abahluleli, ngokusebenza ejajini, noma ngokumane uhloniphe umthetho.

Isiphetho

Isimiso senkantolo siwuhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi kodwa olunengqondo oluklanyelwe ukusekela ubulungisa. Kusukela enkantolo yendawo esingatha ithikithi lezokugwedla ukuya eNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. unquma impikiswano engokomthetho, isigaba ngasinye sinomsebenzi ohlukile owenezela emphakathini onobulungisa nohlelekile. Ngokuqonda izici eziyisisekelo zokuqulwa kwecala nezinkantolo ezilawulayo, umehluko phakathi kwezwe nezimiso zikahulumeni, nendima yalabo abathatha iqhaza, uhlonyiswe kangcono ukusingatha izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho futhi uqaphele izinkantolo ezibalulekile ezifeza amalungelo akho nokuxazulula izingxabano emphakathini wakho.