Imfundiso Yokuvumelana: Ukubukeza Kwesisekelo

Ukufakwa kwamalungelo kahulumeni ngeSichibiyelo se-14th kungomunye wentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu emthethweni womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe iSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngo-1868, iBhili yamaLungelo yasebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Ohulumeni bamazwe babeboshelwa kuphela ngomthetho-sisekelo wabo siqu nemithetho. Ukulungisa i-Screate’s Secrometic and i-Motencial Protection Classistem Clauses kwashintsha ukuthi amalungelo ombuso aye agcinwa ngawo asemthethweni ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwamazwe esikhathini esingaphezu kwekhulu, futhi, okubalulekile, iNkanto echazwa yinkantolo yezwe ngokwayo. Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwenkululeko yombuso nenkululeko yabantu ngabanye.

Ukuhlanganiswa kweGenesal Amalungelo akuyona indlela elula yokuqeda ukuthatha isinyathelo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yamukela imfundiso ye ekhetha ukuhlanganiswa kweNguqulo ye-Dimension , okusho ukuthi ilungelo ngalinye eSigqeni samaLungelo kumelwe lihlolwe ngokwalo ukuze kutholakale ukuthi “liyicebo lokulunga laseMelika lokulunga.” Uma isebenza kumazwe asebenzisa i-Claus eMkhiqizweni we-Dreeucleth Refecle. Namuhla, cishe zonke izivikelo zemali zelungelo zamalungelo eBill Kumelwe zifakwe eGandlelweni (hjoliswe kanye nenkululeko yokuqala yokukhuluma, inyathelise, i-indecring; isivikelo sesihlanu sokuziphendulela kokuzithwa kwezingathath; ukuncibilikisa okunga kahle kwesohlangothi lwesithupha ukukhipha iziyalezo zelungelo. (iG.) i-G.

Kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme inikeza isisekelo kuphela. Umsebenzi wangempela, wezinsuku zonke wokusebenzisa lamalungelo ahlanganisiwe uyenzeka ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Abahluleli bamazwe kumelwe banqume ukuthi ilungelo elithile likahulumeni linwetshwa kangakanani ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi uma imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni inikeza isivikelo esengeziwe noma uma inqubo kahulumeni ingaqondakali. Lokhu kuchaza kunikeza izinkantolo ithonya elikhulu kakhulu kunokuhlangenwe nakho komthetho-mthethwe-sisekelo. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olunzulu olungokomlando, bheka [[ i-Cona ukuhlaziywa kwe--mmuselo yenkonzo yokucwaninga ye-Compligatectionation

Ukukhetha Kwezenzo: Indlela Izinkantolo ZoMbuso Ezikusebenzisa Ngayo Ukuhlola

Uma inkantolo kahulumeni ibhekene nesinqumo sokuthi umthetho kahulumeni noma isenzo siphula ilungelo elihlangene nohulumeni, kumelwe kuqala inqume ukuthi ilungelo liye lafakwa ngokugcwele eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. Uma liye lachazwa kakhulu, indima yenkantolo yezwe ichaza: isebenza indinganiso efanayo yeNkantolo Ephakeme engasebenza ecaleni likahulumeni. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvamile ishiya indawo ebalulekile yezinkantolo eziphansi ukuze ithuthukise umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, endaweni ye- ISibeko seNkantolo sokukhuluma ngesihle kakhulu., iNkantolo iseke izinkolo ezinkulu njengezeneze yokungathathi hlangothi nenhlambe, kodwa inkantolo kumelwe isebenzise lezo zimfundiso ezisezinkantolo eziqondenisweni zendawo noma eziseyunivesithi.

Isibonelo Sendaba: Isichibiyelo Sokuqala Ne - Info Yomphakathi

Cabangela icala lenkantolo yenkantolo ehilela ukubhikisha eyunivesithi kahulumeni. Inkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. iboshe ukuthi amayunivesithi omphakathi “ayindawo yomphakathi elinganiselwe” ngezinjongo zokukhuluma. Inkantolo yezwe kumelwe inqume ukuthi imingcele yeyunivesithi eqediwe eqenjini lokuvukela ingumbono wobudlelwano futhi inengqondo. Kodwa inkantolo ingathinta futhi isigqebhezana sayo somthetho-mthetho wenkululeko, esinikeza ngisho nesivikelo esikhulu kuneSiphendulo Sokuqala. Ezimweni ezinjalo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingachaza imingcele yezwe ehambisana nesohlangothini olufanele, ngezinye izikhathi zifinyelele umphumela ohlukile kunenkantolo yombuso ngaphansi kwamaqiniso afanayo.

Isibonelo Sendaba: Isichibiyelo Sesine Nokufuna Kuyithuba Lokuboshwa

Enye indawo egcwele ukuchazwa kwenkantolo yezwe yiSichibiyelo se-FLT seSiphendulo sesibili sokwenqabela kokuhlola okungacabangeli nokuquleka. INkantolo Ephakeme inqume ukuthi ukuphenya akudingi isiqinisekiso, kodwa ubukhulu balokho kuphenywa kubekwe indinganiso. Amazwe angamukela imithetho yawo siqu evimbelayo noma ukuchazwa “ukuhlola okunengqondo kwendawo eyimfihlo” ngokuhlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izinkantolo ezinkulu ziye zathi umthetho omkhulu ulindele ukuba umthetho wemithetho-siseko ufune isiqinisekiso segazi ezinkantolo ze-DuI, ngisho noma umthetho kahulumeni (ulandela icala lama-2019 [FLT:]]] noma ukuchaza i-mitchell.[FLT][FFFF]]) umqulu oqinile.[5]

Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Njengomthombo Ozimele Wamalungelo

Mhlawumbe isici esibaluleke kakhulu sendlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezichaza ngayo amalungelo kahulumeni ohulumeni yisici esihambisana nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Imithetho-mthetho eminingi yombuso iqukethe isiqinisekiso samalungelo esidlula izibuko noma idlulise i-Bill of Rights kahulumeni. Uma inkantolo inquma icala, ingathembela elungelweni elihlangeneyo (njengoba lichazwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme) noma ilungiselelo lomthetho ngokomthetho wezwe. Uma ilungiselelo lombuso livikela kakhulu, inkantolo inganikeza umthetho wokusiza ngaphandle kokufinyelela umbuzo kahulumeni. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi yindawo esemthethweni futhi izimele.

Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho-siseko kahulumeni kuye kwaholela ekuhlukahlukanisweni okukhulu ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo, umshado olinganayo (pad ] nomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, e- Statebv. [[FLT]] [19984]) iNkantolo e-Washington Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi i-shicestern communments ivikela izakhamuzi zempahla yazo ngokuziqapha okungenamthetho, nakuba imfundiso yeSiphendulo sesine ngesikhathi ingasiqapheli isivikelo esinjalo. Ngokufanayo, iNkanto eNew York Applectives ichaza ukuvikelwa kwayo ngendlela efanayo ukuze idingezindlela ezithile zezomnotho ezingagunyaziwe yisivikelo sezwe elihlangene. Imvume ewusizo yemali i-Clauslaus. [Flas Constivemental Constitution of State:]

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Enkantolo Yokwahlulela

Indima echazayo yezinkantolo zikahulumeni iye yaba nempikiswano kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva ephethe izimpikiswano eziningana ezishisayo. Enye i-Sichibiyelo se- Sigunyazwe ekugcineni nasekuthwaleni izikhali ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo ePhakamileyo yama-20222] [[FLT:]] iNew York State Rifle & Lamp; iPixol Association v. [[FLT] [[FLT]]]. UBruen wakholelwa ukuthi iSiphendulo sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuphatha isibhamu emphakathini, nokuthi noma isiphi isigwebo sebhamu kumelwe sihambisane nesiko esingokomlando sokulwa kwezibhamu. Izinkantolo manje zisebenza lokhu kuhlola okungokomlando, okuvame kakhulu “kunezinganquluko ezinqunyiweyo.” IBrun inqulumo yesinqumo secala esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esiqinile esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esiqinile esingokomthetho esiqinile, nezinquliwe esingokomthetho esiqinile esifana nesezinwini esiqinile.

Enye inselele yi-[[FLT: 0] i-corporation yelungelo lokukhipha imfihlo emongweni wamalungelo okukhipha isisu nawokuzala. Nakuba iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. isithiwa i-Dobts v. i-Jacken’s Health Organization [ [202] [202]] ukulawulwa [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [25]] [2] ukulawulwa [[FLT] v.[FLT] futhi ikholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-Constitution akakuvikeli ukukhishwa kwesisu, inkantolo manje iyindawo eyinhloko yempi. Ezinye izinkantolo zezwe ziye zachaza ukuhleleka komthetho wazodwa (ngokunye noma ukuchaza i-Greaeaeaeaement Clauss) njengesibonelo seNkakhulu leNkanto ephethe yeNkanto ephethe yelungelo, njengoba kuvikela amalungelo engokomthetho yesizwe, ngisho nezinqulumo yesinqumo,

Inqubo Efanele Namalungelo Okujezisa

Ukufakwa kwamalungelo enqubo efunekayo enqubweni. Njengelungelo lokushada, ilungelo lomzali, nelungelo lokwenqaba ukwelashwa , futhi kuye kwabona ukuhlukahluka kwemithetho yezokwelapha. INkantolo ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. iqaphele ukuthi lezi nkululeko eziyisisekelo zivikelwe yi-Gueoctry Claus of the 1450th Reformation. Kodwa amasuntment alamalungelo abekwa enkantolo yezwe emodule njengelungelo lokuhlala umntwana, izimiso zokwelapha, futhi isiphelo sezezezokuphila (umk., ilungelo lokufa, njengaku [[FLT:]]] .[FFFOLT]]].[5]) [f1]

Uhulumeni Nokuhlakanipha Kwasenkantolo

Ikhono lezinkantolo zikahulumeni lokuchaza amalungelo ahlanganisiwe ngokwehlukile ezinkantolo zikahulumeni liyisici se-unistism yaseMelika, hhayi igciwane. Isimiso sibekezelela ukuguquguquka okuthile ekuvikeleni amalungelo emigqeni yombuso, uma nje iphansi likahulumeni ligcinwa. Nokho, leli cebo alilinganiselwe. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni azikwazi ukuchaza ilungelo elifakiweyo ngendlela engaphansi kwendinganiso kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni ngeke usekele ukuthi umthetho weSine wokususa imingcele awusebenzi ekuhloleni umthetho ongokomthetho uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa ngokucacile ukuthi ikwenza. Kodwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni azikwazi ukuchaza ukuthi i-"le ngenhla kwesitejiyo yombuso.

Isibonelo esivamile yisixwayiso [[FLT: 0] iMiranda. INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. iphethe ukuthi ukuphenywa kwenkosi ngaphandle imanda[ ixwayisa ngelungelo leSimemezelo sesihlanu ngokumelene nokwephula umthetho. Nokho, iNkantolo inqume ukuthi ukwephulwa [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] uMira[5] ayidingi ukunqanyulwa kwamazwi uma ingqikithi yesimo iphansi yesimo (njengokuyi-]] ifuna isivikelo esiphezulu.[5] i-Elctrena.]'v[FTLT]]] ezinye izinkantolo zichaza noma yisiphi isimo esizihambelayo.[5][5]]

Umphumela Wenkululeko Nokufana Okungokomthetho

Umphumela okhushulelwayo wezincazelo zenkantolo yezwe unamandla. Ngenxa yokuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi esizwe nawobugebengu e-United States, zingabaphoqeleli abayinhloko bamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni njengasetshenziswa kubadlali bakahulumeni nendawo. Ngakho, isakhamuzi esikholelwa ukuthi amalungelo aso okukhuluma ngokukhululekile aphulwe ngokuqondile umthetho wedolobha uyocishe uchaze ukuthi inkantolo yesifundazwe, hhayi inkantolo kahulumeni, ngoba imingcele ilinganiselwe futhi idinga impikiswano kahulumeni engasekelwe ndawo. Ngakho, indlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezichaza ngayo incazelo yansuku zonke yeyo yokuqala, eyesihlanu, eyesi-6, neye-8 yemithetho ye-Amerikathayi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izincazelo zenkantolo yesifundazwe zingathonya iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.. Uma inkantolo ephakeme ifinyelela isinqumo esicatshangelwe kahle empikiswaneni yomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni, ingasebenza njengegunya elinamandla eNkantolo Ephakeme. Kwezinye izimo, ukuchazwa kwenkantolo okushayelelayo kwenkantolo kungase ngisho kushukumisele iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba iphinde ibheke imfundiso yayo siqu. Isibonelo, iNkantolo ephakeme yaseCalifornia ephethe i-af [FLD] v.Anderson [12] [72] iphethe ukuthi isigwebo sentambo sobugqibo siphula umthetho womthetho wombuso wonya noma isijeziso esingavamile sanikela icala lempikiswano yesizwe. Firman. v[FFF][12] [12]

Ukumisa Ubuhlobo Phakathi KoMbuso Nomthetho Wesifunda

Kubafundi bemithetho, abaqaphi, abahluleli, nabafundi bezwe, ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezichaza ngayo amalungelo ahlanganisiwe kudinga ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela kokubili isiqalo sombuso nomthetho womthetho-mthetho wezwe. Umkhuba ongcono kakhulu ukuphikisana kokunye: okokuqala, ukuthi ilungelo elihlangene nombuso lidinga umphumela othile; okwesibili, ukuthi umthetho - sisekelo wezwe unikeza isivikelo esifanayo noma esikhulu. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zivame ukuqaphela ukuhlaziywa okunjalo okumbaxabayo ngoba uhlonipha ukulinganiselwa okuncane kukahulumeni kuyilapho uqaphela ubukhosi bombuso.

Umngcele owodwa obalulekile imfundiso yezimiso ze-. Uma inkantolo kazwelonke isinqume impikiswano yomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni ecaleni, lesosinqumo singase sibe nomphumela ophelele kamuva (kuzombili ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nezingosi) ngaphansi kwemithetho egcwele neSivumelwano somthetho wecala. Noma kunjalo, uma inkantolo kahulumeni ithembele ngokusemthethweni ezinkantolo zikahulumeni futhi inganqumanga impikiswano kahulumeni, khona - ke isikhulu sesizwe singabekwa isosha enkundleni kahulumeni. Lokhu kukhetha okufanelekile kuphikisana phakathi kwamalungelo enkantolo ye-paltiff: ukuthi izoletha isenzo se-962083 se-judicatatate. noma ukuveza isenzo sesiko esingokomthetho noma ukukhipha icala lokuqala ngaphansi kwenkantolo yesifundazwe.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngendlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezimakha ngayo amalungelo kahulumeni, bheka isihloko se-Melika Bar Association ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso kanye no-Justia ye-Bill of Rights kanye ne-PUTY.

Isiphetho: Indima Ehlala Njalo Yezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni azizona izitembu zenjoloba nje ezilandelwa uhulumeni. Ziyizichaza ezinkulu zemfundiso ehlanganisayo, zisebenzisa isahlulelo esizimele ngokuphathelene nencazelo namalungelo ayisisekelo. Izinqumo zazo zibonisa isiko elingokomthetho, umlando, kanye nezindinganiso zombuso ngamunye, kuyilapho zisaqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mbuso owehla ngaphansi kwesisekelo somthetho wenkululeko. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamalungelo kahulumeni ngeSichibiyelo se-14 seSichibiyelo kuyenze iBill of Rights ibe incwadi ephilayo kuyo yonke inkantolo. Ngokuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezibheka ngayo lo msebenzi, abafundi nabenzi be-prigion, i-transfer, nesakhiwo somthetho-mthetho waseMelika esihloniphekile.

Njengoba kuphakama izinselele ezintsha − kusukela ekufuneni amathuba emishini kuya ekuzaleni izibhamu kuya ekukhipheni izibhamu, izinkantolo zezwe ziyoqhubeka ziyizichaza eziphambili zalokho okushiwo uMthetho-sisekelo osebenzayo. Izahlulelo zazo ngeke zilolonge amalungelo abantu abasemingceleni yabo kuphela kodwa futhi nengxoxo kahulumeni ebanzi ngencazelo yenkululeko ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zentando yeningi.