Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bezwe e-United States buchazwa nguMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. omisa isimiso sombuso. Lesimiso sihlukanisa amagunya phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nohulumeni bezwe, siqinisekisa ukuthi womabili amazinga anamandla kakhulu. Nakuba womabili anemithwalo yawo siqu yemfanelo, amagunya athile abanjwe uhulumeni wezwe kuphela. Ukuqonda la mandla akhethekile kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela isimiso sezombangazwe esisebenza ngayo, kusukela ekuvikeleni kwesizwe kuya kumthetho wezomnotho. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindawo eziyinhloko lapho uhulumeni wezwe uhulumeni wezwe ungenakho ukukwazi ukusebenzisa, ukunikeza i-moslayense, izimpawu zomthetho-sisekelo, izimpawu ezibonisa ukuhlukaniswa kombuso.

Amandla Asembusweni Kahulumeni Kazwelonke

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza iziphathimandla zikahulumeni ezithile, ezibizwa ngokuthi amagunya adwetshiwe, eSiphakamiso I, isiqephu 8. Lezizingu 18 ezihlelwe phansi zakha isisekelo segunya likahulumeni futhi zincishwa ngokuqondile kohulumeni bakahulumeni. Amazwe awakwazi ukusebenzisa lamandla ngoba ukwenza kanjalo kungangqubuzana nobunye besizwe kanye nomklamo woMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ovikela isizwe sonke.

Ngokwesibonelo, nguhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela ongalawula intengo yasezweni nakwamanye amazwe. Lombuso, otholakala eMakethe ka Claus, uye wasetshenziselwa ukunikeza imithetho ehlanganisa yonke into kusukela ezindinganisweni zezisebenzi kuya eziqondisweni zendawo ezungezile. Izwe linqatshelwa ukuphazamisa ukuhweba ngezindawo ezithile noma ukubeka izimemezelo zezimpahla ezivela kwezinye izizwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni wezwe kuphela onamandla okukhokha imali nokulawula inani lawo. Izwe alinakunyathelisa noma ukukhipha imithetho engokomthetho evimbela imfunothi yezentengiselwano yemali futhi livimbele isimiso semali esiqinile somnotho futhi liqinisekise ukuvinjelwa kwezwe lonke. Amandla okumemezela impi nokuphakamisa amabutho angohulumeni kuphela, njengoba amazwe engenakugcina amabutho noma asebenze imisebenzi yezempi ngaphandle kogunyazwe. Amanye amazwe ahlanganisa ukumiswa kweposi neposi, ukunikezwa kwezindawo nezindawo zomthetho, nokusungulwa kwezindawo zezentengo, nokukhuselwa kwezindawo zemikhumbi nokukhuphulwa kwemikhumbi.

I-Lifadict and Seant Claus, eyaziwa futhi ngokuthi isisho sokunwebeka, yandisa igunya likahulumeni ngokuvumela uMkhandlu ukuba wenze imithetho edingekayo ukuze ufeze amandla awo adwetshiwe. Le nkulumo iye yachazwa kabanzi yiNkantolo Ephakeme, njengaku Mcloch v. Maryland [1819], esekela ukudalwa kwebhange lesizwe ngisho nakuba lingahlelwanga ngokucacile. Izwe alinakunikeza isigqebhezana esifanayo ukuze landise amandla alo, njengoba iSiphendulo seshumi seSiphendulo sigcine amandla angakholeki ezifundazwe noma kubantu.

Ukubusa Intela Nokuchitha

Uhulumeni unegunya elikhulu lokukhokha izintela ze-levy futhi wabekele izintela zemali ngokwezinjongo zezwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhokha izintela zeholo, izintela zenkampani, ukukhokha intela yokubhalisa, nokukhokha izintela ezithengwayo ezimpahla ezithile njengophethiloli notshwala. Imali kahulumeni ihlanganisa izinhlelo zezokuvikela isizwe nenhlalakahle yomphakathi, futhi amandla okusebenzisa inhlalakahle yesizwe anika iNkathili yeNkathi yeNhlangano yokubhekana nezidingo ezintsha. Izwe linegunya lalo lokukhokha intela kodwa alinakho ukukhokha intela noma ukuphazamisana kwemisebenzi kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, awana ukukhokha intela iposi noma izibophono zikahulumeni ezikhishwa yi-U.S.

Ukusetshenziswa kwemali ngokuvamile kuthonya izimiso zikahulumeni ngezipho ezilinganiselwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni kahulumeni usebenzise izimali ezinkulu ukukhuthaza amazwe ukuba aphakamise iminyaka yokuphuza ibe ngu-21 futhi abeke isilinganiso sejubane. South Dakota v. Dole [1987]], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela lomkhuba, inquma ukuthi uMkhandlu ungahlanganisa izimo zemali kahulumeni uma nje zihlobene nenjongo yohlelo. EUnited States ayinakubeka imibandela efanayo kuhulumeni, njengoba amandla okusebenzisa imali ezwe akhethekile ekhonzweni lokuqondisa izinto eziphambili zesizwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni kahulumeni ungasula izimiso zentela zikahulumeni lapho ziphikisana nezinzuzo zesizwe. Isimiso sentela yeholo kahulumeni, esungulwe yiSichibiyelo sesithupha, sivumela uhulumeni ukuba aqoqe imali kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, kuyilapho amazwe ethembele ezimisweni zawo ezihlukene zentela. Lentela ehlukene iyavunyelwa, kodwa amazwe awakwazi ukukhokha imali emalini ewuniwe noma aphazamise ikhono likahulumeni lokuboleka imali. Uhulumeni unikeza futhi amandla ezomnotho phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho, ukuswela amandla ngenxa yezimfuneko zawo ezilinganiselwe zemali kanye nomthwalo wawo wokukhokha imali.

Yenza Izindaba Zakwamanye Amazwe

Enye yemibuso ekhethekile ebaluleke kakhulu kahulumeni kahulumeni ukuzimisela ukuhlangana kwamazwe angaphandle. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza umongameli igunya lokuxoxa ngezivumelwano (ngeseluleko seSigele nangemvume) futhi umise amanxusa namanxusa. Amazwe anqatshelwe ngokuqondile ukungena ezivumelwaneni, ukuhlangana, noma ukuhlangana. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isizwe sikhuluma ngezwi elilodwa ezindabeni zomhlaba wonke, sigcina ukungaguquguquki kwezimiso zakwamanye amazwe nasebuhlotsheni bomphakathi.

Uhulumeni wamazwe uphethe ifa lakhe ezimpilweni zangaphandle ezidlulela ngalé kohlu olubaliwe. United States v. Curtiss-Worright Rhwead Corp] (1936), iNkantolo ePhakade kakhulu yasekela ukuthi uhulumeni unegunya elinegunya elinamandla ebuhlotsheni bangaphandle, elisuselwa ekubusweni kwezwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amazwe awakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ethinta isimiso sangaphandle, njengokubeka imithetho yezentengiselwano kwamanye amazwe noma ukumisa imithetho yawo siqu yokufuduka. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Proving akakwazi ukungena ezivumelwaneni namanye amazwe noma ukuqaphela ohulumeni bangaphandle. Uhulumeni wombuso kuphela ongalawula ukufuduka nokulawulwa kwemvelo, njengasezindaweni ezimisiwe [FLT:] ANU.[FON]

Uhulumeni kahulumeni futhi uphatha izinhlangano nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke, njengeZizwe Ezihlangene ne-NATO. I-United States ingahlanganyela kweminye imisebenzi yezizwe zonke, njengokuthuthukiswa kwezokuhwebelana ngezohwebo noma izinhlelo zokushintshana kwempucuko, kodwa lokhu akunakuphikisa inqubo kahulumeni yakwamanye amazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe awakwazi ukwamukela izijeziso ezimelene namazwe angaphandle okuphikisana ne-U.S. izijeziso noma izivumelwano zokusayina izivumelwano nezinhlangano zamazwe angaphandle. Uhulumeni uyakwazi ukuhlanganisa amaphasimu okuhamba emhlabeni wonke, ulawula ukuthunyelwa kwezikhali kwamanye amazwe, futhi unikeza usizo olungokomthetho lwezakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe amazwe azimele ezingakwazi ukusebenzisa.

Yakha Ukuzivikela Kwesizwe

Uhulumeni kahulumeni unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuzivikela kwesizwe kuphela, kuhlanganise nokunakekela amabutho ahlomile nokusakaza impi. ISiphakamiso I nikeza uKhomishane amandla okuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, ukulungiselela nokugcina ibutho lempi, futhi umemezele amabutho ukuba aphumele imithetho kahulumeni, acindezele ukuvukelana, futhi axoshe ukuhlasela. Umongameli usebenza njengoMphathi kuNkosana wezempi, uqondisa imisebenzi namacebo. Amazwe awakwazi ukugcina amabutho amile ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni, futhi awakwazi ukumemezela impi noma ukungenela izimpi. Izinhlangano zesizwe zombuso ngamunye zingasehlela izimo eziphuthumayo, kodwa futhi angaphansi kokulawula kwezwe phakathi nezinhlekelele, njengoba kuboniswa eminyangweni yezizwe.

Isimiso sokuzivikela samazwe angaphandle sihlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwezikhali, ukugcina izikhali zenuzi, nokuqhuba imisebenzi yokuhlakanipha ngezinhlangano ezinjenge-Department of Defense and the CIA. Amazwe awakwazi ukwakha izimiso zawo siqu zokuvikela izikhali ezicitshwayo noma ukumisa izikhungo zezempi ezizimele zakwamanye amazwe. IPosse Comitatus Act (1878) ilinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwebutho lezempi lokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho phakathi kwe-United States, isithiyo okungekhona iso sobuzwe nesosha lalo iSizwe lapho lisemsebenzini wezwe. Nokho, uhulumeni wezwe ungakwazi ukusebenzisa izikhali ukuze ulwe imithetho kahulumeni, njengaphakathi nezinhlekelele zemvelo noma izinhlekelele zemvelo.

Izibonelo zemibuso yombuso yokuzivikela ekhethekile zihlanganisa isinqumo sokuthumela amabutho phesheya, ukuxoxa ngezivumelwano zokucinywa kwemlilo, nokuhlasela kwezempi. Izwe alinakuyeka nhlobo ukulwa noma ukumisa amabutho akhona. ISigqi sombuso weMpi sango- 1973 sizama ukulinganisela igunya lomongameli ne-counion, kodwa imibuso ayinayo indima engokomthetho ezinqumweni ezinjalo. Lokhu kumiswa kwamandla ezempi kuqinisekisa ukusabela okubumbene ngezinsongoso, futhi kuvimbela amazwe ukuba asebenze ngemithetho yawo yangaphandle.

Imithetho Ephoqelelwe

Uhulumeni kahulumeni unegunya lokumisa imithetho esebenza lé kwezintambo zikahulumeni nemithetho ethatha indawo. Izinhlangano ze-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Inforcement Administration (DEA), ne-Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firmars and Explosives (ATF) zihlola futhi zibeke isigwebo esiphula umthetho kahulumeni. Amazwe awakwazi ukuphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni ngokwawo, kodwa ngokuvamile abambisana ngemibutho yemisebenzi ehlangene. Nokho, umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokushaya imithetho kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana namalungelo omphakathi, ukufuduka nokuya entela.

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 iyisibonelo esiphawulekayo samandla omthetho agunyaziwe. Yayenqabela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ebalazweni, ebala, enkolweni, ebulilini, noma ezweni ezindaweni zomphakathi nasemsebenzini. Uhulumeni wezwe wasebenzisa igunya lawo ukuqeda imithetho yombuso yokuhlukanisa nokuhlanganisa ngokuphoqelelwa ngoMnyango wobulungisa. Amazwe amelana nokumangalelwa nokulahlekelwa yizimali zikahulumeni. Ngokufanayo, iVoting Rights Act ka-19656 yavumela ukuqondisa kwezimiso zokukhetha zikahulumeni ukuze kuvimbele ukucwa. Amazwe awakwazi ukwenza imithetho ephikisana nalezi sivikelo sombuso, futhi uhulumeni ungangenela ukuqinisekisa ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho.

Ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni kuhlanganisa futhi ubugebengu obudlula imingcele kahulumeni, njengokuthumba, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, nobugebengu be-inthanethi. Igunya lezentengiselwano linikeza uhulumeni wezwe igunya ngemisebenzi ethinta ezohwebo phakathi kwezizwe, njengokuthumba noma ukweba eminyangweni yesizwe. Izwe lingaqinisa imithetho yalo yobugebengu, kodwa alikwazi ukumangalela amacala kahulumeni. I-Supremacy Claus Claus iqinisekisa ukuthi uma umbuso nemithetho kahulumeni, umthetho kahulumeni uyaqhubeka. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe awakwazi ukuqeda ngokuphelele ukuphatha amacala ezidakamizwa ngokwezikhundla, njengoba uhulumeni unelungelo lokuqungalela umthetho ngaphansi kwe-Subster Stances Acts Act.

Amandla Aphakeme Ezentengiselwano Nasemalini

Amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni phezu kwezwe nakwezentengiselwano zakwamanye amazwe avulekile futhi aphelele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqondisa izinto zokuhamba, ukuxhumana, nokuhwebelana phakathi kwezifundazwe nezinye namazwe. Amazwe awanakuphoqa amajaji noma imisebenzi ekuthengisweni noma ekuthunyelweni ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni, futhi awakwazi ukulawula ezohwebo uKhongolo olukhethelwe ukushiya lungalawulwa. Intengiselwano uCentu Claus isetshenziselwa ukuthethelela yonke imithetho kahulumeni kusukela ekusebenzeni kwezingane kuya ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile, njengaku izindlebe ze-Atlanta Motel v. United States [1964], eyasekela i-Poligin Rights Act esekelwe eMthethweningokwayo ephakathi kwezenteko.

Nguhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela ongakhokha imali futhi ulawule inani layo. Izwe alivunyelwe ukukhipha imali noma ukwenza noma yini ngaphandle kwegolide nesiliva elinemali efanayo esemthethweni yezikweletu. Lokhu kuqinisekisa isimiso semali efanayo, esibalulekile ekuzinzeni kwezomnotho nasekuhwebeni. Uhulumeni wezwe futhi unamandla emithetho efanayo yokukhokha imali, ehlangene phakathi kwezwe. Nakuba imibuso ingalawula umshuwalense nemali ebhange phakathi kwemingcele yayo, ayinakuphazamisana nenqubo yemali kahulumeni noma isungule ibhange layo eliphakathi. I-Federal Reserve , emiswe yi-Congresssion, ilawula intellivery, amanani emali nenzalo, izifunda zezwe azikwazi ukuphatha.

Ukuzitika Nokukhululwa Komthetho - sisekelo

I-Supremacke eSiphakamiso VI iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, nezivumelwano ziwumthetho ophakeme wezwe, obopha bonke abahluleli bombuso. Uma imithetho kahulumeni nombuso ingena ezimpikiswaneni, umthetho kahulumeni ukhona ngemfundiso yokuhlengwa. Lokhu kungachazwa, ngomthetho kahulumeni usho ngokucacile ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni inqunywa, noma ibekwa, lapho umthetho kahulumeni ubanzi ubanzi ungenawo umthetho oshiyeka indawo yokuthatha isinyathelo sombuso. Amazwe awana ukuphoqesha imithetho ephikisana nezimiso zikahulumeni noma iziqondiso, njengoba ibona ezindabeni ezihilela ukufuduka, imfucumfucu yenuzi, noma ukunikeza izimpawu zokudla.

Ngokwesibonelo, Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi i-compant compactive convent translation i-od system system system system system system system. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT]] i-ARC America Corp. [19], iNkantolo yathi imithetho elwayo yokungagunyaza ingakwazi ukuhlala nohulumeni uma nje ungangqubani. Nokho, uma i-Calliforleforderns , njenge-emignoid, arectivementstions. Uhulumeni awunakukwazi ukuzihlukanisa ngokwawo emithetho ngaphansi kwemithetho ephakathi kwe-eaetation, izimo ze-motement, noma izikhulu zikahulumeni.

Amandla Agciniwe Namanje

Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni unamagunya akhethekile, izigodlo ziye zabekwa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi. Lezi zihlanganisa amandla emfundo, uhulumeni wendawo, ezentengiselwano yezwe, nomthetho womkhaya. Nokho, umngcele phakathi kwamandla akhethekile nahlangene awucacile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Imibuso yamanje, njengentela, ukuboleka, nokumisa izinkantolo, ihlanganyelwa yizo zombili amazinga kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni bangaqoqa intela, kodwa amandla kahulumeni wentela aphakeme. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zingadala futhi izimiso zenkantolo yenkantolo, kodwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinezibophakamiso ezikhethekile emacaleni athile, njengalawo ahilela imithetho kahulumeni noma izivumelwano.

Izwe alinakusebenzisa imibuso ephathiswe uhulumeni womthetho-mthetho, njengokumemezela impi noma ukuqopha imali. Kodwa lingahlanganyela emisebenzini ethinta izithakazelo zikahulumeni, uma lingangqubuzani. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe anganikeza imithetho yendawo eqinile kuneyombuso, uma nje ingaphazamisani nezentengiselwano zezwe. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yafeza indima eyinhloko ekulinganiseleni lamandla, isebenzisa izimfundiso ezinjenge-Dorment Commerce Clause ukushaya imithetho kahulumeni enzima evimbela ukuhweba okungadingekile.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zamandla Avelele

Kuwo wonke umlando wase-U.S., uhulumeni wezwe uye wasebenzisa amandla awo okusingatha izinselele zesizwe. Inkathi yeNew Deal yabona uKhongolose usebenzisa ezentengiselwano zawo nemibuso ekhokhayo ukuze kuqondiswe umnotho futhi kusungulwe amanetha okuvikela umphakathi, njenge-Social Security. Amazwe awakwazi ukudala izimiso zawo siqu zeNtlalo ephikisana nesimiso sikahulumeni. I-Civil Rights Movement yabonisa amandla ezwelonke ukuphoqesha ukuhlenga komthetho, njengeSiphendulo se-14th, ngokumelene nobandlululo lombuso. Uhulumeni futhi wathatha umnyango wokuhlola umkhathi, izifunda zezwe azinakungenangazimele.

Muva nje, uhulumeni kahulumeni ulawule ukusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo zesizwe, njengo-9/11 wokuhlasela kanye nobhadane lwe-COVOVAD no-19. Izinhlangano ze-Federal njenge Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) kanye ne-Divince of Homeland Security zinegunya elingenakukwazi ukulilingisa. Amazwe anokungeniswa ngezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kodwa angakwazi ukulahla iziqondiso zikahulumeni ezindaweni ezizimele, njengemithetho yokuhamba yamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe noma ukusakaza umjovolo phakathi komli. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa indlela imibuso ekhethekile egcina ngayo ubunye besizwe futhi isabela ngayo ezindabeni ezidlule imingcele yezwe.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda lokho uhulumeni wezwe ongenza lokho ohulumeni bezwe abangenakukwazi ukukwenza kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda isimiso sombuso wombuso wase-U.S. UMthetho-sisekelo unika uhulumeni okhethekile ezindaweni ezinjengezindaba zangaphandle, isivikelo sesizwe, imali, ezohwebo eziphakathi kwezwe, nokugcinwa kwemithetho kahulumeni. La mandla aqinisekisa ubunye besizwe, ukungaguquguquki, nekhono lokusingatha izinselele okungekho mbuso owodwa ongazisingatha. Nakuba amazwe egcina igunya elibalulekile ezindabeni zendawo, igunya likahulumeni okhethekile lisebenza njengesisekelo sesakhiwo sezombangazwe saseMelika.

Ukuze ufunde, hlola [[FLT: 0] Imisebenzi emidala eNational Constitution Center kanye . u-USUSA.gov's ukucaciswa kukahulumeni wezwe. Izibonelo ezingokomthetho ezifana [. [[FLT:]] i-MCLLOch v. Maryland kanye ne-GOK] v. Og [[FLT:]] [FLT] [FLT]] [FLT] [FFFLT]] bonisa ukuziphendukela kwamandla ombuso. Abafundi bangathola imithombo eyengeziwe [[FL:]