Table of Contents

Isingeniso: Isisekelo Esiphilayo Samalungelo AseMelika

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, owagunyazwa ngo-1788, awuyona incwadi eqinile kodwa uhlaka oluphilayo oluye lwazivelela ngokulungisa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezishintshayo zomphakathi. Ukuguqulwa koMthetho-sisekelo kuye kwawalololonga ngokuqondile amalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko yamaMelika ajabulela namuhla, kusukela enkululekweni yokukhuluma kuya elungelweni lokushada othanda. Ukuqonda le mfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukulwela ukulingana nobulungisa okuqhubekayo. I-Bill of Rights, i-constantionsmentivementation, futhi kamuva i-franchize i-fantinectives ngayinye imelela izenzakalo ezibucayi emzamweni oqhubekayo wokuchaza nokuvikela inkululeko emelene namandla kahulumeni nobandlululo.

Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela izinguquko eziyinhloko zomthetho - sisekelo eziye zachazwa, zanwetshwa ngayo, futhi zasetshenziswa izinkantolo, abashisekeli, nabenzi bomthetho ukuba bakhe isimo samalungelo abantu ekhulwini lama - 21.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Izisekelo Zokuzivikela

I - ratiodium eyamiswa ngo - 1791, imishayiselo yokuqala eyishumi — i - Bill of Rights", yayiklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Lezi zinguquko zakha isisekelo samalungelo abantu baseMelika, iqinisekisa inkululeko ehlala ikhona ezimpini zanamuhla ezingokomthetho.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: I - cornestone Ewumfanekiso

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo emihlanu: ukukhuluma, inkolo, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nokunxusa. Namuhla, lezi sivikelo zidlulela enkulumweni engokomfanekiso (njengefulege elivuthayo ] .Johnson, 1989), izinhlangano zezombangazwe ([]] Ukuhlanganisa i-FEC , 2010], kanye nenkulumo yolwe-we-we-we-wekhomputer. Nakuba kunjalo izimpikiswano ziqhubeka ngenkulumo yokuzonda inkulumo, izimali, nomthetho wezezindaba. INkanto ephakeme ikholelwa njalo ukuthi ngisho nemali echithwayo ehlazisayo noma engathandeki, nakuba ikhona ngokuphambene ngenxa yokuhlanjalazwa kobudlova, nokuhlamba. I-Gemest Reformation ihlala iyithuluzi elinamandla lokusekela amalungelo esizwe, imvume yenkolo, nenkululeko yeze.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuba Wedwa Nokulondeka

ISichibiyelo sesine siqaphe ukuphenya okungacabangeki nokuquleka, okudinga izizathu ezilindelekile zokugunyaza. Enkathini yezibalo, imibuzo yokuzifihla iye yaqhuma. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi Riley v. California [2014] (Unyaka wonke amaphoyisa adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola ucingo. Amacala afana ] Amabhandendi v. United States) [2017]) i-Iziphetho zesine zezokuvikela endaweni ye-cell. Lezinqumo zibonisa indlela i-18-mende ye-art asebenzisa ngayo ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola, ukulungisa amalungelo omphakathi ezindaweni zobuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe.

Izinqumo Zesihlanu Nezesithupha: Inqubo Efanele Nokulingwa Okufanele

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqinisekisa inqubo efanele, isivikelo ekuzichaseni, futhi sinqabela ingozi ephindwe kabili. ISichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokuyi-omphakathi, ijaji elingakhethi, nosizo lweseluleko. Izehlakalo ze-Landmark ezinjengo imanda v. I-Arizona (196]) idinga amaphoyisa ukuba azise ukusolwa kwamalungelo awo, kuyilapho Gideon v. Wainright [[] [193]) iqinisekisa iseluleko esingokomthetho sabamangalelwa abamangalelwa. Lokhu kuyimfuneko ekulungiseni ubugebengu futhi kuye kwabangela inselele izinhlanga, ukucwa kwezinhlanga, nokucwa kwemibono engalungile.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili ephakeme, inhlawulo, nesijeziso esinonya nesingajwayelekile. Siye saba yisikhungo sokuphikisana ngesijeziso sokufa, izimo zasejele, nesigwebo sezingane ezephula umthetho. Rhoper v. Simmons [2005] [iNkantolo], yasiqeda isigwebo sokufa kwabancane. Brown v. Plata [20], yaphakamisa umyalo ophansi wenkantolo wokunciphisa inani labantu base California ngenxa yokwephula inguquko yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano. Lokhu kubonakalisa indlela ukuguqulwa komthetho okuqhubeka ngayo ngokushintsha ngezindinganiso zenhleko.

Izinqumiso Zokuvuselela: Inkululeko Enciphisa Ukulingana

Ngemva kweMpi Yangaphakathi, iziNguquko ze - 13, 14 ne - 15 zagunyazwa ukuba ziqede ubugqila futhi zimise amalungelo alinganayo.

ISichibiyelo Se - 13: Ukuqedwa Kobugqila

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu (1865) saqeda ubugqila nokugqilazwa ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu. Le nkinga iye yasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ukugqilazwa ejele, ukuphikiswa okuqhubekayo. Nokho, ukunqanyulwa futhi kuyisisekelo semithetho emelene nokushushumbisa kwabantu nokusetshenziswa kobugqila kwanamuhla. Ulimi lwayo olubanzi luvumela uMkhandlu ukuba ususe u "impisi nezenzakalo zobugqila," njengoba kusekelwa ku- Jones v. Alfred H. [FLT.] Co.[FLT:] [1968]], owenqabela ukucwasana kwezinhlanga emakhaya.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nokungavumelani

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane (1868) ngokuqinisekile sibaluleke kakhulu emalungelweni omphakathi. Sanika bonke abantu abazalwa noma abadalwe e-U.S. futhi saqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho nenqubo efanele. Ngemfundiso ye i-inchorporation[[[[FLT:]] [195]], iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenzise iSivikelo esilinganayo sokuvikela uClaus ekuhlanganeni namazwe. I-andmentmentation's's's's Refected Classie. [2] Izehlakalome][FFofregn v [Fogrog].[10] [Fogne], [Ft][3][3][10], i-fulls][3][3][10] futhi i-evolution.[f][f][f][f]

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu: Ukusakaza Amalungelo

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu (1870) sanqabela ukunqatshelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe ohlazweni. Naphezu kwalokhu, izintela zokuvota, ukuhlola kokufunda nokubhala, nokwesabisa ngobudlova ukulahla i-Black America. Kwathatha iSivumelwano samaKhonsathi samaZwe Amahle e-1965 ukuze siqinisekise ukunqandwa kwemithetho ye-ID evoti, ukunqanda, nokususa izivumelwano zezentengiselwano, kuholela ekutheni yonke i-Inguquko yeshumi nanhlanu. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ye-2013 sise i-Shelby County. Haker yahlasela ilungiselelo le-Volight forcial Act, eliholela ekuhleleni imibandela yokuvota kanye ne-ligcosa.

Inkathi Eqhubekayo Nezichibiyelo Zekhulu Lama - 20: Ukwandisa Inkathi

Njengoba isizwe sasiya sishintsha, izinguquko ezengeziwe zandisa amalungelo okuvota kwabesifazane, zaqeda intela yokuvota, futhi zanciphisa nenkathi yokuvota.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nayi - 19: Impoqo Yabesifazane

Ngo-1920 yabekwa isisekelo ngemva kokulwa iminyaka engamashumi ambalwa, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalolunye senqabela ilungelo lokuvota lisekelwe ebulilini. Lokhu kunqoba kwamalungelo abesifazane akuzange kuqinisekise ngokushesha ukuthi abesifazane abanemibala bahlanganyela ngokugcwele kwezombangazwe, kodwa kwabeka isisekelo semithetho yamuva enjengethi Thit IX (1972) nethi Violence Against Women Act (1994). Ukulungisa kusewuphawu lokulwela ubulili bobulili futhi kuye kwakhonjiswa ezimweni ezihilela ukucwasana ngokobulili.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Intela Yempova Esakazekayo

Ngo-1946, iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane senqabela intela yokuvota kukhetho lukahulumeni. Intela yokunyelela yasetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko emazweni aseNingizimu ekulahleni abampofu abaMfiliba abavoti. Inguquko yasebenza ngokuxubana neVoting Rights Act ukuze isuse izithiyo zezomnotho zokuvota. Ngo-1966, iNkantolo Ephakeme [ku- Harper v. Virginia Board of Evolutions yandisa ukuvinjelwa kokhetho ngaphansi kwe-Classime.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ukuncipha Kwenkathi Yokushibilika

Ihlatshwe iso eliqinile ngo- 1971 phakathi neMpi yaseVietnam, iSichibiyelo sesithupha sehlisa iminyaka engu-20 yokuvota saba yi 18.

Incazelo Yokwahlulela: Indima YeNkantolo Ephakeme

Ijaji, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, lichaza izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo futhi lizisebenzise ezimpikiswaneni zezwe langempela. Lezi zinqumo zingandisa noma zivimbele amalungelo omphakathi ngokuphawulekayo.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Lesi sinqumo somphakathi samemezela ukwahlukana ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi ngokungakhethi, sagumbuqela imfundiso "ehlukene kodwa elinganayo" ye Pnety v. Ferguson [1896]. IJaji eliyinhloko u-Earl Warren wabhala ukuthi izindawo ezihlukene yi-"engenakulingani" futhi i-Poligin Rights Movement futhi yaba yisimeleli sokusebenzisa iSiphendulo se-145 ukuze ibeke inse inse ikhethelo.

Uthando Virginia (1967)

Inkantolo yalahla imithetho evimbela ukushada kwezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene, ikholelwa ukuthi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo nokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga kufanele kuhlolwe kakhulu. Leli cala, elalethwa uRichard noMildred Loving, lasebenzisa kokubili i - Encial Procesment Claus yeSiphendu se - 14.

UHade (1973) noDobbs mayelana noWomen’s Health (2022)

Roe v. waqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha isisu ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo se 14 secala. Eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu-50, yavikela ukuzimela kokuzala. Ngo-2022, I-Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization yalawula [[[FLT]] [[FLT:]] Roo , ibuyisela inkambiso yokukhipha isisu ezingeni. Lokhu kushintsha okuphawulekayo kubonisa indlela ukushintsha kwendlela umthetho-mfabhethekiso wezomthetho-mfayina, kuthinta ngayo izigidi zelungelo lomphakathi.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

INkantolo yagunyaza umshado ongokobulili obufanayo ezweni lonke, iphethe ukuthi iSichibiyelo seMicimbi yeMicimbi yeshumi nane yeSimo soMcimbi neSivikelo sika-Elimilimini u-Celales siqinisekisa ilungelo lokushada nemibhangqwana efanayo. UMahluleli uAnthony Kennedy wabhala ukuthi "Umthetho-sisekelo uthembisa inkululeko kubo bonke abangase bafinyelele kuyo." Lesi sinqumo sasiyisiphetho samashumi eminyaka iLGBTQ+ i-accom futhi siye saba nethonya elikhulu emphakathini nengokomthetho.

Ukuqapha Nokwenza Isenzo: Ukushayela Ushintsho Lomthetho - sisekelo

Izinqumo nemithetho yokwahlulela akwenzeki ngaphandle kwesizathu.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi

Abaholi abanjengoMartin Luther King Jr., uRosa Parks, noJohn Lewis bahlela ukumasha, ukuhlalisa, nokuvota bakhuthaza ukufuna ukulingana kwezinhlanga. Imizamo yabo yaholela eMthethweni Wamalungelo Abantu ka-1964, eMthethweni we-Voiting Rights ka-1965, naseSivumelweni se-Fair Hos House sangonyaka ka-1968, konke okusekelwe eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo. Ukusetshenziswa kwenhlangano yokubhikisha okungenazonochuku nokungaphazanyiswa kwezindaba kwaguqula umbono nomthetho kahulumeni.

Inhlangano Yabesifazane Yamalungelo

Kusukela ekuqhubeni kwe-suffilegei kuya emzabalazweni we-Instruction, abameleli baye bafuna amalungelo alinganayo ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo Samalungelo Abantu (ERA), sokuqala esahlongozwa ngo-1923, sadluliswa uMkhandlu ekugcineni kodwa sahluleka ukuhlanganisa. Nokho, lenhlangano yaphumelela ukunqoba okungokomthetho okukhulu ngokufaka i-lituligation, Reed v. Reed [FLT] [12] (1971] kanye Craig v. Boren[12][12], eyasungula ukucunulisa kakhulu izigaba zesigaba sobulili.

LGBTQ+ Inhlangano yamalungelo

Abameleli bokuqala njengoHarvey Milky nezinhlangano ezifana ne-Human Rights Campaign balwela ukuqeda ubandlululo, ukulwa nemithetho elwa nokungalawuleki, nokulingana komshado. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Lawrence v. Texas[ [2003] [i-som] yabulala imithetho ye-sodom, futhi [[FLT:]] [i-Obergecroll v. (20]) isinqumo esisemthethweni somshado ofanayo-express. Namuhla, izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ziveza amalungelo adlulele, kuhlanganise nokufinyelela ekunakekeleni impilo, izindlu zokugeza, nokuhlanganyela, kanye nokuhlanganyela, kanye nezenzo ezifana [FLT] BBB. Coond [5] Councentent: [20]

Izinhlangano Zanamuhla: Ukuphila Okunsundu Kubalulekile Nangaphezu Kwalokho

I-Black Live Matter, eyavelela ngemva kokubulawa kukaMichael Brown ngo-2014, iye yagxila ekuhlolweni kwamaphoyisa, ukugqunywa kwabantu abaningi, nakubuhlanga. Izikhulu zezomthetho ziye zafuna ukuba amaphoyisa ashintshe, aqede ukuhlolwa kwesimiso sokuvikela imvelo, nomthetho omusha wamalungelo abantu. Nakuba ingawunciphisi ngokuqondile uMthetho-sisekelo, le mizamo ikhuthaza ukuchazwa kabusha kokuncitshiswa kwamanje, ikakhulukazi iziphendulo zesine nezesi-8.

Ikusasa Lamalungelo Omphakathi Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha, kuba nezinselele ezintsha ezivivinya imingcele yesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esikhona manje.

Ukuzihlukanisa Kwamanani Nesichibiyelo Sesine

Intuthuko esheshayo kwezobuchwepheshe iphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuqapha uhulumeni, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa, nokuhlelwa kwemithetho-mithetho. INkantolo Ephakeme isiqalile ukuxazulula lezi zindaba, kodwa eminingi ayikaphenduli. ISichibiyelo sesine singadinga ukucaciswa okwengeziwe ukuze sivikele amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu esikhathini sokuqashelwa kobuso, ulwazi lwesayensi ye-biotic, kanye nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa. Ezinye izazi nabashisekeli bezishisekeli baye babiza i-"Digameter Four Refementmentment" noma izikhuthazo ezintsha zomthetho.

Ubulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile Njengelungelo Lomphakathi

Imiphakathi ehhayishwayo neyabantwane yemibala ngokuvamile ihambisana nokukhubazeka kokungcola nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Izikhulu zezokuzimela ziphikisa ngokuthi ukulimala kwendawo ezungezile kuphazamisa iSivikeli esilinganayo sika Clause nokuthi uhulumeni unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela zonke izakhamuzi. Izinkinga ezifana Juliana v. United States [ukungaphumelela] [ukungakhohliswa]) kuye kwazama ukumisa ilungelo lomthetho-mthetho-mzimo-mfazwe eliqinile. Inhlangano ye-Cevironmentation ingaholela ezincazelweni ezintsha zeSiphendulo se-Genethth sh noma ngisho ne-mendment entsha yomthetho-mthetho-siseko.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nesivikelo Esilinganayo

Ukwahluka kwengcebo kuye kwakhula kakhulu, kuthinta ukufinyelela imfundo, impilo, izindlu, kanye nokubekwa komthetho. UMthetho-sisekelo awuqinisekisi ukulingana kwezomnotho, kodwa abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukungalingani okukhulu kululaza ukungenela kwentando yeningi futhi kuphazamisa umoya wokuvikela okulinganayo. Ukuqashelwa ngemali yesikole, izinzuzo zomphakathi, nenkokhelo yomthetho womthetho ngokuvamile kunxusa iSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Izinselele zomthetho-sisekelo wesikhathi esizayo zingase zifune ukumisa amalungelo ezomnotho.

Izinqumo Ezintsha Ezingase Zibe Khona

Nakuba kunzima ukudlula, izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zihlanganisa i-Aumedial Rights Amement Amementment (ERA), ukuhlelwa kokulawula izimali zomkhankaso (ukushintsha ] ukuhlanganisa i-United), kanye nokulungisa ukumiswa kwelungelo lokuvota. I-Folity of Columbiabutura ihlanganisa futhi ushintsho lomthetho-mthethweni. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngalokhu kusikisela igcina uMthetho-Constitution uyincwadi ephilayo.

Isiphetho: Uhambo Oluqhubekayo Lokuya Ekulungeni

Izinguquko kuMthetho-sisekelo akuzona nje izinto ezingokomlando; zingamathuluzi aphilayo abumba amalungelo omphakathi womuntu wonke waseMelika namuhla. Kusukela ku-Bill of Rights kuya ku-Reconstructions nangaphezulu, ukuhlanganisa nokuchaza kubonakalisa ukuqonda okukhubazayo kwesizwe inkululeko nokulinganayo. Izinqumo zokwahlulela, ukucwasana kwesizwe, kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ziyaqhubeka zisunduza imingcele yalokho okuvikelwe nguMthetho-sisekelo.

Ngokufunda ngezinguquko nezicelo zabo, abafundi nothisha bangakuqonda ukubaluleka kokuthembisana, ukufunda izincwadi ezingokomthetho, nemizamo eqhubekayo yokuvikela bonke abantu ngobulungisa.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola umbhalo ogcwele woMthetho-sisekelo eMvumweni weSizwe, hlola izenzakalo eziphawula izenzakalo ezisemqoka ku , futhi ufunde ngamalungelo omphakathi anamuhla ngokuhlanganisa izinhlangano ezifana ne [[FLT:] ACLU[ kanye neNkcitho yokhuselo yezemthetho .[FLT]NAACUP]