Izinqubo zomthetho wangaphakathi ziyisisekelo sendlela izingxabano ezingokomthetho ezixazululwa ngayo ngendlela ehlelwe kahle, enqunyiweyo, nelungile. Ukuthi izingxabano zihilela isivumelwano esiphukile, umngcele wempahla, ukuzilimaza komuntu, noma impikiswano yomthetho womkhaya, isimiso somthetho sinikeza izinqubo zokunquma amalungelo nezibopho kanye nemikhakha yokuxazulula izikhangiso. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo akudingekile kubafundi bomthetho nochwepheshe bomthetho kuphela kodwa nakunoma ubani ongase adingenze aqikelwe ukuba athole ilungelo noma avikele isiqu sakhe. Lesi sihloko sinikeza inqubo ebanzi, yesigaba esihamba ngesimiso somthetho, kusukela emizamweni yokuqala yokuxazulula ukuqulwa kwenkantolo ngaphandle ngezinyathelo zokugcina zokudlulisa, ngokuqonda okuwusizo kokusebenza kosuku ngalunye.

Uyini Umthetho Wangaphakathi?

Umthetho wangaphakathi uyindikimba yomthetho olawula izingxabano zangasese phakathi kwabantu, amabhizinisi, noma ezinye izinhlangano. Uphambene nomthetho wobugebengu, osebenzelana namacala amelene nombuso. Endaweni yomphakathi, iqembu elilimele (umkhandi) lifuna ikhambi (inani elivamile) ikhambi noma isiyalo semali (ukusuka eqenjini) elithi libangele ukulimala (ummangalelwa). Umthwalo wobufakazi ecaleni lomphakathi ngokuvamile uphansi kunecala lobugebengu; umkhapheli-mthetho kumelwe afakazele icala lawo [[FLT: 0]] ngecala lobufakazi [[FLT:]] (cishe)] (okungekho), kanti umshushici wobugebengu kumelwe ubonise ukuthi unecala ]

Umthetho wesizwe uhlanganisa izindawo eziningi ezivalekile, kuhlanganise nomthetho wesivumelwano (ukuncintisana kwesivumelwano), i-tort somthetho (i-gligence, ukunyundelwa, umthwalo), umthetho wempahla (izimpikiswano zezindawo, imicimbi yangaphakathi), umthetho womkhaya (imvume, ukuwinwa kwezingane), ukutholwa kwezingane zomntwana), kanye nomthetho webhizinisi (ukuphikisana ngesivumelwano sobungane), umthetho we-tort (ukuthatha i-liginigations). Imithetho ye-procedronal elawula indlela izaphula ngayo izindaba zombango phakathi kwenkantolo itholakala kakhulu eMthethweni we-Polivracment Procedature noma umthetho olinganayo, njengemithetho yenkantolo kanye necala. Ukuhlola okugunyazwe, [FLD] Ukuhlola i-Generalgalmentation Institutesment yomthetho womthetho womphakathi [Foct:1]

Izinga Lokumangalelwa Komphakathi

Nakuba wonke amacala ehlukile, ukumangalelwa kwecala kwamacala ezakhamuzi kulandela inqubo elandelanayo. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza izigaba nabameli ukuba bahlele izindleko, balawule izindleko, futhi babeke amathemba angokoqobo. Ngezansi kunezici eziningi ezizokwephulwa esitejini ngasinye somphakathi.

1. IPhasi eliyiPretigation

Ngaphambi kokuqulisa icala, izimpikiswano eziningi zingaxazululwa ngemizamo yokuqulwa kwecala ngokwethukela noma ngokusemthethweni. Lesi simo asidingwa njalo umthetho, kodwa izinkantolo zikhuthaza noma zifaka amacala ngokuqhubekayo ukuzama ukubuyisana ngaphambi kokuba aphendule. Imisebenzi eyinhloko ihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukuthatha [: Imicimbi : zikhathi eziningi ngabameli babo, ifuna futhi inikeza ukuzama ukufinyelela indawo yokuzithandela. Abaqondisi abanekhono bagxila ezithakazelweni ezithakazelweni kunokufuna izikhundla zokwakha.
  • [[NTL:0] Izinhlamvu ezidingwayo: Umkhangisi uthumela incwadi engokomthetho echaza isikhalo, isisekelo esingokomthetho sokuzisholo, nekhambi elikhethekile elifunwayo (umz., isamba semali noma isenzo sokulungisa). Uhlamvu olukhokhelwayo olukhokhelweyo lungavuselela indawo ngaphandle kokumangalelana.
  • [ I-mediation: Emphakathini, umlamuleli ongathathi hlangothi wesithathu usiza ingxoxo phakathi kwamaqembu. Umlamuleli akaphoqeleli isinqumo kodwa usiza amaqembu ukuba athole indawo avumelana ngayo. Amazwe amaningi adinga ukuzwana ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala elithile, njengezindaba zomkhaya noma ezincane.
  • Izivumelwano zokuhlanganisa: Ezinye izivumelwano ziqukethe izigaba ezibophayo, ezidinga izigigaba ukuba zidlulisele izimpikiswano kumphathi wecala kunokuba zidlulise inkantolo. Uku-Arbitro iyinqubo yangasese, engahleliwe ephumela esinqumweni sokugcina, esingathathi hlangothi.

Imizamo yangaphambi kokuqala ingalondoloza isikhathi esiphawulekayo nezindleko. Inikeza futhi amaqembu amandla emiphumela. Ukuze kuqalwe amasu okuxoxa ngaphambi kokuhlolwa, vakashela i-American Bar Association’s Transpagement of Dispute Resolution.

Ukuphonsa Isikhalo Neziqubulo

Uma imizamo yangaphambi kwesigaba ihluleka, ummangaleli uqala icala ngokufaka uhlabe umlomo enkantolo efanele. Ukukhononda kumelwe kukhulume ngokucacile iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho, iziphakamiso eziyiqiniso ezisekela lokho okushiwoyo, futhi ukukhululeka okuceliwe. Ukucabangela okubalulekile kulesigaba kuhlanganisa:

  • Jouristiction and Venue: I-paltiff kumele ifake ihele enkantolo enombuso wesihloko (igunya lokuzwa lolohlobo lwecala) kanye negunya lomuntu siqu phezu kommangalelwa. Imithetho yeVnue inquma indawo efanele yendawo.
  • Ukulawula ukulinganiselwa[: Zonke izinketho zomphakathi zinesilinganiso sesikhathi sokubhala. Ukungasifaki isikhathi esimisiwe ngokuvamile kuvala isibopho saphakade. Umthetho uhlukahluka ngohlobo lwe-eyebo nombuso.
  • [ Ukubhakabhaza Fee: Izinkantolo zidinga imali ukuze kuvulwe icala. Izinsalela zingatholakala kuma-indizenti.

Kuhambisana nokukhononda, inkantolo ikhipha ummongo `isaziso esingokomthetho sokuthi ummangalelwa kumelwe aphendule phakathi nenkathi emisiwe (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu 20 kuya kwezingu-30). Izimemo ziqondisa ummangalelwa ukuba avele futhi avikele, noma kungangeniswa isahlulelo esiyiphutha kubo.

Inkonzo yenqubo

Ngemva kokubhala, ummangalelwa kumelwe asebenzise isikhalo futhi abize ummangalelwa ngokuvumelana nemithetho elandelwayo. Inkonzo yenqubo iqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuthi uthola isaziso sangempela samacala kanye nethuba lokuzwakala (imfuneko yenqubo engokomthetho. Izindlela zenkonzo zihlanganisa:

  • [[QURT:0] Inkonzo yakho siqu: Isiphakeli senqubo noma i-hempperdom inikeza ummangalelwa amaphephandaba.
  • Inkonzo e-': Uma inkonzo yomuntu siqu ingakholeki, amaphepha angashiywa nomuntu oneminyaka efanelekayo endlini noma endaweni yebhizinisi, noma ithunyelwe futhi ilandelwe ngeposi lesibili.
  • Icebo lokusakaza: Uma ummangalelwa engenakutholakala, inkantolo ingavumela isaziso ngokunyatheliswa ephephandabeni njengendlela yokugcina yokufuna ukuthatha isinyathelo.

Ngemva kwenkonzo, i-paltiff ifaka isivikeli senkonzo nenkantolo, ibhala ukuthi ummangalelwa ukhonzwa kanjani futhi nini. Inkonzo engagunyaziwe ingaholela ekuxoshweni noma ukulibaziseka.

Ukusabela Kwesikhulumi

Uma eseqediwe, ummangalelwa kumelwe abhale impendulo ngesikhathi esishiwo emyalweni. Ukusabela okuvamile kuhlanganisa:

  • Phendula: Ibhukwana elivuma noma eliphika ukumangalelwa ngakunye ekukhanseleni. Ummangalelwa angaphakamisa futhi ulwelo lokuvuma (umz., umthetho wokulinganiselwa, imvume, ukulahla).
  • [[FLT: 0] Ikholimetrium: Ummangalelwa angazisholo ukuthi umelene nomphandle ovela kuthengiselwano olufanayo noma isenzakalo esifanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ecaleni lengozi yemoto, ummangalelwa angaphikisana no-claim ukuthi ummangalelwa wayenecala.
  • Cross-Claim: Emacaleni amaqembu amaningi, ummangalelwa angagomela ngokumelene nomphathi we-defanti.
  • Ukukhipha : Kunokuba aphendule, ummangalelwa angafaka umshoshoshozeli ukuthi isikhalo asisho ukuthi isiphi isikhalazo esinganikezwa, noma ukuthi inkantolo ayinalo igunya lokulawula. Uma ivunyelwe, icala lingase licinywe noma ikhefu elinikeziwe libe yisiphelo.

Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula phakathi nosuku olumisiwe, ummangalelwa angacela isahlulelo esingaphucukile , esivame ukunikeza imiklomelo usizo olufunwayo ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukutholwa. 5.

Ukuthola ngokuvamile kuyingxenye ethatha isikhathi kakhulu nebiza kakhulu yokuthola incazelo yomphakathi. Injongo yayo iwukuvumela izinhlangothi zombili ukuba zithole ubufakazi komunye nomunye nakumalungu amathathu, ziqede ukumangala lapho kuqulwa futhi zithuthukise ukuhlaliswa kahle. Ukwanda kokuthola izinto kubanzi: amaqembu angathola noma yikuphi ukwaziswa okungadingwa yinoma yimuphi umkhandlu noma umfundisi. Amathuluzi abalulekile okuthola izinto ahlanganisa:

  • [[IMIFUNDO:0] Izinqumo[: Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo. Izinkantolo zivame ukulinganisela inani (isib., imibuzo engu 25).
  • Ama-detitions: Ubufakazi obufungelwe obuthathwe ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Ama-athorney angabuza imibuzo futhi alandele ngesikhathi sangempela. Ama-donsitions ayithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lokuthola ukuthembeka kobufakazi nokuvala ubufakazi.
  • Izicelo ze production: Izicelo zamaphepha, ulwazi olugcinwe nge-tektroniki (ESI), noma izinto ezibonakalayo. Enkathini yanamuhla yonyaka yobuchwepheshe, i-e-email, imibhalo, nemetameter kugxile kakhulu.
  • Izicelo ze-Active: Omunye ucela omunye ukuba avume noma aphike izitatimende ezicacisiwe eziyiqiniso noma ezingokomthetho. Amaqiniso avunyiwe athathwa eqinisekisiwe ngecala.
  • Subpoenas: isetshenziselwa ukuphoqelela abangewona amaqembu ukuveza amabhukwana noma ufakazo e-athonsi.

Izingxabano ezitholakalayo zivamile. Ama-attorney angafuna iziqondiso ezivikelayo zokulinganisela ukutholwa noma ukuthatha inyathelo ukuze aphoqelele uma umkhakha uhluleka ukusabela. Imithetho ye-Federal ye-Civil Procediture ne-ovementevement efana nayo idinga ukulingana lapho itholwa."umthwalo akumelwe udlule inzuzo.

6. Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi

Ngaphambi kokulingwa, abahlanganyela bangathatha unyawo befuna izimpikiswano ezimngcingo noma banqobe icala ngaphandle kokulingwa. Isihluthulelo se process yangaphambi kokwahlulela sihlanganisa:

  • Motion for Comppe Justice Justice Justice: Ifakelwa uma kungekho ukuphikisana kwangempela nganoma yiliphi iqiniso lezinto futhi iqembu elihambayo linelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Inkantolo ibukeza ubufakazi (izimo, ama-affidavits, audons) ukuze ithole uma ukuqulwa kwecala kudingekile.
  • Motion ku-Limine: Isicelo sokukhipha ubufakazi obuthile ekuthethweni kwecala. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunyakaza kungafuna ukukhipha ubufakazi bezindawo zangaphambili ngoba azinakukwazi ukuveza ukuthi zinecala.
  • I-Deubert Motion: Ezinkantolo zikahulumeni (nasezinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni), isinyakazo sibekela ubufakazi obungaqondakaliyo obungochwepheshe inselele, siphikisa ngokuthi abufinyeleli ezindinganisweni zokwethembeka ngaphansi Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceticus.
  • Motion to Compel: iphoqelelwe ukuphoqelela umbhanqwana ukuba avumelane nezicelo zokuthola.

Uma kunikezwa ukwahlulela okufingqiwe, icala liphela ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Uma linqatshwa, icala liqhubekela onyakeni wokuqulwa kwecala.

7. Ukuqulwa kwecala

Icala liyinkulumo engokomthetho yobufakazi nempikiswano phambi kwamajaji (icala lebhentshi) noma umahluleli namajaji (icala). Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ivame ukuvela ngalo hlelo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhetha (Inani eliphelele): Ekuqulweni kwecala, abameli babuza abazothatha izigebengu ukuba baphawule ubandlululo. Inhlangothi ngayinye ingasebenzisa izinselele (inani elilinganiselwe) nezinselele zesizathu.
  • Izinkulumo ezivulayo[: ilungu ngalinye lihlela ubufakazi elilindele ukubunikeza nendaba elizolisho. Ukuvula izinkulumo akuwona ubufakazi kodwa kusebenza njengemap.
  • I-Platodiff’s Case-in-Chief: I-paltiff inikeza ubufakazi (ubufakazi bobufakazi, amaphepha, imiboniso) ukuze ifakazele isici ngasinye salokho abakushoyo. OFakazi bahlolwa ngokuqondile, bese bedlula ngokuphindwa yisivikelo.
  • [ Icala leDefentant [[[FL:1]]: Ummangalelwa unikeza ubufakazi bawo siqu nofakazi, kuhlanganise nanoma iziphi izivikelo zokuvumela noma ama-claim.
  • [[Umthetho:0] I-paltate ne-Surretal: I-pallaff inganikeza ubufakazi obengeziwe ukuze imelane nendaba yolwelwelo, futhi ulwelwelo lungaphendula ngendlela efanayo.
  • Impikiswano echazayo: Inhlangothi ngayinye ifingqa ubufakazi futhi iphikisa ukuthi kungani ijaji noma amajaji kufanele alawule ngokuvumelana nabo. I-pasttiff ivame ukuthatha indawo yokuqala neyokugcina.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Imiyalo e-Jirp: Umahluleli ufundisa amajaji ngomthetho osebenzayo. Ecaleni lasebhentshini, umahluleli usebenzisa umthetho ngokuqondile.
  • I-Deliberation and Verdict: Ijaji (noma ijaji) iyaqapha futhi ibuyisa isinqumo. Ezicabeni zomphakathi, isinqumo akumelwe sihlangane ngaphandle kokuba kufuneke imithetho yendawo; iningi lanele.

Ukuqulwa kwecala kungase kuthathe usuku olulodwa noma amasonto ambalwa, kuye ngokuthi kuyinkimbinkimbi. Izindaba eziningi zomphakathi aziqulwa ngecala, kodwa zixazululwa ngokuzisebenzela noma ukuqulwa kwecala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

8. Ukwahlulela Nezinyathelo Zangemva Komshado

Ngemva kwesinqumo, inkantolo ingena ekwahluleleni ebonisa umphumela. Isahlulelo singahlanganisa:

  • [ Imiphumela engathi shubis: inxeba lokukhokha (ukulahlekelwa ngokoqobo), ukujeziswa (emacaleni okuziphatha okubi kakhulu), futhi ngezinye izikhathi umonakalo ogama linguwo.
  • [[NTL:0] Impumuzo engathiwayo: Isinqumo senkantolo esifuna ummangalelwa ukuba enze noma agweme ukwenza isenzo esithile (umz., susa uthango, uyeke ukusakaza izinkulumo ezihlanjalazayo).
  • [[Intengiselwano:0] Impumuzo yokukhipha [: Isifungo senkantolo samalungelo amacala ngaphandle kokukhokhwa.

Ngemva kokwahlulela, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase lifake uhele wezenzo zangemva komthetho, njenge ingcinga yokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho (ukuvuselelwa kokuhamba kwangaphambili) noma ukusabela kokuqulwa okusha [[ okusekelwe emaphuthani angokomthetho noma ekuziphatha okubi. Le mithetho kumelwe ibekwe ngokushesha (ngokuyisisekelo) phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi kuya ku-30.

9. Ukukhanga

Uma iqembu elithile likholelwa ukuthi inkantolo yecala lenze iphutha elingokomthetho elithinta umphumela, lingase lidlulisele icala enkantolo edlulisa icala.

  • Notice of Appeal: Iphepha elifushane elifakwe enkantolo enkantolo equlweni lecala ngesilinganiso esiqinile sesikhathi (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-30 kusukela ekwahlulelweni).
  • Iqophelo lokudlulisa : I-repy yokuqulwa kwecala, imibukiso, nokuncenga kuqoqwe ukuze kudluliselwe inkantolo ye-appellate.
  • Appelta Briefs: iziphakamiso ezilotshiwe ezichaza amaphutha okuthiwa ashintshwa nokuthi kungani isahlulelo kufanele siguqulwe noma sishintshwe.
  • [ral Comment : Ama-athorney avela phambi kwamajaji athathayo ukuze aphendule imibuzo.
  • Ukuhlola : Inkantolo ethathayo ingaqinisekisa, ibuye, i-vacate, noma i-remand (emuva) icala lokwenzeka. Izikhalo ngokuvamile azihileli ubufakazi obusha noma ukuveza amaqiniso; indinganiso yokubukeza ngokuvamile “isebenzisa ukuqonda” noma“ iphutha elicacile” ekutholeni amaqiniso, udevo [ weziphetho ezingokomthetho.

Ukudlulisa isikhalo okuqhubekayo kungase kwenzeke enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu noma eNkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S., kodwa ukubukeza okunjalo akunakwa futhi akuvamile ukunikezwa.

Enye Impikiswano

Akuzona zonke izingxabano zomphakathi okumelwe zixazululwe ngokuqambana. Izindlela ze ADR zinikeza amaqembu izindlela ezivumelanayo, ezisheshayo, futhi ezivame ukungathathi hlangothi kakhulu ukuze axazulule. Izindlela ezintathu ezivame kakhulu yilezi:

  • [ Ukuhlanganisa[: Izingxoxo eziqondile phakathi kwamaqembu (noma abameli bawo) ngaphandle kwengxenye yesithathu. Kuyindlela elula neshibhile kakhulu, futhi kulondoloza ubuhlobo.
  • [ I-mediation: Umsizi ongathathi hlangothi usiza izinxulumani ukuba zixhumane futhi zihlole izinketho zokuhlalisana. Umlamuleli akanagunya lokumisa isinqumo. Ukukhipha izigebengu ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya kugunyazwa izinkantolo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ezimisweni eziningi.
  • I-Arbitration: Umthumeli ongathathi hlangothi uzwa ubufakazi futhi unikeza isinqumo sokubopha noma esingabophi. Ukuhlanganisa kuvamile ezivumelwaneni zezente nakubathengi, nakuba ukulunga kwayo kuphikiswana. ABA inikeza imithombo etholakala ekwandiseni [.
  • UMthetho ohlobanayo: Iqembu ngalinye ligcina ummeli oqeqeshiwe obambisanayo futhi liyavuma ukuxoxa obala ngaphandle kokuya enkantolo. Uma lenqubo yehluleka, bobabili abameli bayahoxa, futhi amaqembu kumelwe aqashe iseluleko esisha sokulithwa.

I - ADR ingalondoloza isikhathi, inciphise izindleko, futhi ivumele amakhambi adlulele ngalé kwalokho inkantolo engakuyala.

Isiphetho

Izinqubo zomthetho wesizwe ziklanyelwe ukunikeza izinqumo ezilungile nezihlelekile ezimpikiswaneni zangasese, zisekela umthetho kuyilapho zihlonipha amalungelo abo bonke abahilelekile. Kusukela ekudingisheni kokuqala ukuqulwa komthetho, ukuqulwa, ukudluliswa, ukudluliswa, isigaba ngasinye sifeza injongo eqondile: ukuveza izimpikiswano, ukuqoqa ubufakazi, ukuvumela ukuhlalisana, futhi uma kudingekile, ukuba uma umakhi wesinqumo ongathathi-hlangothi asebenzise umthetho emaqini. Nakuba indlela yokukhononda kuya phambili kumacala okugcina ingaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi iqondane nesikhathi, ukuqonda ukwakheka kwe-proccodeficture sy sy nergistsssssssss, impumelelo, ukuphumelela, ukuphumelela, ukuphumelela, ukuphumelela.