Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho: Indlela Isinqumo Sokwahlulela Esichaza Ngayo Amaphoyisa

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinqumo zokwahlulela nokugcinwa komthetho buyindawo eqinile yamaphoyisa omthetho-sisekelo. Uma izinkantolo zichaza iSichibiyelo sesine i-’ isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka, iSichibiyelo seFindth Semplete ̱ isiqinisekiso sokuzilahla komuntu ngokwakhe, noma iSiphendulo se 145 se-Imprimement ̱ ifaka imingcele elinganayo emele amaphoyisa asebenze kuyo. Lezizibophothi azinikezi nje ifilosofi engokomthetho engaqondakali; ziveza izinguquko ezisebenzayo ezithinta izikhulu zonke emgwaqweni, kusukela ekunqanyulweni kwezimoto ukuze zikhiphe ukubulawa.

Izinqumo zokwahlulela zisebenza njengesibonelo esingokomthetho ngaphansi kwemfundiso ye ikhipha isinqumo, zonke izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi nezinkantolo zikahulumeni (ngemibuzo ye-translate) kumelwe zilandele leyoncazelo. Izinhlangano zomthetho ezweni lonke zifanele zihlaziye izimiso zazo, isikole semfundo, isikole sesikole, isikole sezwe, inqubo yokuqondisa inqubo entsha. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kuveza izikhulu nezinhlangano zezeminyango yomphakathi, ukunqandwa kobufakazi, ngisho nokuvinjelwa kwemiyalo yomthetho.

Ngokungathi kunjalo, izinqumo zokwahlulela azinikezi imithetho ecacile njalo. Imithetho eminingi idinga ukulinganisela ukuhlolwa i̬ ngokwesibonelo, ilinganisa i-̱ ikhathalela isithakazelo somuntu siqu ngokumelene nesithakazelo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni. Lokhu okungaqondakali ngokuvamile kushiya ukugcinwa komthetho kunezindawo ezimpunga, kufune ukuba izinhlangano zithuthukise imithetho yangaphakathi edlula izimfuneko ezilinganiselwe zombono wenkantolo. Ukuqonda indlela lenqubo evezwa ngayo kubalulekile kubaholi bamaphoyisa, abaqondisi bemithetho engokomthetho, nabakhi bezimiso.

Ithonya: Ubuqili, Umthetho Nokuqeqesha

Iphutha Lokuphetha Isiqalo

Imoto eyinhloko lapho izinqumo zokwahlulela zimisa khona ukugcinwa komthetho ngokomthetho yisibonelo. INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S.’ izincazelo zoMthetho-sisekelo zihlanganisa wonke uhulumeni, umbuso, nesikhulu sendawo ezimpikiswaneni ezinjengokubangela, ukusola okunengqondo, nomthetho wokukhipha. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT]] [[1] Mapp v. Ohio[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT] [1961]], iNKAMBHAWULO ikholelwa ukuthi ubufakazi obutholayo ngokwephulwa kweSichibiyelo sesine abungasetshenziswa ekumangalini kwemithetho. Lesinqumo esisodwa sezekeli sipho siphoqeke ukuba sithathe imithetho eqinile ukuze sithathe imithetho eqinile yokuthola imibandela nesiqinisekiso, ngenxa yengozi, ngenxa yemiphumela yesizwe manje, futhi imiphumela yesizwe.

Izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni nazo zihlela umkhuba phakathi kwezindawo zazo. Isinqumo seNkantolo Yesifunda Yezingcingo ye-Ninth sokusebenzisa amandla sisebenza kubaphathi base-Alaska, e-Arizona, eCalifornia, eHawaii, eIdaho, eMontanada, e-Oregon, naseWashington. Izinhlangano zomthetho kulezozifunda kumelwe zilungise izimiso zazo, ngisho noma lomkhuba ofanayo uhlala uvumelekile kwenye indawo. Lo msebenzi wesibonelo udala ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi wemisebenzi eminingi nezikhulu ezisebenza eduze kwemigqa yombuso.

Izincwadi Zomnyango Ezibukeziwe Neziphendulo Zomthetho

Ngemva kwesinqumo esinemininingwane, iminyango yamaphoyisa ihlola ngokwezimiso. Izimiso zobuchwepheshe, iziphathi-mthetho, kanye nezisebenzi eziyalayo zihlola inkantolo i’ ziphethe futhi zicabangele indlela yokuyihumushela eziqondisweni ezisemnyangweni. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kweNkantolo Ephakeme i’ isinqumo esingokomthetho [FLD] [1] [[FLT] [[FLT][2][1998] [199], esamisa i-̴ ukulinganisela i-„ ukulinganisela; indingayokusetshenziswa-izinto ezifunwayo, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, i-onke i-okisiwe, noma usongo, noma usongo, noma ubugebengu luhlosiwe, noma lukhona, noma lungagwenywe noma lugwenywe.

  • Isuswe ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso eziphoqelelwe manje ihlanganisa ulimi olucacile mayelana nokususa i-equality kanye nokulinganiswa, okungalandelelwa ngokuqondile esiqondisweni sokwahlulela.
  • Ukuhlola nokuthatheka kwemithetho elandelwayo kuyavuselelwa ngemva kokubusa Riley v. California (2014], eyayithi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola okuqukethwe inombolo kwesehlakalo socingo ukuze aboshwe.
  • Izinqubo zokunyusela[ zilungiswa ngemva kwezinqumo ezinjenge Miranda v. Arizona (66) kanye nokucaciswa kwamuva [ Berguis v. Thompkins [2010], eyachaza ukuthi isiqu esisebenzayo samalungelo.

Ukuqeqesha Nezatifiketi Ezingaphezu Kwezinga Elivamile

Uma izimiso sezibukeziwe, isinyathelo esilandelayo esibucayi ukuqeqeshwa. Izikole zobuphosa, izinhlelo zokuqeqesha zezemfundo, kanye nezimiso zokuqondisa ze-inthanethi yokusebenza kohlelo lwe-internet zihlanganisa izimvume ezintsha zokwahlulela. Internationalpolate Association of Shills of Police (IACP)[FLP] kanye nesifunda se-Profector Profectrial Office and Treadective formation (POST) i-amss activess actives appoints appoints ezinquisition. Abaphathi kumelwe babonise ukuqonda ngokuhlola okusekelwe ezibonelweni nangokuhlola. Eziningi, ukuhluleka ukuhlaziya isinqumo seNkakhulu ingathinta isikhulu seNkantolo Ephakeme i-&817; crective.

Ukuqeqesha futhi kudlulela nakubaphathi bomsuka wokuqala, abanomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlola. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokubusa [ku-[FLT]TESE v. Garner[[FLT]] (1985]), eyavimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla abulalayo ekubalekeni kwamafeya, iminyango ebekwe kakhulu ekudubulini/esasazi semiboniso yemidlalo yezekhono ezingokomthetho. Umgomo ukuhlanganisa isilinganiso esingokomthetho se-̱, ukusabela okungokwemvelo phakathi nokwehlela phezulu.

Izenzakalo Eziwuphawu Ezashintsha Umthetho

Izinqumo eziningana zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziwuphawu lokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamaphoyisa.

Miranda v. e - Arizona (1966) Nesimiso Sayo Sokwelapha

Mhlawumbe isimemezelo esikhulu semifanekiso, Miranda saqinisekisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sifuna amaphoyisa ukuba azise abasolwayo ngamalungelo abo ukuba bathule futhi abe nommeli phakathi nokuphenywa kwelungelo lokuthola ilungelo. Isinqumo saholela ekuxwayisweni okuvamile okufundwayo ezindaweni zonke. Nokho ukusetshenziswa kwaso kuye kwancintiswa ezimweni ezilandelayo.

  • Ukuguqula okungokwesayensi: Amaphoyisa manje aphethe amakhadi namagama aqondile ezixwayiso, futhi izinhlangano eziningi zibhala ukuphenywa kwemibuzo ukuze zibhale ukuthi izixwayiso zinikeziwe futhi zikhishwe ngokuzithandela.
  • Izinselele ezingokwenqubo: Ukuphakama kophengululo kwaholela kwi-̴ ukuphepha komphakathi okuhlukile ku-̵ [ku- New York v. Quarles [19984], ukuvumela izikhulu ukuba zibuze imibuzo ngaphandle kweMiranda izixwayiso uma kukhona usongo olusheshayo ekulondekeni komphakathi. Lokhu kudinga izikhulu ukuba zenze izahlulelo zomzuzwana mayelana nosongo.
  • izikhulu kumelwe zinqume manje ukuthi umuntu usejele nini ngezinjongo zeMiranda, okungenzeka ngisho noma engaboshiwe ngokomthetho uma umuntu onengqondo engeke azizwe ekhululekile ukuphuma.

UTerry v.Ohio (1968) ne-Stop-ne-Frisk Practics

Isinqumo sagunyaza ukuseshwa okulinganiselwe (amahla) ngezikhali ezisekelwe ekusolweni okunengqondo ukuthi umuntu uhlomile futhi uyingozi. Lokhu kubusa kwakha isisekelo esingokomthetho semisebenzi yokunqanda i-frisk. Nokho, ukucubungula ngokulandelayo kuye kwayicwengisisa lemfundiso.

  • [[I-FLT:0] Indinganiso eqinisekile yokusola: abaphathi-mikhosi kumelwe bachaze amaqiniso aqondile avumelana nokuma. Izinhlendla zokungalingani kohlanga ekuvimbeleni i-station-transki ziye zaholela ekuqondiseni kokwahlulela emadolobheni anjenge New York nePhiladelphia.
  • Ukuncitshiswa kanye nolinganiselwa: izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zaphikisana ngokuthi ubude besikhathi sokuma kukaTerry bunganwetshwa yini ekuhloleni kwenja-sniff (bona Rodriguez v. United States [2015]), nokuthi umuntu i’ ukundiza kwamaphoyisa endaweni ephezulu ye-crime kuphela kwakha ukusola okunengqondo (bona [[[FLT:]] i-Illinois v.[FLT][FLD:][5][200]]
  • Ukusabela kobupholishi:[ Iminyango eminingi manje ifuna izikhulu ukuba ziqede amakhadi okuxhumana abhalwe umjaho, ubuzwe, nokulunga kokuma ngakunye, kukhiqize ukwaziswa okuzisa ama-spectrical angaphakathi nezimiso zemvume.

UJones (202) nobuchwepheshe

, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi ukunamathisela umshini wokulandelela i-GPS emotweni futhi ihlole ukunyakaza kwayo kuhlanganisa ukuphenya ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sesine. Isinqumo asizange sifune isiqinisekiso kuzo zonke izimo, kodwa sabonisa ukuthi ukuqapha kwezobuchwepheshe kukhulisa izindaba zemfihlo. Lokhu kulungise indlela ukugcinwa komthetho okusebenza ngayo GPS kulawula ubuchwepheshe bokulandelela inqubo yobuchwepheshe [ futhi kuye kwathonya izimpikiswano mayelana nemininingwane yendawo yengqamuzana, ukuqapha kwephepha elizingelayo, kanye ne-drones.

  • Izimfuneko ezivumelekile:[ Iminyango eminingi manje idinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwa ngokunokwenzeka yimbangela ngaphambi kokunamathisela umkhondo we-GPS noma ukuthola ukwaziswa kwendawo ye-phophone ethatha isikhathi eside (ukulandela Amachashaza v. United States] [2018]).
  • [ Abaphathi bamadatha: Izimo zomkhakha kumele zigcine amaketanga aqinile elungelo lokuhlala nabantwana ukuze kuqashelwe ukwaziswa kobucukubhede bemishini futhi zamukele izinqubo ezilinganisela isikhathi ezigcina ngaso ukwaziswa kwendawo.
  • Abaqeqeshi bagxilisa ukugxila:[ abaphathi bafunda ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokulandelela ngenkathi emfushane (ngezinye izikhathi kuvunyelwe ngaphandle kwemvume ngaphansi komthetho womphakathi) kanye nokuhlola okuthatha isikhathi eside, okubangela ukuvikelwa kweSichibiyelo Sesine.

Graham v. Connor (1989) kanye nokusebenzisa iForce-defaults

Phambi GRAham, ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zazihlaziya izisholo zamandla eqiniswe kakhulu ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seNguqulo se 14nethi ’ izigaba ezingaphansi kwenqubo efunekayo. Graham[ yacacisa ukuthi konke ukusho kokucindezelwa okukhulu phakathi nokuboshwa, ukumiswa kophenya, noma okunye ukuphamba kulinganiswa ngaphansi kweNyakanya-Playelo ’ i-#820; i-objective ̵ indingayo. Lolulo lwezimo yesisekelo ludinga ukucabangela amaqiniso nezimo, ngaphandle kokusiza isikhulu esihambayo.

  • Imiphumela eqeqeshayo:[ abaphathi bafundiswa amaprong amathathu Graham: ubungako bobugebengu, usongo olusheshayo, nokumelana nokuphumelela noma ukuhluleka. Ukuqeqesha ngokuphindaphindiwe izikhulu ezihlolayo ngokusebenzisa lezizici.
  • Icala eliyikhohlakele: Isinqumo senza kwaba lula ngabachaphazeli ukuba basinde ekwahluleleni okufingqiwe emacaleni acindezela kakhulu, okuholela ezindaweni zokuhlala eziningi nasezinqumweni zejaji. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iminyango iye yafaka amakhamera omzimba ukuze ithole ubufakazi obungagungqiwe.
  • Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungalawuleki: Izinhlangano eziningi manje zihlanganisa i-de-asensitimes njengesu elidingekayo, ngisho noma iNkantolo ingayigunyazanga. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho efuna izikhulu ukuba zikhiphe zonke ezinye izindlela ngaphambi kokusebenzisa amandla abulalayo, ukwakha i-Graham

Izinkinga Zokwelusa Nezokuqeda Izinkinga

Izinqumo zokwahlulela azivele zishintshele ekusebenzeni okufanayo. abaphathi, abaphathi, nezikhungo zonke zingamelana, ukungaqondani, noma ukugwema ngamabomu imithetho engokomthetho.

Ukuzitika Nokulwa Nezifo

Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme zivame ukuveza imibono eminingi ephithanayo nephikisanayo, ishiye izinkantolo eziphansi zihlele ukuphatha. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva United States v. Drayton (2002], izinkantolo zilwa kanzima ukuchaza lapho umgibeli webhasi ohlezi esihlalweni se-paselpyray i-̴ u-seculizekile ̵ phakathi nokugadla. Ukudideka kwaphumela ekuxazululeni kwabangela imiphumela eguquguqukayo ezifundeni. Izinhlangano zomthetho ezisabela ezifuna ukuqaphaza kwemithetho enjalo zingamukela izinqubo zokuqaphana (ukuhlola okusemthethweni) noma ezinonyaza (i-patititigiontie).

Izici Ezisungulwayo Zimelana Nenguquko

Amasiko enhlangano phakathi kobupolishi angavimbela ukwamukela izindinganiso ezintsha zomthetho. Izikhulu ze-Verteran zingabheka izinqumo zokwahlulela njengezingagunyaza okungaphandle okuthi i-#820; chaff̵ amaphoyisa. Ngaphandle kokuhola okuqinile nezimiso zokulandisa, izinguquko zokuqeqesha zingahlala ephepheni kunokuqondisa ukuziphatha okungokoqobo. Izibonelo zokumelana okuphezulu zihlanganisa umthetho wokuvumelana [[[#FLT:] e-FLT] e-Fond, e-Missouri, lapho uMnyango wobulungisa wathola khona ukuphulwa okuhleliwe kweSichibiyelo sesine.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Ukuhambisana nezinqumo zokwahlulela kudinga ukutshala imali. Amakhamera omzimba, i-software e-GPS, i-software ethuthukisiwe, kanye ne-accordings esemthethweni konke kubiza imali. Izinhlangano ezincane, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, zingazama ukusebenzisa izindinganiso ezifanayo neminyango emikhulu ephambili. Lokhu kukhetha kungaholela ekuvikelweni okungalinganiyo kwamalungelo omthetho-mthethweni ezimisweni.

Indima Yokungahlangani Okufanelekayo

Imfundiso yokuzivikela efanelekile iyimfundiso yokwahlulela evikela izikhulu ezibophayo ngaphandle kokuba zeqe i-“ zamiswa ngokusobala i-̵ umthetho. Nakuba isivikelo sihloselwe ukuvikela izikhulu ezenza amaphutha alinganiselwe, abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ilulaza ukulandisa futhi ibambezele ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwemithetho engokomthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yacabangela izinguquko, kodwa manje, i - amasosha afanelekayo ahlala eyisithiyo esiwumgoqo wokuqinisa izinqumo zokwahlulela ngokumelene nezikhulu ezithile. Lokhu, kunciphisa isibindi seminyango sokulungisa izimiso zempikisiwe ngokuqhubekayo ukuze ikhiphe izinqumo ezingaqondile imvume yokungaqondile njenge-#820; emisiwe ngokukahlazi. i-𔄭 ngokucacile.

Ubuchwepheshe, Amalungelo Omphakathi, Nokubukeka Okushintshashintshayo

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka futhi umphakathi uqaphela amalungelo omphakathi, izinkantolo ziyoqhubeka zibhekana nezimpikiswano ezintsha ezibekela izinselele ezikhona.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nendlela Yokubikezela

Imithetho-mithetho esetshenziselwa ukubikezela amachashaza obugebengu noma ukukhomba abantu abasengozini yobudlova yeSichibiyelo sesine kanye nenqubo efanele. Loomis v.Wisconsin (2016], inkantolo ephakeme yasekela ukusetshenziswa kwe-COMPAS (ithuluzi lokufaka izingozi) kodwa yaxwayisa ukuthi isimo sayo sobudlelwano singaphula abamangalelwa ̱ amalungelo. Izinkantolo zesifunda seziqale ukuhlola ukuthi izinhlelo ezigunyaziswe ngokwezikhombozo zemithetho ye-galelo ziyakwanelisa izimbangela ezilindelekile. Izinqumo zomthetho kulendawo ziyohlela ukuthi izikhulu zimele zithole imibandela ngaphambi kokuba zenze umkhiqizo we-almolistism.

Ukuqashelwa Kobuso Nezinto Eziphilayo Ezilinganayo

Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kobuso ngokuqashelwa komthetho kuye kwabangela ukuhlaziywa kweSichibiyelo sesine nemithetho yeze-biometric. Lynch v. State (2020), iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yaseWashington yathi, i-video engenasiqinisekiso yokuhlola okungaqinisekiyo okuthi i-̱ ikhaya ngokusebenzisa ikhamera ye-pal ayizange iphambukise iSichimende sesine, kodwa abaphikisi baxwayisa ngemiphumela ye-̴ i-chilling. ̵ njengoba amacala amaningi efinyelela izinkantolo eziphakeme, amaphoyisa kumelwe alungiselele imingcele engase ihlolwe ekuqasheni kwangempela kobuso emibhikisweni noma ezinkundleni.

Amakhamera Omzimba Nokwazi Ukuthola Amarekhodi Amaphoyisa

Nakuba izinhlangano eziningi ziye zamukela ngokuzithandela amakhamera azimele, izinqumo zokwahlulela zilungisa i-’ izinqumo ezinelungelo lokungena e-Illinois. Izinkantolo ziye zahlukana ngokuthi amarekhodi akhululekile yini emithethweni evulekile kahulumeni. Iminyango yamaphoyisa kumelwe isebenzise imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yokuveza okulinganayo nokulingana nokubonakala kwangaphandle kwezinkinga zemfihlo kanye nokudinga kophengululo. Izenzakalo zamuva ezinjenge ACLU of Illinois v. City of Chicago (2018) iye yadinga izinhlangano zokukhululwa ngisho nalapho ibonisa ukulimala okungalawuleki noma ukuthatha okuthile okungalawuleki, iphoqelela iminyango yokuthuthukisa imithetho emisha emisha.

Ukusabela Kwenkinga Yempilo Engokwengqondo

Izinqumo zokwahlulela zifuna ukuba kuqikelelwe ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze kuhlaliselwe abantu ngabanye ngesifo sengqondo. Sheppard v. Phoenix (2021], iNgqungquthela yeSigodlo yeNinth ikholelwa ukuthi izikhulu zasebenzisa amandla eqile lapho zithumela i-taster ngokumelene nomuntu ophazamisekile ngokomzwelo owayengasongelanga muntu. Lokhu kubusa kanye nemithetho yemvume emadolobheni anjenge-Baltimore nasePortland, kuye kwashukumisela izinhlangano ukuba zandise i-Cisction Intervention Teation (CIT) nezisebenzi ezisebenza nochwepheshe bengqondo bezokuthumela.

Isiphetho

Izinqumo zokwahlulela akuzona izilinganiso ezingekho emthethweni; ziyizivikelo zomthetho-mthetho ezichaza izinga elivunyelweyo legunya lokugcinwa komthetho. Kusukela kwi Miranda kumngcele wokulandelela i-GPS, ukubusa ngakunye kuphoqelela izinhlangano ukuba ziphinde zihlole kabusha izimiso zazo, ziqeqeshe izikhulu zazo, futhi ziqondise imisebenzi yazo ngezindinganiso eziguquguqukayo zomthetho-sisekelo. Lenqubo ngokuvamile igcwele ukungaqondani, ukumelana, izinselele. Nokho ihlala iyinye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-GPS i-PS isebenza ngentando yeningi ihlonipha amalungelo abantu kuyilapho ilondoloza ukuphepha komphakathi.

Abaholi bomthetho abahlola imibono yamuva ngokuzikhandleka, abafaka izindleko zokuqeqesha okusekelwe ezimweni ezingokwezimo, futhi bahlakulele isiko lokuthobela umthetho kuyoba ngcono ukuba basebenzise igebe elishintshayo. Umphakathi uyoba nezinzuzo uma izikhulu zingaqondi nje ukuthi zingenzani, kodwa lokho uMthetho-sisekelo okufuna ukuba zikwenze. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe namathemba esikhathi esithile kuqhubeka kuvela, ingxoxo phakathi kwejaji namaphoyisa iyohlala ibalulekile ekulandeleni ubulungisa ngaphansi komthetho.