Indima YoMbuso Nohulumeni Bendawo Ekusakazeni Ubandlululo Olungokohlanga

Ukwahlukana kwezinhlanga ezinkonzweni zomphakathi − njengokufundiswa, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, izindlu, ezokuhamba, nobulungisa bobugebengu − akulona nje ifa lesikhathi esidlule; namuhla kuqhubekiselwa phambili ubandlululo lwezimiso nokwehlukana okungalingani. Ohulumeni basesifundeni nasemazingeni endawo banezikhundla ezikhethekile zokungenela, ukuphatha kokubili igunya elilawulayo kanye nokusondelana nemiphakathi. Ngokungafani nesimiso sikahulumeni, esingaba banzi futhi sephuze ukujwayela, umbuso nohulumeni bendawo kungaveza, izinhlelo eziqondene ngqo, izimbangela eziyisisekelo zemisebenzi ekhona engekho-mfa. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela amazwe, izinombolo, amadolobha, namadolobhanawo ngaphesheya kweUnited States asebenzisa ngayo izinhlelo zokuvala imingcele yezinhlanga ezinkonzweni yomphakathi, ukusekela i-data, ukuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi yezinhlangano zemisebenzi yomphakathi, nokuhwebelana.

Ukuqonda Ukujula Nokuqina Kokwahluka Kohlanga

Ukuze kwenziwe izimiso eziphumelelayo, abenzi besinqumo kumelwe baqale baqonde isilinganiso esigcwele somehluko wezinhlanga. La magebhu abonakala cishe kuyo yonke imisebenzi yomphakathi:

Imfundo

Abafundi abamnyama naba-Latino bagxile ngokungenakulinganiswa ezikoleni ezingaphansi kwemithombo ezinothisha abanolwazi oluncane, izinto eziphelelwe isikhathi, nezilinganiso eziphezulu zomfundi ku-prime-umnumzam. Ngokwe- National Center for Education Statistics[, amaphesenti angu-40 kuphela abafundi abamnyama abafunda izikole ezigcwele zezibalo nesayensi, uma kuqhathaniswa ne 67% yabafundi abamhlophe.

Ukunakekelwa kwempilo

Izinhlanga nezinhlanga ezincane zibhekene namazinga aphakeme esifo esingamahlalakhona, ukulindela ukuphila okuphansi, nokunciphiswa kokunakekelwa. I-Kaiser Family Foundation ibika ukuthi ama-Black America angama-60% angafa ngenxa yesifo sikashukela kunabantu abamhlophe baseMelika, kanti imiphakathi yamaMelika yoMdabu inamazinga aphakeme kakhulu angenakulinganiswa nanoma yiliphi iqembu lobuhlanga. Izinqumo zombuso zokwandisa i-Medicaid zinemiphumela eqondile ebona ukuncipha okukhulu kwezinhlanga ngokwenani lomshuwalense.

Izindlu Nezinto Zokuhamba

Imikhuba yokubuyisela futhi yokukhokha ubandlululo eqhubekayo iye yadala igebe eliqinile lengcebo yohlanga nezindawo zokuhlala. Izindawo ezincane ngokuvamile azinayo indawo yomphakathi othembekile, izindlela zokuthatha izindlu ezibizayo, nokuthola izitolo ezithengwayo noma amapaki. Urban Institute [ ifaka ubufakazi bokuthi imithetho yokuhlanganisa emadolobheni amaningi ingenayo inzuzo ephansi nezakhamuzi ezimbalwa, iqhubekisela phambili ukugcwala kobumpofu emadolobheni.

Ukwahlulela Kobugebengu Nezenzo Zobuphostoli

Ukungalingani kwamaphoyisa, amazinga okuboshwa, nokugwetshwa kubhalwe kahle. Abantu abamnyama naba-Latino basengozini kakhulu yokumiswa, ukuseshwa, nokuboshwa ngenxa yamacala afanayo uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abamhlophe. Izimiso zendawo ezilawula ukusetshenziswa kwegunya, inguquko yebheyili, nezinhlelo zokuzilungisa zifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekunqandeni noma ekunciphiseni lokhu konakala.

Iqhinga 1: Ukuhlukanisa iData-Drive

Isimiso esisebenzayo siqala ngokulinganisela. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo manje baqoqa futhi banyathelise ukwaziswa okungahambisani nohlanga, ubuzwe, nobulili. Lokhu kukhanyisa lapho umehluko ubanzi khona futhi kuvumela abenzi bezimiso ukuba bahlasele imithombo yezobuchwepheshe.

Izibonelo Zokuqalisa Ukwaziswa

  • I-Yashington ishozozo zonke ze-Payers kaHulumeni: Loluhlelo lulawula imiphumela yempilo ngomjaho onqamule izinshuwane, okwenza umbuso ukwazi ukubona amaqembu anezinga eliphakeme lokugoduswa esibhedlela kanye nokugonyelwa kwezisulu.
  • I-Fottle’s Race and Social Justice Initiative: Idolobha lifuna wonke amaqembu ukuba anikeze ukuhlolwa kwaminyaka yonke kwe-Equot Irdkit yezinhlanga kuzo zonke izinqumo ezinkulu zesimiso, ukubukeza ukwaziswa okuthi isimiso sithinta kanjani amaqembu ahlukene ezinhlanga.
  • I-Data kaMinnesota on Child Welfare: Ngemva kokuthola ukuthi izingane ezinsundu zathunyelwa kakhulu ekunakekeleni kobungane ngokuphindwe ka-3,5 inani labantu bazo lihlanganyela, umbuso wasungula uhlelo lokuvimbela ukwaziswa olwanciphisa ukufakwa kwemininingwane ngekhulu lama-20% eminyakeni emithathu.

Iqoqo lokwaziswa kumelwe lenziwe ngokwezimiso, nokusekela komphakathi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imfihlo ikhona futhi kugwenywe ukuqiniswa kwemibono eguquguqukayo. Ngokufanelekile, ukwaziswa kwenziwa kutholakale obala ngamabhodi angenalwazi avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi ohulumeni banecala.

Isu 2: Ukuhlelwa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Izinqubo ezingokwesiko zokuhlelwa kwemali zivame ukuqhubekisela phambili ukungakhethi ngokunikeza izimali ezisekelwe emikhakheni engokomlando esekela izindawo ezicebile. Ukuqondisisa uhlelo lwemali kusiza umphakathi ukuba usebenzise imali emiphakathini elinganiselwe ngokomlando.

Izinhlelo Ezisebenzayo

  • Imali yesikole efinyelelwe eHlalanisa iFomulas: AmaZwe anjenge New Jersey neMassachusetts asebenzisa izimali zabafundi ezisindayo ezinikezela imali eningi kumfundi ngamunye kubafundi abathola imali ephansi nabafundi abangamaNgisi, ukunciphiswa kwezithuba ezifeziwe phakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule.
  • [ Imali ephambili e-Equty Investice Fund: Amadolobha amaningana, kuhlanganise neBaltimore nePhiladelphia, aye asungula izimali ezinikezelwe zokuthintana nabanqandi bempilo ezenhlalo, njengokungathi ukungahleleki kwezindlu nezingwadule zokudla − izindawo ezihlala izakhamuzi ezimbalwa.
  • I-Traventing Justice Umhleli woHlahlelo: I-Metropolitan Transportation Authority eNew York City manje inikezela imali eyinhloko esekelwe “kukhomba okuthengwayo kwe-transmit” okucabangela ukusondela kwenkomba ephansi kanye nemiphakathi emizini ehamba ngaphansi komhlaba nasemigqeni yamabhasi.

Isici esibucayi siwukulinganisela okuhambisanayo emjikelezweni wemali ngokwawo, “‘ izinhlangano ezifuna ukuthethelela indlela imali eziyicelayo eyonciphisa ngayo ukuhlukahluka, ingakugcini.

Isu 3: Ukuthuthukiswa Kwenqubo Ehlanganisa Ukuhileleka Komphakathi

Imithetho eklanywe ngaphandle kokwaziswa okubangelwa imiphakathi ethintekile ngokuvamile ayilitholi uphawu noma ibangele umonakalo ongahlosiwe.

Imikhuba Emihle

  • Ibhodi ye-community Advisory Boards: I-Portland, iHhovisi le-Equty ne-Human Rights ihlanganisa ibhodi lomphakathi elihlanganisa amalungu amnyama, i-Inord, ne-istric, nabantu abanombala (BIPOC) ukuze babukeze zonke izimiso ezihlongozwayo zemiphumela elinganayo.
  • Ukuhlelwa Kohlelo Lohlelo Lwendawo: emadolobheni anjengeChicago ne Durham, izakhamuzi zivota ngokuqondile indlela yokusebenzisa ingxenye yemali kamasipala. Le nqubo iye yaholela ekufakeni imali emapaki, emabalazweni asemigwaqweni nasezindaweni zomphakathi ezithola okuncane kakhulu ngokomlando.
  • Ikhompathimenti esekelwe ngokwesiko: Ohulumeni baxhasa izinkonzo zokuthola ulimi, ukuqasha ukuxhumana komphakathi okuvela emaqenjini amancane, futhi baqhube imihlangano ngezikhathi ezithile nasezindaweni ezilungele imikhaya esebenzayo.

Intuthuko yezimiso futhi ihlanganisa nokuqasha. Izifunda zika-Spells ziye zamukela “izimiso ezivimbela ibhokisi” lokuthola umsebenzi womphakathi nokuthatha imvume, zisusa imibuzo yobugebengu emlandweni ezimisweni zokuqala zemisebenzi ukuze kuncishiswe ubandlululo lobuhlanga ekuqasheni.

Isu 4: Umthetho Nokuqondisa

Imithetho nezimiso zingahlanganisa izisekelo zokubusa. Imibuso nezishaya - mthetho zendawo ziye zadlulisela izikweleti eziningi ezihloselwe ukuqeda ubandlululo nokuthola izinto eziningi.

Izikhulu Eziphawulekayo

  • I-California’s Justice Act: Lomthetho wama-2020 uvumela abamangalelwa ukuba babeke inselele izinkolelo noma imisho esekelwe ebufakazini bobandlululo lwezegebengu ezimisweni zokwahlulela. Sekuholele ekucaphukeni ezimweni eziningi lapho abashushisi bengahambisani khona nabagqibi abamnyama.
  • I-Inclussionary Zoning Ordinances: Omasipala abangaphezu kuka 500 manje bafuna abakhi bezindawo zokuthuthukisa izakhiwo ezihlukene ngokubekela eceleni ingxenye ethile yezindawo zokuhlala ezibizayo. Eziningi zalezi mithetho zihlasela ngokuqondile ukuhlangana kwezinhlanga ngokuzibeka phambili imikhaya ezindaweni ezihlukene ngokomlando.
  • Ukusebenza ngokunakekela i-Punseage Expecurence: AmaZwe andisa iMedicaid ngaphansi kwe-Affordible Care Act abona ukwehla okukhulu kakhulu ezindaweni ezingakhangiwe zezinhlanga. Ngokwesibonelo, eKentucky, izinga elingabekelwe themba lezakhamuzi zabamnyama lahla lisuka ku-20% kuya ku-8% ngemva kokwanda.
  • [ Imithetho yenguquko: Imithetho evimbela imikhawulo, idinga amakhamera endikimba, nokumisa amabhodi abaphathi besizwe avame kakhulu ezizweni ezinokuphatha okukhulu kwezinhlangano zobulungisa bezinhlanga.

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo nazo zinendima. Ngokwesibonelo, i-California Air Resources Board iye yathatha “izindawo ezinabantu abangakwazi ukubhekana namaphutha” ukuze ibalazwe izinhlelo zokunciphisa ukungcola zifaka izakhiwo ezihlala abantu abanemibala eminingi.

Isu 5: Umngane weqembu elisebenza ngesiphambano

Awukho uhulumeni onemithombo noma ubuchwepheshe obudingekayo ukuze kuxazululwe iziphiwo ezihlukene. Ubudlelwane obunenzuzo engakhi, izinhlangano ezisekelwe emphakathini, amayunivesithi, kanye nezinhlangano ezizimele zehlelo bungakhulisa ithonya.

Izifanekiso Eziyinkimbinkimbi

  • I-Impacttict: I-nethiwekhi ehlanganisa izifunda, iminyango yezempilo, namaqembu angayiphumeli inzuzo emiphakathini eminingi ukuthuthukisa imiphumela yabantwana abanemibala kusukela ekuqaleni kuya emsebenzini. E-Centine, lendlela inciphisa igebe lokuphumelela kwesigaba ekufundeni kwesithathu ngeminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi.
  • Imishini ehamba nocingo oluqinile: Izinhlelo eziningi zeMedicaid manje ezihambisana neziphathimandla zezindlu ukunikeza usizo lokuqasha nokuhlanganisa izinkonzo kubantu abanemibala engenamakhaya. E-Oregon, ubudlelwane obunjalo baholela ekuncipheni kwe 40% ekuhambeleni emagumbini okuphuthumayo phakathi kwabantu abahlanganyela.
  • Intela yokuthengisa i-ququotry Coalitions: E-Atlanta, umfelandawonye wabalweli bezokuthutha, amaqembu amalungelo omphakathi, namabhizinisi endawo akhokhela ngokuphumelelayo intela yemali eyingxenye yemali ukuxhasa ukunwetshwa kwesiteji sokukhanyisa kuya ezindaweni eziphansi ezingenisa imali encane.

Nokho, ohulumeni kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi lokhu kubambisana akukululazi ukulandisa komphakathi noma ukuqeda ukulinganiselwa kwamandla akhona.

Ukuhlola Izifo: Impumelelo Nezifundo Ezafundwa

Madison, Wisconsin: Ukukhuluma Nemikhuba Ehlukile

Ngemva kophenyo lukahulumeni lwembula ukuthi abashayeli abaNsundu babesengozini ephindwe kane yokuholwa kunabashayeli abamhlophe, i-Madison Police Department yamisa inguquko ebanzi yokumisa izimoto. Lomnyango waqala ukusebenzisa ukwaziswa ukuze ukhombe izindlela ezicwathile, uqeqeshe izikhulu ezibuyisele ekukhetheni okusobala, futhi wathatha isimiso sokuxwayisa kuqala ngokuphambana okuncane. Eminyakeni emithathu, ukuhlukana kobuhlanga ekunqamukeni ngo-35%. Isihluthulelo sasilokhu siqondisa umphakathi (nebhodi lokuhlola izakhamuzi) eyakhiwe yizakhamuzi ezithintekile ezindaweni ezithintekile yanikeza incazelo eqhubekayo.

IColorado: Ukukwazi Ukuziphatha Okungcono

I-Office of Behavioral Health yaseColorado yasungula “iHealth Equity Fund” ngokukhethekile yemiphakathi yemibala, eye yasekela ngokwesiko izinkonzo zempilo yengqondo ezilungiselelwe ngokwesiko ezisezinkonzoni zeDenver ezinhlanu zosizo lwezinto ezifanele ezindaweni eziseduze nasemiphakathini yamaMelika Omdabu asemaphandleni. Lo hlelo ludinga futhi ukuba bonke abasizi benkonzo baqeqeshwe minyaka yonke. Ukuhlolwa kwathola ukuthi amazinga aphelele empatho ekwelapheni kwabadayisi abamnyama anyuka kusukela ku-5% kuya ku-78% phakathi neminyaka emibili.

IKing County, Washington: Intuthuko engenakulinganiswa yokudluliswa

IKing County yasebenzisa amandla ayo okuhlanganisa indawo ukuze yakhe “intuthuko elinganayo yezokuthutha” izifunda ezizungeze iziteshi ezintsha zezitishi zokukhanya. Abathuthukisi kudingeka bahlanganise izindlu ezibizayo, futhi izakhamuzi ezishiyekile zisuka ezindaweni eziguquliwe zasendulo. Isifundazwe futhi samisa izwe elithembisene ukuqinisekisa ukuthi indawo ekhona ikhona isikhathi eside. Kusukela ngo-201818, amaqoqo angaphezu kuka-1,200 ezindawo ezithengwayo zakhiwa kulezi zindawo, kanti ama-60% athathwa yimikhaya enombala.

Izinselele Nezithiyo Zokufeza Imisebenzi

Naphezu kwalezi mpumelelo, kusekhona izithiyo ezinkulu.

Ukumelana Nokushintsha

Izithakazelo ezifinyelelwe − kusukela kwabathuthukisi bezakhiwo kuya ezinhlanganweni zamaphoyisa − ngokuvamile baphikisa izinguquko eziqondiswe ngokulinganayo. Kwamanye amadolobha, izimvume zezindlu ezibizayo ziye zathotshiswa yizinselele zomthetho noma ukunxenxa. Ukuphikisana komphakathi ngokumelene “nenkolelo egxekayo yezinhlanga” kuye kwabangela izingxoxo ezipholisayo ngokuhluka kwezinhlanga ezikoleni. Ukunqoba lokhu kudinga ukwakhiwa okuqhubekayo nokukhulumisana okucacile ngendlela izimiso ezilungile ezizuzisa ngayo wonke umuntu.

Imithombo Yengcebo Elinganiselwe Namandla

Omasipala abancane kanye namaphandle ngokuvamile abanazo izisebenzi, izakhiwo zemininingwane, nobuchwepheshe bokuklama izinhlelo zobuhlakani eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ohulumeni bamazwe bangasiza ngokunikeza iziphakamiso zobuchwepheshe nezimiso zokulingisa. Ngokwesibonelo, iNational League of Cities inikeza “Racial Equality and Inclusion Stutter” amadolobha amancane angazivumelanisa nayo.

Ukulinganiswa Negebe Lokulandisa

Izimiso eziningi azinazo izilinganiso ezicacile, ezihlukanisiwe ukuze kuphumelele. Ngaphandle kokubika njalo nemiphumela ngenxa yokwehluleka ukunciphisa izinhlobonhlobo, izinyathelo zingalahlekelwa amandla. Ohulumeni kufanele bafake izimpawu zekhono lokusebenza ngokulingana ezingeniswe kwimibiko yaminyaka yonke futhi balinganisele imali ehlelelwe ukuthuthuka.

Ingozi Yemiphumela Engahlosiwe

Ngokwesibonelo, izinguquko zamaphoyisa eziwubudlwangudlwangu zingaholela ekubeni izikhulu zihoxe ezindaweni eziphansi, okungase kukhulise amazinga obugebengu.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukushintsha Kwesimiso Somzimba Esiqhubekayo

Ukuze kuqedwe ngempela umehluko phakathi kwezinhlanga ezinkonzweni zomphakathi, uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bendawo kumelwe badlule ngalé kwezinhlelo zomshayeli kanye nezindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo esisodwa. Umngcele olandelayo uhilela ushintsho lwesimiso:

  • Ukumisa amahhovisi e-'State'' asesilinganisweni soMkhosi we-'Tree': Izimo eziningana : hlanganise iWashington, i-Oregon, ne-New Jersey] kusungule amahhovisi anikezelwe ngokusemthethweni anegunya lokubukeza zonke izilinganiso zemali nezimiso ezihlongozwayo zemiphumela yobuhlanga.
  • Ukuthatha ukuthi “Ubulungisa ku-Framesss:[ kufana no-“Heath ku-Policies,” ohulumeni bangafuna yonke iminyango ukuba icabangele ukulingana kwezinhlanga ezinqubweni zayo eziyinhloko.
  • Ukuhlanganisa ushintsho lwezimo ezinde: Lokhu kuhlanganisa izimiso ezihlukanisayo njengemali enikezwa indawo yokuhlala ezindaweni ezazinemigqa emisha, ukuthatha iholo lekholeji ezindaweni ezikhona eziphansi, futhi kuqinisekisa abashayeli bemali emiphakathini emincane.
  • Ukwakha i-International Captaix: Incako ingadinga ukusekela ukuthuthukisa ukuhola emiphakathini enombala ukuze izinqumo zezimiso zenziwe yilabo abanokuhlangenwe nakho ekuphileni.

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza namathuluzi amasha. Imishini yokufunda ingasiza ekuboneni ubandlululo ekudluliseleni inkonzo (*) kodwa kuphela uma izimpawu zemithetho ziklanywe ngokuqondisa umphakathi nokubona.

Isiphetho: Isisusa Sokuqhubeka Nesenzo

Ukwahlukana kwezinhlanga ezinkonzweni zomphakathi akunakugwenywa. Kuwumphumela wamakhulu amaningi eminyaka ezimiso zokukhetha, futhi kungaqedwa ngokuthatha isinyathelo ngamabomu, sobufakazi emazingeni ezwe nasendaweni. Ukuqoqwa kolwazi, ukuhlelwa kwemali, ukuhlelwa kwemali, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, nokuhlangana kweqembu okungalawuleki kwakha ithuluzi elinamandla. Kodwa akukho nalinye lalamacebo eliyophumelela ngaphandle kokuzimisela intando yezombangazwe, ukuxhasa imali eyanele, kanye nesibopho esingantengantengi sokumisa amazwi alabo abathinteke kakhulu. Njengoba ohulumeni abaningi bemukela lezi zingene, ubufakazi bukhula cishe futhi ukukwazi ukuhlanganisa umphakathi ongenakuphindwa. Umsebenzi kunzima, kodwa izindleko zemisebenzi, kodwa ezinciphekelwe amathuba, ukuwohloka kwempilo, nokuwohloka kwemiphakathi.