Ukuqonda Izingxabano Zesithakazelo Ezindlebeni Zokuphatha

Izindlebe zezisebenzi ziwuphawu lokubusa okungasheshi: ukukhetha. Isinqumo esithinta abantu namabhizinisi singenziwa ngokungakhethi, ngokusobala, nangaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho. Uma kuthathwa ukuncishiswa kwelayisense ukuze kuzuze izingxabano, lezi zenzakalo zinamandla amakhulu phezu kokuphila nokuthemba umphakathi. Kodwa sonke isimiso sihlala phezu kwensika eyodwa elula: ukungakhethi. Lesi sikhathi umenzi wesinqumo uhlanganisa izithakazelo zomuntu siqu, "uhlobo lwe-fina, noma i-panementactal, noma i-meacianssss, productalsssss, intevicteds, isithakazelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi impela, ingenzeka, noma isobala nje, kumelwe iqondiswe ngokunemba. Lesi sihloko sinwe ngokubonakalisa, ukuveza, ukuphatha izingxabano, ukuhlanganisa neziphakaliso, ukuhlanganisa nezenzo zezenzo zobuqotho.

Imvelo Nezinhlobo Zezingxabano Zesithakazelo

Kuphakama ingxabano yesithakazelo lapho izithakazelo zomuntu siqu − imonitary, i-familia, noma uchwepheshe − zingakuthonya ngokungafanele ukufezeka kwemithwalo yabo yemfanelo engokomthetho. Emongweni wokuphatha, lezingxabano aziphelele ngaso sonke isikhathi; zikhona ngokwezinga elithile. Ukuqonda izigaba ezintathu eziqashelwayo kubalulekile:

  • Impi engokomthetho yesithakazelo:[ Umenzi wesinqumo unesithakazelo esiqondile, esingalungiseka emphumeleni wecala. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu esiphethe izindlebe sinesiqu senhlangano esiyingxenye yenkomfa.
  • [ Izimo eziphikisanayo ezingokwesithakazelo:[ zikhona ezingaholela ezimpikiswaneni esikhathini esizayo. Isibonelo singumfuthisi omngane wakhe womshado uye wafaka isicelo sokuncintisana ukuze athole isivumelwano esingase sithonywe imiphumela yezindlebe.
  • Impi esobala yesithakazelo: Ngisho noma kungekho ubandlululo lwangempela, ingqapheli enengqondo ingaphetha ngokuthi ukungakhethi kungahlehliswa. Ilungu lebhodi elimisiwe ngaphambili elalisebenza njengomeluleki okhokhelwa omunye walamaqembu liveza ukucwasana, kungakhathaliseki ubuqotho belungu lomuntu siqu.

Izinqumo zezisebenzi zivame ukuhilela izinqumo eziphakeme njengokunikeza imvume, ukunikeza amafashini, noma ukuphika izinzuzo. Izingxabano zibanzi: ukuntengantenga ngokwezimali (isheya, ukutshala imali, izikweleti), ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu (izisebenzi, abangane abasondelene nezombangazwe), ngaphambi kokuba uhileleke ecaleni (njengomphengululi, umsekeli, noma ufakazi), noma ngisho nezikhundla zemibono eziqinile ezithathwe obala endabeni. Abaphathi kumelwe futhi baqaphele “ukuphikisana” lapho umenzi wesinqumo ezuza uma iqembu lilahlekelwa − noma ukuphikisana nemisebenzi yesikhathi esizayo.

Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho Nezindinganiso Ezifanele

Ukumisa izimpi zesithakazelo akuyona nje indaba yokuzihlela ngokusemthethweni nokuzivumelanisa nezimiso. Ngaphesheya kwemingcele, imithetho nezimiso zokuziphatha kumisa imingcele yokuziphatha okwamukelekayo. E-United States, i-Administrative Procedure Act (APA) imisa izimfuneko zesisekelo, kodwa izinhlangano eziningi zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ebanzi kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, iHhovisi likaHulumeni inikeza isiqondiso esibanzi ngaphansi kwe-5 C.F.R. ingxenye 2635, ehlanganisa ukungezwani kwezimali, ukungakhethi, nokusetshenziswa kabi kwesikhundla. Izingangendlela ezifana ne-State Fairpial Fair Political Commissionstions okanye i-New York Joint Commission on Publicsc, ibeka izibophonsial.

Izimiso eziyinhloko ezingokomthetho zihlanganisa:

  • Imithetho eminingi idinga ukuqunjelwa okuzenzekelayo lapho kutholakala ingxabano. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungavala isinqumo futhi kudalule i-arhente ekuchazeni.
  • Izindinganiso ze-Apponational:[ Ngisho nalapho ubandlululo lwangempela lungavunywa, ukubonakala kokungalungi kungaba isisekelo sokugumbuqela isinqumo. Izinkantolo zivame ukusebenzisa “umuntu onomqondo” ohlolayo.
  • [ Iziphakamiso zokungahambisani: Abantu ngabanye bangabhekana nesenzo sokuyala, amafashini, noma ukususwa ehhovisi. Imishini ingayalwa ukuba ilungise amacala ngezindleko ezinkulu zomphakathi.
  • Ukuqeqesha i-Ethics kugunyaza:[ Izifunda eziningi zidinga imfundo yezimiso zokuziphatha yaminyaka yonke kuzo zonke izikhulu zokuphatha.

Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okujulile kwempi kahulumeni yezimiso zokusizana, hlola U.S. Ihhovisi lezimiso zohulumeni [ noma Ikhode yeMithetho ye-Federal, iNgxenye 5, Ingxenye 2635.

Ukubona Ukungqubuzana Kwesithakazelo: Isiqondiso Esiwusizo

Ukuqanjwa kokuqala kuwumkhondo wokuzivikela. Abathathi-mshuwalense − kuhlanganisa nabameleli, ofakazi, nezisebenzi zezinhlangano − kumelwe ukuba basebenza kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwezibopho ezisobala zezezimali, izikhombo ezicashile ngokuvamile ziyasibalekela isaziso. Cabangela uhlu olulandelayo:

  • [[QLT:0] Umkhaya kanye nobuhlobo obuseduze bomuntu siqu:[ Umntwana wakini, ingane, noma umngane womshado ohilelekile njengeqembu, iseluleko, noma ufakazi oyinhloko? Ngisho noma ubuhlobo bungasheshi, ubungane obuqinile bungadala ubandlululo.
  • [ Izithakazelo zemali:[ Ingabe wena, oshade naye, noma abantwana bakho abancane unempahla, indawo, noma ezinye izinto ezingathinteka ngomphumela? Ingabe umthelela ukukweleta imali, noma ubolekile kuzo?
  • Isivumelwano kanye nobudlelwane obuqinile: Uke wasebenzela omunye wamaqembu eminyakeni emihlanu edlule? Unawo umsebenzi ozowulindela noma oqhubekayo wokuya eqenjini elifanayo? Uyilungu lenhlangano efanayo?
  • Ukuhileleka komphakathi: Ingabe wahlanganyela ekuphenyeni, ekubuseni, noma esigabeni sokuqala sendaba efanayo? Uke waveza umbono womphakathi kulendaba?
  • I-Organications:[ Uyilungu lebhodi elingazuzisi elisekela noma elimelene nezithakazelo zeqembu? Ingabe iqembu elithile linengxenye ozakhele lona?
  • [ Ukuxhumene kwemibono: Uke wakhankasela umholi weqembu elithile? Ingabe uyilungu lephimbo leqembu eliye lathatha inyathelo kulendaba?

Ukuze kugwenywe ukuqondisa, inkantolo ngayinye kufanele iqale ngenqubo ehleliwe yokuhlola. Izinhlangano eziningi zifuna ukuba abathatha ingxenye baqede uhlelo olubhaliwe ngaphambi kwesimiso sokuqulwa kwendaba. Lefomu kufanele ibukezwe isikhulu sezimiso zezimiso zezemithetho noma isikhulu esikhethiwe esingakhethi. Noma isiphi isikhalo esikhethiwe kumelwe sibhalwe phansi futhi sizwakaliswe kuwo wonke amaqembu.

Amafulegi Abomvu Avamile Ezihlelweni Ezithile

Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindlebe zokuphatha zinezingozi eziyingqayizivele zezingxabano. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • Imali kanye namabhodi okuyala akhokhelwe: amalungu ebhodi ngokuvamile asebenza umsebenzi ofanayo nowelayisense. Umncintiswano angase abe nesithakazelo sezimali sokubona ilayisense ithathelwe indawo. Ngisho nombango ocatshangelwayo ungonakalisa izinqumo.
  • Ukuzinika nokulalela izindlebe zendawo: abahloli bokuhlela noma abazwayo bangase babe nempahla eduze nentuthuko ehlongozwayo, benze inzuzo yemali noma ukulahlekelwa. Iminikelo eyenziwa umfaki wesicelo empahleni ethandwayo yekhomishane eyiflagi ebomvu.
  • Izindlebe ze-Benefit (umz., ukukhubazeka, ukungasebenzi): Umbambi we-mfihlo ngaphambili omelelwe abathengi noma abaqashi emsebenzini womuntu siqu angafukamela ubandlululo. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezikhulu zezindlebe namaqembu abameli bendawo bungaba nenkinga.

Ukuqondisa Nokulungisa

Uma nje impi isitholakele, noma kucatshangwa ukuthi ithatha isinyathelo esincane. Ubuqotho bokuqhubeka buxhomeke ekuqondiseni okusobala nokuwujuqu. I-Strategies isuka ekuchaziseni kuya ekuququzeleleni, futhi ukukhetha okufanele kuxhomeke ekutheni ingxabano injani futhi inzima kangakanani.

Ucwecwe Newaiver

Indabuko egcwele nefike ngesikhathi ilinganiselwe. Umuntu oxabanayo kumelwe azise wonke amaqembu nesikhulu esiphethe isithakazelo. Kwezinye izimo, uma ingxabano incane futhi wonke amalungu evumelana ngokubhala, umkhohlisi angase avunyelwe. Nokho, abahluphi abatuswayo abathi ukuxabana kuyinto enkulu noma lapho ukubonakala kobandlululo kungaqeda ukwethemba umphakathi. Ukubhalwa komphikisi, kuhlanganise nenkulumo ecacile yamaqiniso nemvume yamaqembu, kumelwe kugcinwe embhalweni.

Ukuquleka Nokuthatha Indawo

I-Recasual iyikhambi eliphephile nelivame kakhulu. Umuntu oxabanayo umane athathe igxathu lakho lonke icala kulendaba. Ukulalela kuvele kuthathwe omunye umenzi wesinqumo. Lapho imithetho ivuma, izinhlangano zingamisa umbambisi othathe indawo noma zifake umahluleli womthetho ophethe komunye umnyango. Kumelwe abhalwe phansi, futhi isizathu kufanele sibhalwe embhalweni ngaphandle kokwembula imininingwane engadingekile yomuntu siqu.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwecala

Uma ingxabano ihilela ibhodi lonke noma iqembu, ukumisa icala kwenye indawo ngokuvamile kuyadingeka. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ilungu lebhodi yezokwelapha lishade nodokotela ophenyiswayo, ibhodi ingadinga ukuzisola ngokwayo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, isikhulu esikhethekile sezindlebe noma iqembu lesifunda singamiswa. Abahluleli bomthetho basehhovisi elisenkabeni ye-odmini bavame ukusetshenziswa njengabaqondisi bezindaba abangathathi hlangothi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinto Eziyizimpumputhe Noma Ezingaqondakali

Ezimweni ezingavamile lapho ukuqubuka okungadala umthwalo omkhulu wokuphatha, izinyathelo ezilinganiselwe zinganciphisa ingozi yobandlululo. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu esizwayo esinenzuzo encane ngokwezimali singanika umsizi ongakhethi izingxenye zesinqumo, noma umbhalo ungavalwa ekungeneni kweqembu eliphikisanayo. Lezi zinyathelo ziyaphikiswana futhi kufanele zisetshenziswe ngegunya elisobala elingokomthetho nemvume yeqembu.

Indima Yabaphathi Bezimiso Zokuziphatha Nabagqugquzeli

Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzisa izikhulu zezimiso zokuqondisa ukuze zinikeze isiqondiso esiyimfihlo. Abathathi hlangothi abaqiniseki ngokuthi isimo singesasiphi isimo kufanele bafune iseluleko esinjalo ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuthethwa. Izikhulu zezimiso zingasiza ekuhloleni izimo, zituse ukudalulwa noma ukuqulwa, futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi isinyathelo esithathwayo sihambisana nemithetho esebenzayo. Ukuhileleka kwazo kuqinisa futhi isiko lobuqotho.

Izibonelo Eziwusizo Nezifundo Zokuqulwa Kwezifo

Ukuqonda izimiso ezingaqondakali kubalulekile, kodwa izibonelo ezicacile ziveza indlela izingxabano ezibonakala ngayo lapho umuntu ezwa ngokoqobo.

Ukutadisha Indaba 1: Ilungu Leqembu Elihlela Ukuhlelwa Kwendawo

UJohn usebenza ebhodini lokuhlela kamasipala elicabangela isicelo sokulungisa esivela kumthuthukisi. Aziwa emphakathini, uJohn unesango lomhlaba oseduze nentuthuko ehlongozwayo. Uma ukubekwa kabusha kwempahla kuvunyelwe, inani lempahla kaJohn lizokhula ngamaphesenti angu-20. Phakathi nokulalela, uJohn uhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekubuzeni nasekuvoteleni isicelo. Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu lendawo eliqaphileyo lithola ubunikazi namafafa. Inkantolo ikhipha izikhala zokuhlanganisa izimali, iphawula ukuxabana okungokoqobo kwesithakazelo ngaphansi komthetho. Ibhodi iphoqelelwa ukuba izwe kabusha ngaphandle kukaJohane, ikhokhe izinyanga zokulibala nokukhokha imali engokomthetho.

[[NTL:0]Lesson:[ Inzuzo eqondile yemali, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi incane kangakanani, idinga ukuphindwa ngokushesha. UJohane kufanele ukuba wambula ubuni bakhe ngaphambi kokuba kuzweke futhi wahlehla.

Ukuhlola Icala 2: Isikhulu Sezindaba Esiphambili

UMaria ungumahluleli wezomthetho ophethe owabelwe ukuzwa impikiswano ngokukhubazeka okungavunyelwani. Ngaphambili, uMaria wayesebenza njengommeli ongokomthetho omelela abamangaleli abamelene nenhlangano efanayo. Nakuba engakalisingathanga ngokwakhe lelicala eliqondile, abaphathi bakhe kanye nozakwabo babonakala njengofakazi. Izinhloso zommeli wale nhlangano, ziphikisa ukuthi indima kaMaria yangaphambi kokukhubazeka iveza ukucwasana. UMaria uyavuma ukuthi ukhathazekile futhi uyavuma ngokwakhe. Ijaji elingathathi hlangothi lesinye isifunda.

[Lesson: ngaphambi komsebenzi noma ubuhlobo bobungane, ngisho noma bungaqondile, kungadala ukuqonda okunengqondo kobandlululo. Ukwembulwa okuphelele nokungagwegwesi kulondoloza ubuqotho bezindlebe.

Ukuhlola Indaba 3: Ukuxhumana Okukhulu Empikiswaneni Ehlangene

Ibhodi elithengwayo likahulumeni lizwa isikhalo somakhi owenqatshwe. Ilungu elithile lebhodi, uChen, linomngane womshado osebenzela inkampani encintisanayo. [1] Inkampani ephumelele i-Chen ayibheki ubudlelwane obuyinkinga, ikholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi wayo uzimele ngokuphelele. Nokho, ummeli wenkampani olahlekelwayo uphakamisa lendaba. Ngemva kokuxoxa nehhovisi lezezimiso zomthetho, uChen uyaqaphela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uthanda umqashi wakhe. UChen ngokwakhe ubheka ukuthi ungumqashi. Uyazi ukuthi amalungu ebhodini asele alalela ifomu lakhe.

[Lesson:[ Izimpi azidingi ubandlululo lwangempela; ukubonakala kobandlululo kwanele. I-Chen’s recusal yaba yisinyathelo esilungile, ngisho noma ayezizwa engakhethi.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Kubo Bonke Abahlanganyeli

Ukulondoloza indawo engenazingxabano kuwumthwalo wemfanelo owodwa. Izindima ezihlukene zidinga izenzo ezingafani.

Kubaholi Namalungu Ebhodi

  • Hlola izithakazelo zakho ezingokwezimali, ubuhlobo, nokuhileleka kwakho kwangaphambi kwalokho ekuqaleni kwazo zonke izabelo.
  • Ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele okudinga ukuziphatha minyaka yonke futhi kuhambisane nezinguquko emthethweni osebenzayo.
  • Uma ungabaza, chaza futhi ufune isiqondiso kumphathi wezimiso zokuhle.
  • Bhala phansi zonke izinqumo ezizotholakala, uphinde uqambe icala, futhi ukhiphe isinqumo sokuxosha, kuhlanganise nokucabanga.

Kulabo Abasekelayo Nabathathi - mlilo

  • Buza ikhasimende lakho ngobuhlobo obungase bube khona nomenzi wesinqumo noma umphikisi ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuthethwa kwecala.
  • Uma usola ukuthi kunengxabano, phakamisa le ndaba ngokushesha nangenhlonipho.
  • Uma uthola ingxabano ngesikhathi sokuqulwa kwecala, thatha isinyathelo sokuyikhipha embhalweni.
  • Ungazami ukusebenzisa ingxabano encane ngobuqili ukuze uphazamise into eqhubekayo; lokhu kuqeda ukuthembela esimisweni.

Kubaphathi Bezinhlangano Nezikhulu Zezimiso Zokuphatha

  • Sebenzisa ifomu elifanele lokuvikela ingxabano kubo bonke abalalelayo.
  • Nikeza isiqondiso esicacile, esilotshiwe sokuthi yini ewukuphikisana nokuthi ungakwembula kanjani.
  • Gcina ingosi eyimfihlo yokubhala izinto ozibhalile ukuze ubone ukuthi usebenza kanjani.
  • Ukuhamba ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kuvumelana kanjani nezimiso ezihambisanayo futhi kuthuthukiswe, ngenxa yezimpikiswano ezazivela.

KoFakazi Nasemadilini

  • Qonda ukuthi ungavusa ingxabano noma nini, ungacabangi ukuthi omunye uzokubangela.
  • Uma ngemva kokuzwa ukuthi umenzi wesinqumo unengxabano engashiwongo, thintana nommeli ngezindlela ongazikhetha.
  • Khuluma lapho ubuzwa ngobuhlobo — ukuxhumana kungabangela imiphumela emibi.

Ukwakha Isiko Lobuqotho

Ukulalela umuntu ngamunye kudingekile kodwa akwanele. Izimo zomkhakha kumelwe zithuthukise isimo lapho izingxabano zivuleka khona futhi zikhululwe ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela. Lokhu kudinga isibopho sobuholi, ukuqeqeshwa kwasikhathi sonke, nemiphumela ecacile ngokuphulwa. Ingxenye eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • [ Imfundo yezimiso zokuziphatha [ kuzo zonke izisebenzi ezingase zihlanganyele ekuqulweni kwecala lokuphatha, ziphindaphindeka okungenani njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili.
  • [ Izimiso zangaphakathi ezivulekile [ izisebenzi ezikhuthazayo ukuba zibike izindleko ezingaziwa uma kudingeka.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amakomiti ezimiso zokuziphatha ezizimele aqondisa amacala azwelayo futhi anikeze iseluleko sokungakhethi.
  • [ Umehluko ekwenzeni izinqumo @pulshing izibalo zezibalo ze-cullal nemithetho yezimpi ingandisa ukwethembana komphakathi.

Ukuze kufundwe ngokuqhubekayo ngokwakha izimiso eziqinile zokuziphatha kuhulumeni, i- National Conference of State Legislatures inikeza imithombo eminyangweni yezimiso zomthetho nemikhuba emihle kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo sokulalela akuyona inqubo engavamile, kodwa ukungakhethi kweqiniso kuvela empucukweni edinga ukulawulwa ngokunenzuzo. Ukwethembeka kwayo yonke inqubo yokuthungatha kuxhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwabo bonke abahilelekile ukuqaphela, ukudalula, nokusingatha izingxabano ngokushesha nangokuphelele. Izimo ezingokomthetho zinikeza isisekelo, kodwa ukungakhethi kweqiniso kusuka empucukweni ethatha indinganiso engcono kakhulu. Ngokusebenzisa izinqubo zokuhlola eziqinile, ukuphishekela ukukhomba okufike ngesikhathi, nokubhala zonke izenzo, izinhlangano zingavikela kokubili izinqumo zazo kanye nokholo lomphakathi ekulawuleni ngokulunga. Ukulalela konke kuyithuba lokubonisa ukuthi ubulungisa buhlala buyimpumputhe ngaphambi kokuba ukuzimisela kokuqala kuqale ukuwa.