OFata Abasungulwayo baseUnited States babengabaholi ababonwayo ababeqonda ukubaluleka kokwakha uhulumeni owawuzovikela inkululeko yezakhamuzi zawo. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ngokubusa kwaseBrithani kwazitshela izinkolelo zabo kanye nohlelo abalumisela isizwe esisha. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela abaklama ngayo uhulumeni ngokuhlola nangokulinganisela, ngokuhlukanisa imibuso, namalungelo abantu ngabanye njengezimiso zayo eziyisisekelo.

Umongo Wobaba Abasunguliwe

Ukuze aqonde umklamo kahulumeni waseMelika, kubalulekile ukuqonda umongo ongokomlando lapho kwasetshenziswa khona amaFathers okuQala. La makoloni ayecindezeleke ngaphansi kokubusa kwaseBrithani, ayehlanganisa ukukhokha intela ngaphandle kokumelelwa nokulahlwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo. ISimemezelo sokuzimela somthetho ngokwaso sibala uchungechunge lwezikhalo ezimelene neNkosi uGeorge III, kusukela ekuvaleni izishaya - mthetho zezindawo zombuso ezihlanganisa amabutho amabutho emakhaya abantu. Lokhu kwakungeyona into engokoqobo; kwakuwukunquma kwansuku zonke kwabasunguli ukuzama ukwakha isimiso sokumelana nonya. Inguquko yaseMelika (1775-17883) ayilwiwangamane nje ngenxa yokuzimela ukukhululeka kodwa ngenxa yesimiso okugunya elingokomthetho lokuvunyelwa kombuso. Lokhu kwaba yisimiso somthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.

Amathonya Ayinhloko Kobaba Abayisisekelo

  • Ukukhanyiselwa: Izazi zefilosofi ezinjengoJohn Locke noMontesquieu zathonya kakhulu oFata abasunguli bemibono yabo ngamalungelo emvelo nohulumeni ngokuvumelana. Umqondo kaLocle wamalungelo angenayo. U-locte wamalungelo ahlukene(life, inkululeko, nempahla) kuvela cishe cishe kungathi kungathi akunakwenzeka ekukhishweni kweSimemezelo seNguquko (singathi Jefferson washintsha “ukufuna” ekuphishekeleni injabulo”. UMontesquieu ka uMoya woMthetho [[FLT] uveza ukuhlukanisa imibuso kahulumeni ibe yi-mthetho, umphathi, namagatsha okwahlulelayokuvimbela ukuphatha. Umsunguli wafunda ngokucophelela lemisebenzi kanye nengxoxo ezincwadini, ezincwadini, nasebuthekwibhini.
  • Izihloko zobuKhomanisi: Ubuthakathaka bencwadi yokuqala ebusayo baqokomisa isidingo sesimiso sikahulumeni esinamandla kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwezihloko, uhulumeni wesizwe wayengenawo amandla okukhokha intela, ukulawula intengiselwano yesifunda, noma ukuphoqelela imithetho. Ukuququzelela kwe-Shays’s Regiverging (1786-17171787) kwabonisa ukuthi ukuhlangana akunakugcina ukuhleleka, ukukhuthaza abaholi abanjengoJames Madison noAlexander Hamilton ukuba bameme umthetho omusha. Ukwehluleka kwezihloko kwafundisa abasunguli ukuthi inkululeko idinga uhulumeni onamandla okwenza umsebenzi osebenzayo [1] kodwa lowo amandla akhe ahlanganiswe ngokucophelela.
  • Imithetho-siseko yesizwe: Izifunda eziningi zase zimise kakade imithetho-siseko yazo siqu, zinikeza izibonelo zesimiso sikahulumeni. ISimemezelo samalungelo esizwe saseVirginia (1776), sabhalwa nguGeorge Mason, saqinisekisa inkululeko engokwenkolo, ukucwetshwa, nokuqulwa kwecala ngabahluleli. Umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wamaMassachusetts, owabuswa uJohn Adams, wahlanganisa ukwahlukana okucacile kwemibuso nobukhosi obuthandwayo. Lokhu kuhlola komuntu ngokwakhe kwanikeza abasunguli benkolo nohlu lwezinketho oluwusizo kanye noluhlu lwezinketho lokuhlola uhulumeni wesizwe.

Ngaphandle kwala mathonya aqondile, abasunguli basebenzisa futhi umlando wasendulo − iRome Republic, idemokrasi yase-Athene, neMidanti yentando yeningi yaseBrithani enjengeMagna Carta neSigqizi seMikolo samaLungu samalungelo abantu. Bafuna ukudala irepublic, echazwa njengohulumeni onamandla kubantu futhi osetshenziswa abameleli abakhethiwe, abahlukile kokubili embusweni wentando yeningi neyombuso wamakhosi.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zomklamo Kahulumeni

Izimiso eziningi eziyinhloko ezasungulwayo zahlanganisa iMithetho-sisekelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uhulumeni omusha uzovikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuyilapho ulondoloza ukuhleleka futhi uthuthukisa okuhle okuvamile. Lezizimiso zazingasho lutho; zaziwumphumela wempikiswano enkulu nokuyekethisa. I-Constitutionalal Convention ka 1787 yahlanganisa izihambeli ezingamashumi amahlanu nanhlanu ezivela ezifundazweni eziyishumi nambili (iRhode Island yanqaba ukuthumela abamele izithakazelo ezincintisanayo: imibuso emikhulu imelene nezithakazelo zezentengiselwano, imfuno yezentengiselwano yasenyakatho kanye ne-seningizimu yezolimo yezolimo, abameleli bakahulumeni abanamandla kakhulu kanye nalabo ababesaba amandla ombuso. Ibhulo liyibungcweti kwezobushine.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Enye yezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu kwakuwukuhlukaniswa kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni: ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, ukuqondiswa kwemithetho, nokwahlulela. Lomklamo ohloselwe ukuvimbela noma yiliphi igatsha ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. Igatsha ngalinye linemisebenzi ehlukile: iSishaya-Mkhandlu (isivumelwano somthetho) yenza imithetho, uMongameli (ohlukanisayo) wenza ukuba iphoqelelwe, futhi inkantolo zikahulumeni (izekomiti) ziwachaze. I-Cruciast) ihlela igatsha ngalinye ukuba libe nomthombo walo siqu womthetho. Indlu yabameleli ikhethwe ngokuqondile ngabantu; iSigebethi ekuqaleni yimithetho ye-partime (eshiwe yi-Elmetalment); umongameli we-Elctoral Collegel; futhi abahluleli bamiswa nguMongameli futhi bamiswe yi-Statentral. Lezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukhetha i-Genestry yayingenziwa ngawo wonke amagatsha.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Ngaphandle kokuhlukana kwemibuso, oFata Abasunguliwe basebenzisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Igatsha ngalinye linegunya lokulinganisela amandla amanye, liqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu ongabusa uhulumeni. Lesi simiso sidala ukuqondisa okunamandla okuphathana:

  • Igatsha lomthetho (Coreff) linganqoba amaveto aphethe umongameli ngenani eliyisithathu esiningi kuzo zombili izindlu. Lilawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali futhi lingakhipha umongameli nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni.
  • Igatsha eliphethe limisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, athonya isimiso sokwahlulela.
  • Igatsha lokwahlulela lingamisa imithetho engekho ngokwesivumelwano (ukubukeza okungokwesiko), lihlola amandla omphathi wendlu yomthetho nomphathi. Lamandla amiswa endabeni yesibonakaliso sezwe Marbury v. Madison (1803] [183]), nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo ungawuniki ngokuqondile; abasunguli balindele izinkantolo ukusebenzisa igunya elinjalo.

Le mishini ayiklanyelwanga ukudala i-grid kodwa ifuna ukubambisana nokucabanga. Njengoba uJames Madison abhala ku- Umdwebi uNo. 51, “Ubugovu kumelwe benziwe ukuze kulwiwe nesifiso sokuvelela.” Ukwehlukana kwemibuso nokuhlola nokulinganisela ndawonye kwakha lokho uMentesquieu akubiza ngokuthi“ umthetho-mthethweni olinganiselwe.”

Ubumbano

Umthetho-sisekelo ubala amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni (iSigaba 8), njengalokho kukhipha imali, ukumisa impi, nokuqondisa ibhizinisi lezwe. Yonke eminye imibuso igcinelwe amazwe noma abantu, njengoba kushiwo eSiphendulweni seshumi. I-Frederaliism yayiwukwephula umthetho phakathi kwalabo ababefuna uhulumeni ophethe (njengoHamilton) oyinhloko (njengoHamilton) nalabo ababesaba ukuthi uzomelana nombuso (njengoPatrick Henry). Inzuzo ihlanganisa:

  • Ihlanganisa ukuhlukahluka kwezimiso: Amazwe angahlanganisa imithetho nezidingo zawo ezikhethekile, esebenza njenge “zici zentando yeningi.” Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa ukunakekela kwempilo yonke noma ukuhlanganisa icarbon ngaphambi kwanoma yisiphi isenzo sombuso.
  • iveza ukufakwa kwamandla: ngokusakaza igunya, uhulumeni unciphisa ingozi yokuhlasela. Uma uhulumeni wezwe uphambanisa, amazwe angasunduza emuva/umqondo kamuva ocelwa phakathi neNullification Crisis ne-Civil Rights Movement.
  • Iveza ukuhlola ngezimiso: Iziphakamiso ezisezingeni lombuso (umzk., imithetho yenkokhelo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile) ngokuvamile yazisa inqubo yesizwe. Lenkinga ehlangene ngokufanele yanconywa nguMahluleli uLouis Brandeis ngokunikeza “ithuba lokuzama ukuhlola okuqanjiwe kwezenhlalo nezomnotho ngaphandle kwengozi kulo lonke izwe.”

Amalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa Nemvume Yamalungelo

Iqaphela ukubaluleka kokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, iMibukiso Yomthetho ihlanganisa iBill of Rights njengenguquko yokuqala eyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo. UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wawungenawo umthetho wamalungelo [1] iqiniso elabangela ukuphikisa okukhulu kwezazi ze-Antifederalist njengoGeorge Mason noPatrick Henry. Ukuze bawine imvume, abaFederali abathembise ukubuyisela inguquko. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni owayengabazani, wamisa iqoqo lezivumelwano ezamukelwa ngo1791. Le mvume iqinisekisa inkululeko nelungelo elibalulekile:

Izinqumo Eziyinhloko ESivumelwaneni Samalungelo Abantu

  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala: sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yezindaba, yemihlangano, nesicelo. Sivimbela iSishaya-mthetho ekumiseni inkolo engokomthetho noma isithiye ukusetshenziswa kwenkululeko yenkolo. Lenguquko iyisisekelo senkululeko yaseMelika, ukuvikela ukuphikisana nenkulumo yezombangazwe.
  • ISichibiyelo esihlangene: siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali. Ulimi ```'A lunemithetho elawula kahle iMilitia, ngoba ludingeka ekulondeni uHulumeni okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha i-Yamba, ngeke liphazanyiswe"""=yindaba yempikiswano enzima. Incazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme ivele, ngokuphawulekayo kakhulu e-Dish of Columbia v. Heller [2008], eyayikholelwa ukuthi i-amthentiumstria ivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nezikhali.
  • Isichibiyeli sonyaka: Abaqaphi ngokuphenya okungacabangeki nokuquleka. Kudinga izimvume ezisekelwe kwizizathu ezilindelekile, ezisekelwe ngesifungo noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi ezichaza indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi abantu noma izinto okumelwe zithathwe. Lokhu kuvumelana kusemqoka ezingxabanweni zanamuhla eziphathelene nokuhlola, izindaba zomuntu siqu, nokuqinisa umthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isichibiyeli se-eghth: Ibheyili engaphezulu kakhulu, izihlawu, izijeziso ezinonya nezingajwayelekile. Lokhu kulungisa kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukubekela isigwebo sokufa, izimo zasejele, nesigwebo esiphoqelelwe. Inkulumo ethi “ugqino nengajwayelekile" ichazwa ngokwezindinganiso ezicazululayo zokuziphatha okuhle.

Ezinye izinguquko zihlanganisa iThith (ukungathathi hlangothi lwesine lwamasosha ngesikhathi sokuthula), isihlanu (uqulo olukhulu, izingozi eziphindwe kabili, ukuzihlukanisa, inqubo efanele, isinxephezelo nje sokuthatha), isiThathu (ukuqulwa kwecala nomphakathi, inkantolo engakhethi, ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko), iNhlomo yesikhombisa (ukuqulwa kwecala ezicini zomphakathi), i-Night (amalungelo agcinwe abantu abawabekeli abantu abambalwa), kanye neshumi (amandla angaphathiswe eUnited States) agcinelwe ezifundazweni noma kubantu).

Indima Yezinkolo Nempikiswano Ezimelene Nempi

Umklamo woMthetho-sisekelo wathuthukiswa ngenye yezimpikiswano ezinkulu zezombangazwe emlandweni waseMelika. Abaxhasi bemidanti ye-ratiation, eyaziwa ngokuthi amaFederalists, babhala uchungechunge lwezindaba − Fiteralist Papers[ . .Umbhali ka-Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, noJohn Jay. Le zincwadi zachaza futhi zavikela isimo somthetho-sisekelo ohlongoziwe. Abaphikisi, abamelene nomthetho-Anti-FEdererist, babhala ezabo izintathetho zabo (eg., [[FLT.2]]] kanye [FL:]] ne[FLT]][FLD]]]

Ihick Antiferasts Ikhathalela okunempi, kuhlanganisa ukuntuleka kwesivumelwano samalungelo, amandla amakhulu oMkhandlu ngaphansi “komshoshana odingekile nofanelekile”, kanye nokusungulwa kwebutho elimile. AmaFederalist aphendula ngokuthi ukwahlukana kwemibuso, uhulumeni, nobunzima bokudlulisa imithetho kungavimbela ubushiqela. Ngokwesibonelo, [ku- u-Federalist No. [, u-Madison waphikisa ngokuthi i-republic enkulu ingalawula ubuzwelidia obungcono kune obuncane, ngoba izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene zazingahlolana.

Le mpikiswano yaphoqelela izinhlangothi zombili ukuba zikhiphe izimiso eziyisisekelo zikahulumeni. Ukuvumelana ekugcineni nesithembiso sokulungisa − kubonisa indlela abaFata Abasungulwayo abaklama ngayo isimiso esikwazi ukuvumelana nengxoxo. IBhili lamaLungelo ngokwalo liwumphumela oqondile wokucindezela kwe-Anti-Fedalist.

Ukuqhubeka Kuvelela Komklamo Wobaba Otholayo

Uhlaka olwasungulwa amaFathers aFundiwe lusasebenza nanamuhla. Umbono wabo kahulumeni oklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko uye wasebenza njengesibonelo sedemokrasi emhlabeni wonke. Amazwe anjenge-Jalimane, iNdiya, ne-South Africa aye ahlanganisa izici zokuhlukanisa imibuso, ukubukeza ukwahlulela, nombuso emithethweni yawo siqu. Nokho, isimiso saseMelika sibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ezidinga ukuthembisana okuqhubekayo.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezinselele Zanamuhla

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza isisekelo esiqinile, inselele eqhubekayo iwukuvumelanisa izimiso zawo nezindaba zanamuhla ezinjengobuchwepheshe, amalungelo omphakathi, kanye nokubusa kwembulunga yonke. Ukuphakama kwesifundazwe sokuphatha, ukuqapha okukhulu, ithonya lezenhlalo embuthweni, kanye nokugxila kwamandla ezomnotho konke kuvivinya umklamo wokuqala. Izinkantolo ziqhubeka ziphikisana ngokuthi izivikelo zeSichibiyelo sesine zidlulela ekwazisweni kokwaziswa kobuchwepheshe. ISichibiyelo Sesibili sokusebenza kwezibhamu zanamuhla sisekhona. ISiphendulo seSiphendulo sezelo samanje sincintiswa yizigwebo, iSikhalo neSiphenduku sesine, sake saphela saphela, sincishiswa abasekeli behulumeni abalinganiselwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimiso sokhetho esiklanyelwe ikhulu le-18(16) kuhlanganise ne-Electoral College kanye nophawu olulinganayo lweSigele (imiphumela) yokulingana kwezombangazwe namuhla. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi lezizici zinikeza amandla amancane, kuyilapho ezinye ziphikisa ukuthi zivikela inqubo yokulungisa i-soshalitism. Noma kunjalo, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza indlela yoshintsho, nakuba kunzima ngamabomu ukuvimbela ukushintsha ngokuphamazela. Abasunguli bacabanga ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo zaziyochaza futhi zisebenzise inqubo yomthetho womthetho-mthetho ezimweni ezintsha.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlanganyela Kwesigqibi

Isivikelo senkululeko asiwona umthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni kuphela; kudinga ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ezakhamuzini. Ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini yomphakathi, njengokuvota, ukukhonza emajaji, ukuya emahholo edolobha, nokuhileleka komphakathi, kubalulekile ekulondolozeni izinhloso zentando yeningi ezisungulwe amaFathering. Njengoba uThomas Jefferson ashilo ngodumo, “Izakhamuzi ezifundile ziyimfuneko ebalulekile yokusinda kwethu njengabantu abakhululekile.” Abasunguli babexwaya ukunganaki komphakathi; babebheka inkululeko njengento okumelwe igcinwe.

Izinselele zanamuhla ezinjengokungathembisi, ukuncipha kokuthembana ezinhlanganweni, kanye nokuvota okuphansi kusongela impilo ye-republic. Abasunguli baphikisana ngendima yamaqembu ezombangazwe (abengawathembi), kodwa baqonda ukuthi abantu abazithandayo kumelwe batshelwe futhi bajoliswe. Inzuzo engadingwa njenge- Constitution Center yesizwe ye- nezinhlelo zemfundo zomphakathi zisebenza ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo nengxenye esekelayo.

Isiphetho

OFata abasungulwayo baklama uhulumeni ohloselwe ukuvikela inkululeko yezakhamuzi zawo ngokulinganisela ngokucophelela kwegunya, amalungelo, nobuzwe. Umsebenzi wabo wawungaphelele, futhi wawungabubekezeleli ubugqila obulinganayo, ubushiqela obulinganiselwe, futhi wanika uhulumeni olawulayo amandla esizwe samaMelika Omdabu. Kodwa uhulumeni abawaklamile wawunembewu yentuthuko yawo siqu, njengoba kamuva ukuqedwa kokuncishiswa kwenkululeko, ukunwetshwa kwenkululeko, futhi uqinisekiswe isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Njengoba kubhala uJakobe: [Nkakhulu] u-Fedrap], ubulungisa, nokulinganisa, futhi uhulumeni ubengenakho ukubusa okuqhubekayo. Uma izingelosi zingenakulawula. Uma kudingekile, izingelosi zingazikho. Uma ziqonda izimiso ezizihlelile futhi zisebenza ngokuthula, amaMelikane angaqhubeki ukuvikela izizukulwane zazo. [N.[0]