Amabalazwe Abalulekile Awumsebenzi Ofihlekile Wentando Yeningi

Uma abavoti beya kulolu hlelo lokuhlola, abavamile ukucabanga ngemigqa edwetshwe ebalazweni enquma ukuthi baphonsa kuphi i-collet yabo, ubani oyimelelayo, nokuthi inamandla kangakanani amavoti abo. Amabalazwe e-Electoral (ebizwa futhi ngokuthi amabalazwe abomvu noma amabalazwe esifunda (isimiso esingabonakali sentando yeningi). Baguqula imininingwane yabantu ifakwe embusweni wezombangazwe, futhi indlela abakhangwa ngayo ingahlanganisa noma ithule yonke imiphakathi.

Emabalazweni abo amancane, amapulani okukhetha amapulani ahlukanisa izwe noma izwe libe yizilinganiso ezithi ngamunye akhethe ummeleli wendikimba yemithetho. La mabalazwe awayona imibhalo yobuchwepheshe engathathi hlangothi. Awuwona umkhiqizo wezimfuneko ezingokomthetho, ukuxoxisana kwezombangazwe, isayensi yokwaziswa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukusetshenziswa ngenhloso. Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni abakha ngayo lamabalazwe banikeza ngayo izakhamuzi amathuluzi okuhlola ukuthi ukhetho lwabo lulungile yini futhi luncintisana noma lusekelwe eqenjini elilodwa noma iqembuni elilodwa.

Lesi sihloko sidlula ngesisekelo esiphelele sendlela amabalazwe akhetha ngayo, kusukela ekubaleni kwabantu okungapheli kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwebalazwe kokugcina, futhi siqokomisa amaphuzu ayinhloko okufanele wonke umvoti azi ukuthi angahlola ubuqotho bale nqubo.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokuhlaziya

E-United States, imfuneko yokwenza amabalazwe e-votor isuka ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo. I-Agatepi I, i-Cate 2 igunyaza ukuba izihlalo ezihlala eNdlu yabameleli zahlukaniselwe abantu. Njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi yokubalwa kwabantu, izihlalo zibekwa ngokoqobo phakathi kwezifundazwe ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuvuna. Amanye amazwe athola izihlalo, amanye alahlekelwa yizo, futhi amaningi ahlala ngokucishe kube njalo.

Uma nje uhulumeni wazi ukuthi unazo izihlalo ezingaki zombuso, kumelwe uphinde udwebe imingcele yesifunda ngasinye ukuze sibe nenani elifanayo labantu. Lena inqubo yokulungisa. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo umisa umthetho oyisisekelo wabantu abalinganayo, amazwe aye asungula imithetho yawo siqu, iziqondiso, kanye nezimpawu zesikhathi zokuthi imigqa yangempela idwetshwa kanjani.

I-U.S. Bureau inikeza imininingwane yenani labantu ebangela ukuvuleka. Ukubalwa kwabantu kulinganise umuntu ngamunye ohlala e-United States(-_citizen kanye nama-ongeyo-zizen ngokufanayo,) futhi lengqikithi yenza ukuba kokubili inani lezihlalo ezitholwa umbuso ngamunye nenani labantu elisetshenziselwa ukudweba imigqa yesifunda esifundani nasezindaweni ezikhona.

Inqubo Elungisayo Ngokulandelana

Ukwakha ibalazwe lokhetho kuyinqubo yezinyanga eziningi ehilela ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe, ukubukezwa komthetho, ukufakwa komphakathi, futhi ekugcineni ukuvota kwendikimba ebusayo. Nakuba umbuso ngamunye ulandela izinqubo zawo, inqubo iyonke ihlanganyela izigaba ezihambelanayo.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Ukuthola Ukwaziswa Kokubala

Inqubo yokuvula i-rediformation iqala lapho i-Census Bureau ikhipha ukwaziswa kwayo okuvuselelayo, okubizwa ngokuthi i-P.L. 94-71.Ihele liqukethe inani labantu elilingana nesilinganiso samanani abantu, kanye nokuwohloka kobuhlanga nokwezinhlanga. Izwe lithola lokhu kwaziswa entwasahlobo yonyaka olandelayo, nakuba kungenzeka ukulibala, njengoba kwenzeka ngenani labantu elingu-202020 ngenxa yalesifo esiwumqedazwe.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Ukuthola Inani Lezifunda

Kusizwa ukuhlanganisa oku-dididiliyo, inani lezifunda linqunywa ngenqubo yokwahlulwa. Kumthetho wezwe, umbuso ngamunye unquma ubukhulu bendlu nombuso wawo. Izifunda eziningi zinemithetho engokomthetho mayelana nokuthi bangaki abameleli okumelwe babe khona, futhi ezinye zifuna ukuba izifunda zingabekwa esidlekeni phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukudweba Imigqa

Umdwebo wangempela wemigqa yesigodi ulapho izigxobo zezombangazwe ziba zisobala khona. Indawo enomthwalo wokudweba ibalazwe ivula ukusebenza kwebalazwe, ithwele ukwaziswa kokubala, futhi iqala ukuhlanganisa iziteshi zokubala abantu ndawonye ukuze zakhe izigodi ezihlangabezana nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho. I-software yokubala yanamuhla enjenge-Maptiolitituding for Redigaling, i-Dave’s Redigaliging, noma [[FLT: 0] ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba babheke inani labantu, imininingwane yenani, nokhetho ukuba babheke ngesikhathi esingokoqobo njengoba belungisa imingcele.

Isinyathelo 4: Ukukhishwa Kwenkulumo Yomphakathi Nezindlebe

Izifundazwe eziningi zidinga uhlobo oluthile lokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuqubuka komphakathi lapho izakhamuzi zingakhuluma khona noma zimelane namabalazwe ahlongozwayo, ikhono lokuhambisa amabalazwe ahlukile, namathuba okuphawula ngezinhlelo zodwebo. Izinga nokujula kokufakwa komphakathi kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ezinye izifunda zicela ukuxhumana komphakathi namabalazwe angemva kokudweba elayinini ukuze zibukeze; ezinye zinciphisa ukuhileleka komphakathi ekulaleleni kanye ngesaziso esifushane.

Isinyathelo Sesihlanu: Ukutholwa Nokubukezwa Kwabazali Abangabo

Isinyathelo sokugcina ukutholwa yindikimba enomthwalo wemfanelo, elandelwa yinselele engokomthetho. Ukutholwa kwemabalazwe kungadinga ukuvota okulula kweningi, ukuvunyelwa okukhulu, kuye ngemithetho kahulumeni. Uma sekwamukelwe, amabalazwe avame ukubekelwa inselele enkantolo ngamaqembu ancintisanayo, andlululana ngokohlanga, noma ukwephulwa kwemithetho esemthethweni kahulumeni. Izinselele zeNkantolo zingabambezela ukumiswa kwebalazwe futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ziphumele emabalazweni enkantolo.

Ubani Odweba Imigqa?

Esinye sezinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezenziwa yizwe ukunquma ukuthi ubani okhipha ibalazwe lokukhetha. Kunezibonelo ezintathu eziyinhloko, futhi ngasinye siveza imiphumela ehlukahlukene.

Ukubuyisela Imithetho

Ezifundeni eziningi, isishaya-mthetho sidweba amabalazwe esifundazwe esihlanganisa i-conconogional ne-pronostic. Lokhu kudala impikiswano ecacile: abantu abadweba lemigqa bangabantu abazofuna izikhundla kulezozifunda. Akumangalisi ukuthi amadilowa emephu yemithetho athambekele ekusekeleni iqembu labo. Lesibonelo siye saveza amanye amabalazwe anezimo eziqinile emlandweni waseMelika.

Izimemezelo Zokulungisa Izindawo Ezizimele

Inani elandayo lezifundazwe liye lasusa igunya lokudonsa amabalazwe liwathumela kumanxusa azimele noma ezakhamuzi. La mazwe aklanyelwe ukususa abakhuthazi bezithakazelo zenqubo. Amalungu avame ukukhethwa ngenqubo yokuhlola engafaki izikhulu ezikhethiwe namalungu eqembu. Izwe elinjenge California, Arizona, Michigan, neColorado lisebenzisa amakhomishane azimele, futhi ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi akhiqiza amabalazwe ancintisanayo nanobandlululo oluncane kunalawo adwetshwa yizindlu zomthetho.

Imishini Yezobukhazikhazi Nezimo Ezisansimbi

Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa amakhomishane asahlanganisa izikhulu ezikhethiwe noma abamisiwe. Lezi zithombe ezixubile zihloselwe ukuthatha i-bipartishani kodwa zingaphumela ekudunjini noma ekukhokheleni izindleko zegumbi lokulala. Kwezinye izimo, uma ikhomishane ingenakuvuma, inkantolo ephakeme yezwe noma umnini-prita okhethekile udweba ibalazwe lokugcina.

Isimiso Esingokomthetho Sebalazwe Elihle

Ukuvuselelwa akuyona nje indlela yezombangazwe.Umthetho we-Federal, imithetho-mthetho-mthetho kazwelonke, nemithetho yenkantolo kubeka izilinganiso eziqondile okumelwe zigcwale amabalazwe. Okubaluleke kakhulu kulokhu ukulingana kwenani labantu, ukungakhethi, nokuvumelana.

Ukulingana Kwenani Labantu

Isimiso somuntu oyedwa, ivoti eyodwa ifuna ukuba izigodi zilingana ngangokunokwenzeka emphakathini. Izigodi zama-cornvation, izinkantolo ziyichaza ngokuqondene lemfuneko, ngokuvamile zifuna ukulingana okuqondile noma ukuphambuka kwabantu abambalwa. Ezifundeni zikahulumeni, isilinganiso semithetho sikhulu, kodwa umehluko omkhulu wabantu ungabekelwa inselele.

Ubuhle Bobuhlanga Nobuhlanga

IVoing Rights Act ka-1965 kanye nokulungisa kwayo kwenqabela amabalazwe anciphisa amandla okuvota kwezinhlanga ezincane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amashadi ebalazwe awakwazi ukuhlukanisa inani elincane labantu ezifundeni eziningi ukuze avimbele ukukhetha abathandayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amabalazwe awanakuqoqa abavoti abambalwa esifundeni esisodwa kuphela ukuze anciphise ithonya labo kwenye indawo. Ukuhlangana kobuhlanga kanye nokushisekela ukulingana kwezinhlanga kungenye yezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezingokomthetho zokukhetha izibalo.

Ukuba Nobuqotho Nokuhlangana

Izifunda eziningi zidinga ukuba izifunda ezihlangene, okusho ukuthi zonke izingxenye zesifunda kumelwe zithinte enye ingxenye. Ukuhlangana kuyindinganiso evamile kodwa engalawulwa kakhulu. Izigodi ezihlangeneyo zinesimo esivamile, kanti izifunda ezihlangeneyo ngokuvamile zinendlela engavamile, ebanzi ehlanganisa imiphakathi engavumelani. Nakuba ukuhlangana kungesona imfuneko kahulumeni, imiyalo eminingi yombuso ihlanganisa leyo njengenhloso.

Izinhlangano Ezithakazelisayo

Inani elandayo lezifundazwe lidinga amashadi ebalazwe ukuze ahloniphe imiphakathi yesithakazelo: amaqembu abantu abahlanganyela ezomnotho, amasiko, umlando, noma umphakathi. Lendinganiso ihloselwe ukugcina imiphakathi iqinile ukuze isekele izidingo zayo ezivamile ngokuphumelelayo. Ukukhomba umphakathi onesithakazelo kuhambisana nendaba, futhi abadwebi bamabalazwe abasekela i-mephu ngokuvamile basebenzisa umqondo ngokukhethayo ukuze bathethelele ukwahlukana noma ukulondoloza izindawo ezithile.

Ukuphoqelela: Usongo Lwekhorali Lokumelela Ifashala

I-Gerrymandering ukusetshenziswa kwemingcele yesifunda ukuze kunikezwe iqembu elilodwa lezombangazwe noma iqembu inzuzo engafanele. Leligama liqala emuva ngo-1812 lapho uMbusi waseMassachusetts Elbridge Gerry asayina ibalazwe lesigodi elalihlanganisa isifunda esinesimo esifana nesamandelander, okubangela ukukhushulelwa kwegama elithi "gerrymander" namuhla, igerrymaning ithatha izimo ezimbili eziyinhloko.

I - partisan Gerrymandering

I-partisan gerymanidering ihlose ukwehlisa inani lezihlalo zeqembu lezombangazwe elinganqoba, ngisho noma leloqembu lithola idlanzana lokuvota okuphelele. Amashadi emabalazwe asebenzisa izindlela ezimbili ukuze afeze lokhu. Ukupakisha abavoti beqembu eliphikisayo bafake amabalazwe amancane, kulinganisela ikhono labo lokuwina izihlalo kwenye indawo. Ukusakaza iqembu eliphikisayo lisakaza izifunda eziningi, liqinisekisa ukuthi bayidlanzanana kulelo nalelo nalelo nalelo futhi alinakukhetha abathandayo. I-software ye-messap yenza kube nokwenzeka ukudweba amabalazwe ngenhlangothi ngokunelisayo, ukufinyelela izinzuzo ezihlala isikhathi esingathatha iminyaka eyishumi.

Ukuwohloka Kobuhlanga

I-gerrymandering ehlanganisa ukudweba imigqa esekelwe ezinhlangani ukuze inciphise noma yandise amandla okuvota amaqembu ezinhlanga noma ezinhlanga. UMthetho we-Voting Rights unqabela ukuhlolwa kwezinhlanga, kodwa umngcele phakathi kokucabangela okuvunyelweyo kwezinhlanga nokukhetha uhlanga okungekho emthethweni ngokuvamile awubonakali. Izinkantolo ziye zabulala amabalazwe lapho uhlanga lwaluyisici esiyinhloko ekudwebeni imigqa yesifunda, ngisho nalapho injongo eyaziwayo yayiwukuvumelana ne-Voting Rights Act.

Indlela Ubuchwepheshe Obuguqulwa Ngayo

Ngaphambi konyaka ka-1990, ukuvuleka kwezindawo kwakuyinqubo yezandla esebenzisa amabalazwe ephepha, ama-stap, amapeni okubhala, namapensela anemibala. Ukwanda kwezimiso zokwaziswa (GIS) namacomputer anamandla kwashintsha yonke into. Namuhla, amashalophu emepu angafaka imininingwane yokhetho esendaweni ephezulu, ukuwohloka kwenani labantu, kanye nezindlela zokuvota zangaphambili zibekwe endaweni eyodwa. Bangadweba umngcele wesifunda, ngokushesha babone ukuthi uthinta kanjani ukulingana kwenani labambalwa, futhi bawulungise ngeblo elincane ukuze bazuze inzuzo engamaphesenti ambalwa.

Leli khono lobuchwepheshe liye lenza ukuba ama-gerrymantin aqonde futhi afihleke kakhulu. Amashadi e-mapu angakwazi ukuvivinya amakhulu ezigcawu ezisemuva kweminyango evalekile, akhethe leyo enika iqembu lawo inzuzo enkulu kakhulu kuyilapho isahlangabezana nezimiso ezingokomthetho. Amakhomishani okuzimela awe-exependeyo namathuluzi okubala amabala asiza ekulinganiseni lenzuzo, kodwa ukufinyela kolwazi nokuthola ulwazi kuhlala kubalulekile.

Izinqumo Eziyinhloko ZeNkantolo Ephakeme Ezibangela Ukuvuselelwa Kwemingcele

INkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States iye yalinganisela izikhathi eziningi ekulungiseni imingcele engokomthetho okumelwe isetshenziswe kuyo imibuso.

Baker Carr (1962) noReynolds v. Sims (1964)

Lezi zinqumo eziphawulekayo zamisa isimiso somuntu oyedwa, ukuvota okukodwa. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi izigodi ezidunga kahle ezanika abavoti basemaphandleni amandla amakhulu kakhulu aphula i-Ecult Protection Clause. Lamacala aphoqelela amazwe ukuba aphinde adwebe izifunda nabantu abalinganayo futhi afake ijaji enqubeni yokuvuselela njengendlela yokuhlola amandla emithetho.

UShaw uReno (1993)

Lendaba yavela esifundeni saseNyakatho Carolina esasiklanywe ngokungavamile ukuze sixhumane nemiphakathi yabaNsundu, futhi yaveza ukuthi izigodi ezihlobanisa uhlanga zingaqhubeka ngisho nalapho isifunda sisiza abazobhapathizwa ngokukhetha abambalwa.

Rucho v. Imbangela Evamile (209)

Esinqumweni esijulile esalandela, iNkantolo yathi iziphakamiso zokuhlukanisa azibalulekanga enkantolo kahulumeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni azinakuzwa izinselele zokudweba amabalazwe afuna iqembu elithile phezu kwelinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi liyaligxeka kangakanani impatho yokuxhaphaza. INkantolo yathi ukuququlwa kweqembu kuyimpikiswano yezombangazwe okumelwe ixazululwe ngezinkantolo zikahulumeni, izishaya-mthetho, noma izikhulu zomthetho. Lokhu kwasusa inkundla yempi ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuya ezinkantolo nemithetho-mthetho kahulumeni.

Izinguquko Ezisemzimbeni Kahulumeni Nalokho Abashiyi Bezincwadi Abangakwenza

Ngenxa yokuthi iSishaya - mthetho asizange sidlulisele izinguquko zikahulumeni ezilungisa isimo futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yavala umnyango wenkantolo kahulumeni ekutheni iGarrymanindering isho ukuthi, isenzo esiphumelela kakhulu senzeka esilinganisweni sikahulumeni. Abaqondisi abafuna amabalazwe alungile banezindlela eziningana abangazisebenzisa.

Izimemezelo Zokuvuselela Iziqu Ezizimele Ezisekelayo

Ukucwaninga kwe [[QL:0] Brennan Center yeJaji kubonisa ukuthi imishini ezimele iveza amabalazwe ancintisana kakhulu, akhetha kancane, futhi athathela phambili imiphakathi kunamabalazwe adwetshwe yizishayamthetho. Amavoter angasunduzela ukuba kwenziwe noma aqinise izimemo esifundazweni sawo.

Sebenzisa amathuluzi okudweba amabalazwe ukuze ugcine abadwebi benecala lokulandisa

Izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo nezinhlangano zezemfundo zinikeza amathuluzi amahhala avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zidwebe amabalazwe azo futhi ziwaqhathanise nezihlongozo ezisemthethweni. Amathuluzi anjenge-Driverderr ne Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeMasipala e-Ount's quality's productions shorts isiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi amabalazwe alungile abukeka kanjani nokuthi amabalazwe akhona ahlangabezana yini nezindinganiso eziyisisekelo.

Hlanganyela Enqubweni Yokuphendula Emphakathini

Uma isimo siqala inqubo yaso yokulungisa isimo, ngokuvamile kuba nefasitela lokunikeza izinkulumo zomphakathi. Ukufaka impendulo ebhaliwe, ukukhuluma ezindlebeni, noma ukunikeza elinye ibalazwe kungathonya umphumela wokugcina. Amashalofi amabalazwe avame ukugwema amagijijimi amabi kakhulu uma azi ukuthi umphakathi uyawabuka.

Ziqondise Emkhakheni Nasekukhetheni Kwendawo

Izikhulu ezidweba amabalazwe zikhethiwe. Izishayamthetho zikahulumeni, ababusi, ngisho namajaji kwezinye izifunda zinethonya eliqondile ekufuneni ukuvuselelwa. Ukubhekisa ezindabeni zikahulumeni nezendawo ekukhethweni njengophawu olulungile njengokhetho okhethweni lwesizwe. Uma abavoti behlala benolwazi ngokuthi ubani olawula ukuvuleka kwebalazwe ezweni labo, bangakhetha ukuthi izinhlelo zokudweba noma zokususa amabalazwe angalungile.

Izindlela Eziwusizo Zokukhipha Ibalazwe Lakho

Wonke umvoti angafunda ukuhlola ukuthi ibalazwe lawo siqu lesifunda lihle yini. Qala ngokubheka isimo sesifunda sakini. Ingabe ilandela imingcele engokwemvelo njengemifula, imigwaqo emikhulu, noma imigqa yesifunda? Noma ingabe inqamula izifunda eziningi ukuze ixhumane nezindawo ezikude? Ukubukeka okungavamile akusona isiqinisekiso sokuzihlolela ngokwazo, kodwa kuyifulege elibomvu elifanele ukuphendulwa.

Ngokulandelayo, bheka ukulinganisela kommeleli. Ebalazweni elibonisa kahle, inani lezifunda ezincike eqenjini ngalinye kufanele libonise ukuvota okuthandwa yizwe lonke. Uma omunye ewina njalo amaphesenti angu-60 ezihlalo kuyilapho ewina amaphesenti angu-50 kuphela amavoti kazwelonke, kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona okungalungile.

Okokugcina, hlola ukuthi ibalazwe lakho lidwetshwe yikhomishane ethile noma isishaya-mthetho sombuso. Amabalazwe adwetshwa izishaya-mthetho, ikakhulukazi uma omunye umuntu ekwazi ukulawula ngokugcwele, makhulu amathuba okuthi asetshenziswe. Uma umbuso wakho usebenzisa ikhomishane, hlola ukuthi amalungu ekhomishane akhethwa kanjani nokuthi asebenza ngokufaka obala.

Ikusasa Lokuvuselelwa Kwezindawo E - United States

Izindawo ezisizungezile ziyaqhubeka ziguquka. I-odoli ezimele ithatha izikhomishane ezizimele ngejubane elizinzile, ezishukunyiswa ukukhungatheka komphakathi ngokulawula. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziya ngokushiseka ekubukezeni iziphakamiso ezithi zingaphansi komthetho-mthetho kahulumeni, ngisho nanjengoba izinkantolo zikahulumeni zifihla i-Cercium kuqala egcwele ngemva kwesinqumo sikaRucho, futhi zisho ukuthi azisakazishintshi izinqubo zazo ziyobhekana nokucindezela okukhulu emaqenjinini esizwe no-Roffat.

Ubuchwepheshe buzoqhubeka buyinkemba ebambene kabili. Kwesinye isandla, amathuluzi amakhulu okubala enza kube lula futhi kube lula ngokwengeziwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amathuluzi okwaziswa okuvula kanye nokwaziswa okutholakala obala kwenza kube lula ngezakhamuzi namaqembu aqaphile ukubona ukuxhashazwa nokuhlongoza okungcono. Ukulingana kwamandla ekuvotelweni ngokuncitshiswa nokufundiswa komphakathi kuxhomeke ekutheni ubopheke kangakanani.

Amabalazwe awenziwe ngamatshe. Adonswa abantu abasebenza ngaphakathi kwezimiso zomthetho nezezombangazwe ezingashintshwa. Wonke amavoti anekhono lokufunda ukuthi lamabalazwe adalwe kanjani, ukuhlola ukuthi ibalazwe lawo lilungile yini, nokulwela izinguquko ezifaka amandla okudweba lapho kuhle khona: ezandleni zabantu, hhayi kwezazi zezombangazwe.