Isingeniso: Isimemezelo njengencwadi ephilayo

Lapho iSecondnational Congress igunyaza iSimemezelo senkululeko ngokomthetho ngoJuly 4, 1776, yakha okungaphezulu kakhulu kokuhlukana kwezombangazwe eGreat Britain. Lencwadi iyipulani yefilosofi eqhubeka ihlela indlela ohulumeni eUnited States(ne) futhi emhlabeni wonke (ukwenza, ukuchaza, nokuqinisa imithetho. Nakuba iSimemezelo ngokwaso singabopheki ngokomthetho, izimiso zaso ziye zafakwa endwangwini ye-jurisprince, engokomthetho, ecabangela ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yemithetho. Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni abasebenzisa ngayo iSimemezelo senkululeko eUnited States ukuze benze imithetho kudingenzeke kakhulu emongweni yaso engokomlando, izimpande zayo zefilosofi, nethonya laso eliqhubekayo kuyo yonke into kusukela ekunqumeni kwemithetho engokomthetho kuya ekuhleleni umthetho.

Isisekelo samandla angokomthetho alesiSimemezelo sisekelwe ekugomeleni kwaso amalungelo emvelo: lawo andulela uhulumeni futhi angenakuthathwa ngokomthetho. Lemibono yashintsha ekhulwini le - 18 futhi iyaqhubeka iyisici esiyinhloko sokwenza umthetho wentando yeningi namuhla. Izingxenye ezilandelayo zihlola izindlela eziqondile iSimemezelo esiye sathonya ngazo izimiso ezingokomthetho, kokubili eUnited States nakwezinye izizwe eziye zathola isikhuthazo emagameni aso.

Isisekelo Somlando Nesesayensi Yezimemezelo

Isivumelwano Sezenhlalo Nomthetho Wemvelo

Impikiswano yeSimemezelo yokuthi ohulumeni bathola amandla abo alungile emvumeni yababuswayo iwuphawu oluqondile lwenkolelo yenhlalo ethuthukiswa yizihlakaniphi njengoJohn Locke. Kuye Second Treasurence of Government[ [1689]), Locke waphikisa ukuthi abantu badela inkululeko ethile kuhulumeni ukuze bavikele amalungelo abo ayisisekelo kuphela, ukukhululeka, nempahla. UThomas Jefferson wavumelanisa lokhu nombono wokufuna injabulo, wandisa umqondo ukuze uhlanganise ukukhuphucuka, umbono owethemba kakhulu wokuchuma kwabantu.

Lefilosofi yomthetho engokwemvelo isekela isimiso somthetho waseMelika. Izinkantolo nezishaya-mthetho ngokuvamile zinxusa lesiSimemezelo ukuba sithethelele ukulinganiselwa emandleni kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso sokuthi imithetho akumelwe iphule “amalungelo angenakuphucwa” siye sasetshenziselwa ukushaya imithetho ephuca izakhamuzi inkululeko ngokuthanda kwayo, ngisho nalapho leyomithetho idluliswa iningi. Ngakho iSimemezelo sisebenza njengeseqeshaniso sokuziphatha esimelene nomthetho oqondile.

Ukulungiswa kukaJefferson kanye “Nombono Wokuzidla” Amaqiniso

Umthetho kaJefferson uveza ukuthi amaqiniso abalulekile kakhulu kangangokuba akukho komiti elawulayo engawalawula. Inkantolo yase-U.S. ikhetha ngamabomu. Yaphakamisa amalungelo abekwe ngalé kombono wokuzicabangela. Lolulimi lukhonjwe emibonweni eminingi yokwahlulela ukuze igcizelele ukuthi amalungelo athile abaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba lapho kungekho komiti yemithetho ixoxa ngelungelo lomuntu siqu, futhi lapho iphinde ikhuluma [FLT:] [ngokomzekelo, ibhekisa isimemezelo ku [[FL:0][FLT][FLT]] [v.[5].[6] [FLT]][FLT] [12] [12]] [iphawu eligcizelela isisekelo sesisekelo se-S.[FLT] [irightast] [icertiogn,[5] i-oglone i-slectivesss yomthetho womthetho womthetho.[Flayedwa i-oglome.[3]

Ithonya Eliqondile NgoMthetho - sisekelo Wase - United States Nencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu

Ukusuka Ekumemezelweni Kuya Ebuthweni Lomthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba lesiSimemezelo sasingesona isiqinisekiso esingokomthetho, uMthetho-sisekelo waqanjwa eminyakeni eyishumi nanye kamuva wakhiwa ngezimiso zawo. Isaziso soMthetho-sisekelo `Isizwe]... sivikela izibusiso zeNkululeko” (8ehhoery' iSimemezelo sokuthi uhulumeni ukhona ukuze uvikele amalungelo. Abakhi besakhiwo samasuntrala ngamabomu baklama isimiso semibuso ehlukene, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, kanye nombuso ukuze bavimbele ubushiqela obuye balahlwa yiSimemezelo. Ngempela, isinqumo sokuhlanganisa i-Bill of Rights ngo-1791, sasiyimpendulo eqondile yokwesaba ukuthi uhulumeni omusha kahulumeni owephula amalungelo kaJensson.

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth, esithi ukwanda kwamalungelo athile ngeke kubalanise abanye abantu abahlala bekhona, ngokuvamile kuthathwa njengokusho ngokuqondile esiqinisekisweni seSimemezelo samalungelo emvelo angagunyazwanga. Izazi ezingokomthetho njengoRandy Barnett ziye zaphikisa ngokuthi iSichibiyelo seNinth sasihloselwe ukuqinisekisa umbono weSimemezelo ukuthi amalungelo akhona ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa uhulumeni. Ngaleyondlela, ukubuyiselwa kuyibhuloho lomthetho elihlanganisa iSimemezelo neSimemezelo somthetho wanamuhla.

Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Njengezisebenzi

Ngaphambi kokuba kuvele uMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, imithetho-mthetho eminingi kahulumeni ehlanganisa ngokuqondile izimiso zoBufakazi. Ngokwesibonelo, iSimemezelo samalungelo eVirginia (1776) sasebenza njengesibonelo somsebenzi kaJefferson futhi kamuva sasebenza njengomthetho weSigqizo se-Community sobuKhosi. Namuhla, wonke umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo uqukethe isimemezelo samalungelo abonisa ulimi lwezincwadi ezisungulwa yizwe. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zivame ukubheka kuSimemezelo lapho zichaza imithetho-mthetho yezwe yazo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana nokusesha nokuthatha isitho, ukukhuluma ngenkululeko, nesivikelo esilinganayo. Lomkhuba ubonisa ukuthi isimemezelo esingabopheki singaba igunya elingokomthetho nge-mpatho nesiko.

Ithonya Elingaqondile: Isimemezelo njengethuluzi Lokuchaza Imithetho

Iziqu No Claus Onenjongo Zomthetho

Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu ohulumeni abasebenzisa ngayo uBufakazi ukuze benze imithetho ingengokufakwa kwezikhangiso ezikhomba ngokuqondile ulimi lwayo. Uma isigebengu simisa umthetho `sawathinta amalungelo omphakathi, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, noma ukunakekelwa kwempilo'."isiqalo sivame ukucaphuna noma ukuchaza ngenye indlela iSimemezelo somthetho ukuveza injongo eyisisekelo yokuziphatha. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 iqala ngokuthola ukuthi ubandlululo luwephula “amaqoqo enkululeko nesilinganiso” esibekwe eSivumelwaneni. Ngokufanayo, uhulumeni omningi uveza amalungelo alinganayo ngokuveza iqiniso elisobala lokuthi bonke abantu badalwa ngokulinganayo.

Lezi zingeniso azisona nje isihlobisi; zingabumba indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo ulimi lwemithetho oludidayo. Ngaphansi “kwenjongo” yokuchaza umthetho, abahluleli babheka injongo yonke yomthetho. Uma isiqalo sinxusa iSimemezelo, inkantolo ingafunda izingxenye zomthetho ngendlela ethuthukisa leyo migomo. Ithonya elingaqondile linamandla, ikakhulukazi uma umbhalo osobala womthetho ushiya indawo yokufunda okuningi.

Imibono Yokwahlulela “Nesiko LeSimemezelo”

UFortl nombuso uye wacaphuna uBufakazi ezinkulungwaneni zemibono. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (11954] , iNkantolo Ephakeme ayizange ithembele ngokuqondile eSivumelwaneni, kodwa ukucabanga kwayo kokuthi i-acene ibangela umuzwa wokungalingani kwesizwe usekelwe kakhulu embonweni weSivumelwaneni sokulingana. Izehlakalo kamuva, njengalokho [FLT:] [5] i-OLT] yawahla. [imvume yaso kunoma yisiphi isiciso esingokomthetho. Imvume engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho iveza ukuxhumana kakhulu. Umelukhulu lwemibono yemibono yemibono [FLT][FLT][FLT] futhi ayigunyaza imvume yolimi olungokomthetho oqinileyo, futhi esazi semvumeni esoluliwe.[Fltonton.] Imvume yanoma noma isilinganiso somthetho.[5

Izinqubo Zanamuhla: Indlela Imithetho Yanamuhla Egeleza Ngayo Isuka Ezimisweni Zanamuhla Ezingu - 1776

Ukuveza Amalungelo Nemifanekiso

Ukugomela kweSimemezelo ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe usekelwe emvumeni yokubuswa komthetho wokhetho lwaseMelika. Imithetho elawula ukubhaliswa kwevoti, ukuvuleka, kanye nezimali zomkhankaso konke kwakhiwe ngomqondo wokuthi wonke amazakhamu kufanele abe nezwi elifanayo. Imithetho yokuvota enkulu yemithetho yamaLungelo ka-1965, iNational Voter Religionation Act ka 1993. Imithetho yokuvota ithethelelwa ngokwengxenye ngesidingo sokwenza isiqinisekiso sokuthi zonke zidalwe ngendlela efanayo. Lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ishaya ingxenye yeSivumelo sokukhipha izivumelwano i-actal Act [FLD][FLD] [FLT]].[FLT:] V. i-FLT] [FLDir.[FLD]][FL2]] [FLD] [FON]] [3:3]

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zisebenzisa futhi isimemezelo lapho kuxoxwa ngemithetho yokuvota. Ngokwesibonelo, izindleko ezandisa amalungelo okuvota kwasekuqaleni noma ukubuyisela amalungelo okuvota kumafeloni zihlanganisa “ukuthola” ingxenye ethi umthetho uqhubele phambili isimiso esigunyaziwe. Ngokuphambene, abaxhasi bemithetho ye-ID yamavoti ngezinye izikhathi baphikisa ngokuthi izinyathelo ezinjalo zivikela ubuqotho bokhetho, kanjalo zigcina ukufaneleka kukahulumeni (a) ukuthi, ngokwesivumelwano, ngokwesimemezelo ngasinye, kuphuma kubantu.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nomthetho Wokumelana Nezingxabano

Isigwebo esidume kakhulu saleSimemezelo `ISimemezelo''' esidume kakhulu''."'''awadalwanga cishe ngekhulu leminyaka ngemva kokubhala kwawo; kodwa sekuyisisekelo sesivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi kweSiphendulo se 144.' IziKhomishane ziye zasebenzisa amandla azo ukuphoqelela ukumiswa kwemithetho enqabela ukucwasana emsebenzini, ezindaweni zomsebenzi, ezemfundo, nezindawo zomphakathi.

Izinkantolo ezichaza lemithetho zivame ukusebenzisa “ukuhlolwa okucushwe kakhulu” uma uhlelo (njengohlanga noma ubulili) lusetshenziselwa ukuphatha abantu ngendlela ehlukile. Isu elisuka ngqo kusimemezelo: njengoba bonke abantu bedalwe belingana, noma yimuphi umthetho obenza ngendlela engalinganiyo kumelwe babe nokulunga okukhulu kakhulu. Lolu hlelo, lwenziwe ezimweni ezifana [FLT][1] BrowN[[FLT] kanye [[FLT:] no- [FLT] [FLT:] [[5]] v. [19] [19], ibonisa indlela okuthiwakungu 176] okungahunyulwa kwemithetho yeze yezekelele, okumelwe bakhokhele, futhi baphathe izingane.

Inqubo Efanele Nokuvikelwa Kwenkululeko

Isivikelo soMvumelwano “inkululeko” sichazwe njengehlanganisa hhayi nje kuphela inkululeko ekuzithibeni ngokomzimba kodwa nelungelo lokwenza izinqumo eziyisifuba zomuntu siqu. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi inkululeko ethile ibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba ayinakususwa ngaphandle kwesithakazelo esiphoqelelwe, [FLT:] iqaphele ukufaneleka kwamalungelo emvelo eSivumelwaneni. Amaphutha anjengaye [FLT][FLT]] [FLT]Grisloldb v. Connecticut[[[FF:]] [FLT] [6] [65] [inani] [inani] [inani]) [indawo ngayinye] emele ukukhishwa isimethombo secala, [iphawulelwa ngokufaka i-Gebomu ngokomthethona ukuthi i-Geneticsccoption.[F]

, umbono wobuningi washo lokhu ngodumo: “Emzileni wenkululeko yilungelo lomuntu lokuchaza umbono wakhe siqu wokuba khona, okunenjongo, indawo yonke, nemfihlo yokuphila kwabantu.” Lololimi lubonisa umbono omkhulu wenjabulo yomuntu. Ukucabanga okunjalo kubonisa ukuthi iSimemezelo senza okungaphezu kokuphefumulela nga-* inikeza abahluleli ithuba lokufunda wonke umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo.

Ithonya Lezizwe Zonke: Indlela Abanye Ohulumeni Abasebenzisa Ngayo Lesimemezelo

Ukuthola Amabhukwana Emibuso Emisha

ISimemezelo Senkululeko siye sasebenza njengesibonelo samazwe amaningi afuna ukumisa ohulumeni bomthetho-sisekelo. Isimemezelo saseFrance samalungelo abantu nowaseSizweni (1789) saboleka kakhulu olimini lukaJefferson, kanye nomthetho-mthetho wesizwe owalandelayo (kuhlanganise nesaseGreece, iPoland, kanye nezindawo eziningi zangemva kwe-Efricensial Revicts, (ifaka izikhombo ezicacile zezwe laseAfrika) “zibonakala"" ngesimo samalungelo abantu. Ekubhaleni iSimemezelo Sezizwe Zonke Samalungelo Abantu (1988), ikomiti yeZizwe Ezihlangene, ebekwe isihlalo yi-EleanoreoseRoseRoselt, yathola esazimweni saseMelika uDeclaydic. Isihloko sokuqala,“ Zonke izimo ezingabantu ezizalwa ngenkululeko nesizolinganiyo.”

Namuhla, izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke nezinkantolo zakwamanye amazwe ngezinye izikhathi zicaphuna iSimemezelo sase-U.S. lapho kuchazwa izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, i - European Court of Human Rights iye yafaka imvume eMelika emaphepha aqashelwe amacala aphathelene nokuqulwa kobulungisa nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi umbhalo obhalelwe ikoloni elilodwa uphenduke isisekelo somthetho wembulunga yonke.

Ithonya Ekwakhekeni Komthetho - sisekelo Wangemva Kwekoloni

Amazwe athola ukukhululeka emibuso yamakoloni ekhulwini lama-20 ngokuvamile ayenanela amaphepha awo angokomthetho ayisisekelo esibonelweni saseMelika. Umthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya, owamukelwa ngo-1950, uhlanganisa isaziso esithembisa ubulungisa, inkululeko, ukulingana, nobudlelwane (ngolimi) olusekela ukugcizelela kweSimemezelo sokulingana nokuvumelana. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya iye yakhomba i-DOI lapho ichaza ilungelo lokuphila nenkululeko yomuntu siqu ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 21. Ngokufanayo, iposi laseNingizimu Afrika eliwumthetho owe-Constitudentid (1969) liveza ngokucacile imvume yamalungelo “esithunzi nokulingana kwabantu bonke,” iveza iSivumelo somthetho. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi uMemo akuyona nje indlela engokomlando kodwa iyisibonelo yokusebenza komthetho emhlabeni wonke.

Ukulinganiselwa: Igebe Phakathi Kwamazwi Nomthetho

Ubuzenzisi Obungokomlando Nokukhishwa Kwawo Ekuqaleni

Nakuba lesiSimemezelo siye sasetshenziselwa ukwandisa amalungelo, umbhalo waso wokuqala wawunokuphikisana okukhulu. UJefferson wezigqila, futhi lencwadi ayizange iqede ubugqila; yabiza abantu besizwe samaNdiya ngokuthi “ama-Avagedu angenawo umklomelo.” Cishe ekhulwini leminyaka ngemva kuka-1776, umthetho waseMelika wacindezela ukugqilazwa kwezinhlanga zabesifazane, waphika ukuvota, futhi wavumela imfuno yempahla yokuvota. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi iSimemezelo siye sabizwa ngokukhetha ngokukhethayo.

Kodwa lona kanye ulimi lwalesiSimemezelo lwanikeza isikhali kulabo abakhishwe ngaphandle. UFrederick Douglas, enkulumweni yakhe edumile ka - 1852 ethi “Yini esigqilani ngoJuly wesine?” waguqula iSimemezelo ngokumelene nabalobi baso, ephikisa ngokuthi izimiso zaso zazifuna ukukhishwa kwemvume. Inhlangano yabesifazane, eSivumelwaneni sikaSeneca, yasho ngokuzimisela ukuba ifune ilungelo lokuqala ukuvota. Ngakho, amandla alesiSimemezelo ngokwengxenye abekwe ekusebenziseni i-Stockhoval.

Imingcele Yokwahlulela Nengozi Yokucabanga Ngokuziphatha

Ezinye izazi ezingokomthetho zixwayisa ngokuncika ngokweqile eSivumelwaneni ekwakheni isinqumo sokwahlulela. Ziphikisa ngokuthi leli phephandaba alicacile kakhulu ukuba lingakhonza njengesiqondiso esiqondile somthetho. Inkulumo ethi “kutholakala injabulo” ingasho izinto eziningi kubantu abaningi, futhi abahluleli abayalelayo kungenzeka ukuthi bafaka imibono yabo siqu yokuziphatha. UMahluleli Antonin Scalia, umsekeli weSimemezelo sakuqala, uxwayisa njalo ukuthi ukusebenzisa uSimemezelo sokwandisa amalungelo abekwe ngokwethulile kuholela ekuthatheni inqubo yokwahlulela. [[1]] [OLT] wafell [FLT] [2], [FLT], , Sctaliasalm], waphikisa ukuthi iningi liguqulelwe ngokungafanele inqubo yomthetho wentando yentando yeningi, ukukhipha inqubo yentando yentando yeningi. Lokhu kusethi, kusehlulelo olusekubusayo. Lokhu komthetho nomthetho okuqhubekayo phakathi kwezemthetho.

Isiphetho: Ukunconywa Okungokomthetho Okuqhubekayo Kwalesimemezelo

Ohulumeni basebenzisa iSimemezelo senkululeko ukuze benze imithetho ngendlela ecacile nengacaci − kusukela ekuqanjweni kwemithetho kuya ekucabangeni kwamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. Izimiso zayo zamalungelo emvelo, ukulingana, nokuvuma zakha isisekelo sokwenza imithetho yentando yeningi yanamuhla. Nakuba lesiSimemezelo singesona ithuluzi elibophayo elingokomthetho, siye saba i-chamelia yomthetho-sisekelo: amagama aso angacelwa ukuba asekele kokubili izikhundla zemithetho eqinile nekhululekile, ukusekela amandla kahulumeni noma ukuwalinganisela, futhi ahlanganise amaqembu amashandala noma ama-harchier.

Amandla eqiniso angokomthetho awakho ekuchazeni noma yimuphi umbango kodwa asemandleni awo okuziguqula. Njengoba kuvela izimo ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwezimiso zomphakathi, ukuvela kwezinsongo zenkululeko , iziphakamiso nezishaya umthetho zibuyela eSivumelwaneni ukuze zithole uhlelo olungaphelelwa isikhathi noluvumelana nezimo. Lencwadi cishe izoqhubeka ibumba umthetho weMelika nowembulunga yonke izizukulwane ezizayo, ngenxa nje yokuthi ayikhulumi ngezindlela ezikhethekile zanoma iyiphi inkathi kodwa isifiso somuntu sokuzimela inkululeko nokukhululeka.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni umbhalo wesisekelo oyinhloko, Izinqolobane zeNational zinikeza ukubhalwa okuphelele nomongo ongokomlando. Library of Congress] inikeza izithombe zobuchwepheshe kanye nokuhlaziya [. Abafundi bomlando ongokomthetho bangathintana [Cornell Information’s Ingxenye engokomthetho yendima yeSimemezelo somthetho . Lemithombo ibonisa futhi indlela incwajana eyodwa kusukela 1776 ehlala ngayo inamandla emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokwenza imithetho esemthethweni.