Isimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya singenye yezindlela ezihlala njalo zokuvikela uhulumeni ophathwe ngokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene nemisebenzi ehlukene, lesisimiso sivimbela noma iliphi ilungiselelo elilodwa ekuqoqeni amandla angavinjelwa. Lelilungiselelo lokwakha livikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingathatha isinyathelo ngokungazenzisikho kuyo yonke imibuso yokubusa. Ukuqonda indlela ukwahlukana kwemibuso, izimpande zayo ezingokomlando, kanye nokubaluleka kwayo kubalulekile ukuze kuqasheke ukuthi kungani izimiso zedemokrasi zihlala ziqinile ngokumelene nokuthambekela kwempoqo.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Nezisekelo Ezingokwesayensi KaPhilosophiya

Isisekelo sokuhlakanipha sokuhlukanisa amagunya savela phakathi noKhanyiselwa, inkathi lapho ongqondongqondo bezombangazwe bebekela inselele ukubusa okuphelele futhi befuna ukumisa izimiso ezazizovikela izakhamuzi ekucindezeleni. Isazi sefilosofi saseFrance uMontesquieu, emsebenzini wakhe wokuzilawula uMoya woMthetho [[, (1748), waveza isimo esinethonya elikhulu kakhulu salesimiso. UMontesquie waphikisa ukuthi ukugxilisa umthetho, isikhulu, namandla okwahlulela ezandleni ezifanayo ngokungenakugwenywa kuholela ekulweni kobushiqela. Ukuhlola kwakhe isimiso somthetho-sisekelo saseBrithani kwamkholisa ukuthi kwakudingeka amagatsha ahlukene ayengahlola izifiso ezinye.

Imibono kaMontesquieu yalololonga kakhulu abaQhingi baseMelika njengoba babeqamba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uJames Madison, u-Alexander Hamilton, noJohn Jay bayichaza ngalemiqondo eMapa, ahlala eyimibhalo ebalulekile yokuqonda incazelo engemva kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. KuFederal No. 47, uMadison waxwayisa ukuthi "ukubekwa kwawo wonke amandla, umthetho, umphathi, nojudicary, ezandleni ezifanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungowodwa, abambalwa, noma abaningi, nokuthi ifa labo ngokwabo, abazihlelayo, noma abahlelile, bangabizwa ngokufanelekile incazelo yayo kanye yobushiqela." iSishaya uDeviduko lokuhlomela intando, ngegatsha ngalinye elifuna ukumelana nethonya inqubo yokulwa nabanye.

John Locke wathonya futhi lesi simiso ngezincwadi zakhe eziphathelene nesivumelwano sezenhlalo nesidingo sokuhlukanisa i-odoli negunya eliphethe. U-Locke uhlukanisa phakathi kwamandla emithetho emisa imithetho namandla aphethe ayenza iphoqelele, ephikisa ngokuthi ukuphathisa kokubili endikimbeni eyodwa kungadala impikiswano eyingozi. Lezizisekelo zefilosofi zanikeza izakhiwo zobuhlakani zomthetho-sisekelo emhlabeni wonke.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho liphethe amandla okwakha, ukuhlanganisa, nokubuyisana kwemithetho. E-United States, uMkhandlu usebenza njengenhlangano ye-bidaral nendlu yabameleli neSigele, ngayinye eklanyelwe ukumelela iziphakamiso ezihlukene nezithakazelo. Indlu, enamagama ayo aneminyaka emibili, ihlala inamathele kakhulu entando ethandwayo, kuyilapho amagama eSigele aneminyaka eyisithupha nemelelwe ngokomthetho ngamunye kunikeza ukuzinza futhi kuvikeleke ezingeni ezinkulu.

Izinqubo zomthetho zibala amagunya ahlanganisa intela, ukuboleka, ukuqondisa imali yezentengiselwano zomhlaba, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, ukumisa impi, ukumisa nokusekela, nokumisa yonke imithetho edingekile nefanele ukumiswa kwalemibuso. Ngalé kokubekwa komthetho, iSishaya-mthetho sinegunya eliqinile egatsheni eliphethe ngokuzwa kwekomiti, ukuphenya, amandla esikhwama semali. ISishayamthetho siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli futhi sifaka izivumelwano, sisinikeza indima eqondile ekulolongeniseni isikhulu namagatsha okwahlulela. Ikomiti yamakomiti e-Bhunga egunya akhethekile asebenza njengezinhlangano ezicuphenelisayo, ukuzwa kwemithetho, ukuqinisekiswa kwemithetho, nokutusa ukuhlelwa kwezivumelwano.

Igatsha lemithetho linegunya futhi lokungavumelani nemithetho, livumela leNdlu ukuba ibeke izikhulu zikahulumeni eziphethe kuhlanganise nomongameli ngobugebengu obukhulu nangamacala angafanele, lapho iSigele siqunga icala.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa futhi liphoqelele umthetho kahulumeni ngaphansi kobuholi bukamongameli, okhonza njengenhloko kahulumeni nomphathi kahulumeni. Imithwalo yemfanelo kamongameli engokomthetho-sisekelo ihlanganisa ukukhonza njengomphathi-nhloko wamabutho ahlomile, ukuthethelela, ukwenza izivumelwano neseluleko seSigele, ukumisa izikhulu zikahulumeni namajaji, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ikhishwa ngokwethembeka. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa futhi isekela likamongameli, iminyango yeKhabhinethi, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni eziningi eziqondisa izindawo ezithile.

Omongameli banamuhla baye basebenzisa iziyalezo zokuqondisa izikhulu, i-tatranda, nezimemezelo zokuqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nokusebenzisa izinqubo eziza kuqala ngaphandle kokulinda ukuthatha isinyathelo sombuso. Nakuba amathuluzi anjalo evumela ukubusa okusheshayo, aphakamisa futhi imibuzo ngemingcele yegunya eliphethe. Isifundazwe sokuphatha siye sakhula kakhulu kusukela enkathini yeNew Deal, kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa amandla okuveza i-quatto-legidatic kunye ne-quajusi ngokubeka i-consiadicting ment. Le ntuthuko iye yabangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuthi ingabe ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuyaqhubeka yini igatsha lezikhulu zanamuhla.

Amandla kamongameli unikeza i-evento i-exivilo eqondile emthetho, ifuna ukuba iSishaya-mthetho siqoqe isilinganiso esikhulu esiphindwe kabili kwezintathu emagumbini omabili. Lomandla anamandla ashukumisa ukumiswa kwemithetho ukuze akhange ukuvumelana okukhulu, avimbele izingcingo ezinkulu ekumiseni izinyathelo ezinzima. Ilungelo lobubusi nezikhulu zesizwe zokuzivikela libonisa ukungezwani phakathi kwemingcele ephumelelayo yokubusa nomthetho-mthetho-mthethweni.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi libukeza ukufaneleka kwalo komthetho-mthetho ngamandla okwahlulela. INkantolo Ephakeme, eyamiswa yiSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo, ihlala esiqongweni sesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni, esihlanganisa izinkantolo zesifunda zezicelo nezinkantolo zesifunda. Amajaji ahlangene amisa ukumiswa kokuphila konke phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle, ezivikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe nasekuqinisekiseni ukuzimela kwamanye amagatsha.

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kwaqinisekiswa kuMarbury v. Madison (103), lapho uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall emisa ukuthi kungumsebenzi wegatsha lokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini nokuqeda izenzo eziphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo. Lomandla avumela izinkantolo ukuba zishaye imithetho edluliswa yiSishayamthetho nezenzo ezithathwa umphathi oweqa umthetho. Ijajidiary futhi ixazulula izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe, ukuchaza imithetho engokomthetho, nokuvikela amalungelo ohulumeni ngamanye.

INkantolo Ephakeme isebenza ngesimiso sesibonelo futhi icabanga ngombono wayo, nezinqumo zayo eziphethe igunya elibophayo enkantolo kahulumeni. Nakuba iNkantolo ingenakuthatha isinyathelo noma iphoqelele imithetho yayo, izincazelo zayo zibumba wonke amagatsha kahulumeni angokomthetho. Inqubo yokumisa, ehilela ukumiswa komongameli nokugunyazwa kweSishaya - mthetho, iqinisekisa ukuthi ijaji lihlala linesibopho emagatsheni ezombangazwe kuyilapho lilondoloza inkululeko.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela

Amasesha nezilinganiso zakha ukulinganisela okunamandla lapho igatsha ngalinye lingamelana khona nokuphazamisana nezinye. Igatsha lomthetho lihlola umphathi ngamandla alo ukudlula ama-veto, ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa, izivumelwano ze-rafy, ukulawula izimali, nokukhipha izikhulu. Isikhulu sihlola isishaya-mthetho ngamandla, ikhono lokubiza izikhawu ezikhethekile, negunya lokumisa imithetho ngokukhetha kwezinye izimo. I-judiary ihlola womabili amagatsha ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, simemezela izenzo ezingahambisani nemithetho futhi sichaze incazelo yemithetho.

Izibonelo eziwusizo zokuhlola nokulinganisela okusebenzayo zihlanganisa ukwenqaba kweSigele umongameli, iziphakamiso zomongameli eziphethe umthetho obalulekile, iNkantolo Ephakeme ishaya imithetho yezikhulu edlula igunya lomthetho-sisekelo, nokuhlola okuveza ukuziphatha okubi kwezikhulu. Lemicikilisho isebenza ngokuqhubekayo, idala ukuxabana nokucunula okunciphisa izenzo zikahulumeni kodwa futhi ivimbela izinqumo ezisheshayo noma ezinonya.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusebenza futhi phakathi nenqubo yokushaya umthetho ngokwayo. I-Badaralism idinga kokubili iNdlu neSigele ukuba kuvunyelwe umthetho ofanayo ngaphambi kokuba unikezwe umongameli. Lokhu kuhlola kwangaphakathi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izindleko zibonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kunokukhetha igumbi elilodwa. Amakomiti engqungquthela ahlanganisa umehluko phakathi kwendlu nezinguqulo zeSigele, ukumiswa kokucwengisiswa ngokunye ngokuyekelela.

Okwenza Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Kuvimbele Uhulumeni Ukuba Ufinyelele Abantu Ngokweqile

Injongo eyinhloko yokuhlukanisa imibuso iwukuvimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba ilawule ngokuphelele ukubusa. Uma amandla ehlukene, alikho igatsha elingathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokubambisana noma ukuvumelana kwabanye, kwakha imingcele yokwakha ukuze kubekwe imithetho ewumthetho. Izakhamuzi ziyazuza kulelilungiselelo ngoba amaqembu ahlukene angafuna ukukhululeka egatsheni elilodwa lapho elinye lidlula imingcele yalo.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuthuthukisa futhi ukulandisa ngokusakaza umthwalo wemfanelo ezinhlanganweni ezihlukene. Amavoter angahlola ukusebenza kwamagatsha ahlukene ngokwehlukana, futhi igatsha ngalinye kumelwe liphendule umphakathi ngezindlela zokukhetha ezihlukene. Umongameli ubhekene nokhetho lwesizwe njalo eminyakeni emine, amalungu endlu amela ukhetho njalo eminyakeni emibili, futhi abasizi babhekene nabavoti njalo eminyakeni eyisithupha. Amajaji aseFederal, nakuba engakhethwanga ngokuqondile, amiswa yizikhulu ezikhethiwe futhi aqinisekiswa iSigelethi, anikeza ukulandisa okungaqondile kwentando yeningi.

Ukubusa komthetho kuxhomeke ekuhlukanisweni kwemibuso ngoba imithetho kumelwe yenziwe ngendikimba eyodwa, iphoqelelwe, futhi ichazwe ngeyesithathu. Lokhu kuvimbela noma yiliphi igatsha ekubhaleni ngesikhathi esifanayo, ekufezeni, nasekukhipheni imithetho ngokomthetho − inhlanganisela engabhubhisa isivikelo esingokomthetho kubantu ngabanye. Imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo egunya likahulumeni iba nengqondo kuphela uma izinkantolo ezizimele zingawaphoqelela amanye amagatsha. Ngaphandle kokwehlukana kwemibuso, amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo aba ukusikisela nje kunokuba ibopha imingcele.

Isivikelo samalungelo amancane nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye sisuka ngokwemvelo emibusoni ehlukene. Izikhulu zendlu yomthetho azikwazi ukuvimbela ukuphikisana uma umphathi enqaba ukuphoqelela imithetho ecindezelayo noma izinkantolo zingawashaya indiva njengengavumelani nemithetho. Imfuneko yokuba izinhlangano eziningi zivumelane ngaphambi kokuba isenzo sikahulumeni siqhubeke iveza amaphuzu amaningi lapho amalungelo engase avikelwe khona.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Zokwehlukana Kwamandla

Ukuhleleka Kweqembu Eliphethe Nesenzo Esingekho

Omongameli banamuhla baye basebenzisa kakhulu iziyalezo zokuqondisa ukuze bafeze izinhloso ezingokwesimiso ezingenakudlula eMkhandlwini. Nakuba iziyalezo zezikhulu zinomlando omude, ubukhulu nezikhawu zazo ziyanda emashumini eminyaka amuva. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lomkhuba uvimbela inqubo yomthetho futhi ugxilise amandla egatsheni eliphethe. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi iziyalezo zezikhulu zidingekile uma uMkhandlu uhluleka ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuphoqelela izimpikiswano zesizwe. Umbango phakathi kwemingcele ephumelelayo yokubusa nomthetho - sisekelo awuphenduli, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zishaya iziqondiso ezidlula igunya lomongameli.

I - Gridlock Eqanjiwe Negunya Elingokomthetho

Ukubekwa kwezindawo kwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuba iziKhongolo-khampathi zikhiphe umthetho, kuholele ekubekeni umthetho wemithetho ezimpikiswaneni ezinkulu. Ekuphenduleni, uMkhandlu uye wanika izinhlangano eziphethe igunya elibalulekile, uzivumela ukuba zigcwalise imininingwane yamapulani amakhulu omthetho. Lezi zihambeli zidlulisela amandla okumisa angokomthetho avela kubameleli abakhethiwe ezikhulwini zokuphatha, zibangela ukukhathazeka ngokuthathelwa isibopho sobudemokrati nokuncishiswa kwemithetho. Imfundiso engagunyazimthetho, elinganisela ukuthi i-Congress Congressment ingathutha kangakanani amandla emithetho, iye yaphelelwa kakhulu kodwa iye yabona isithakazelo esivuselelwe izazi ezingokomthetho nangabahluleli abathile.

Ukuthatha Icala Nokuzithiba

Izimpikiswano ngendima efanelekile yejaji ziyaqhubeka kwezombangazwe zamanje. Abagxeki bezenzo zokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo ziwudlula umsebenzi wazo wokuchaza ngokwenza izinqumo okufanele zishiywe emagatsheni akhethiwe. Abasekeli bezokunqanda ukwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zithathe izahlulelo zemithetho ngaphandle kokuba ziwuphula ngokusobala umbhalo osemthethweni. Inqubo yokuqinisekiswa kwamajaji ombuso iye yaba yingxabano eyandayo, ebonisa izigxobo eziphakeme ezihilelekile ekumisweni kwezokwahlulela futhi iqaphele ukuthi izinkantolo zisebenzisa amandla abalulekile phezu kwemithetho yomphakathi.

Ukuphakama KoMbuso Ophethe

Izinhlangano ze-Federal zihlanganisa imisebenzi yemithetho, yezikhulu, neyakwahlulela ngezindlela ezibekela inselele ukuhlukaniswa okungokwesiko kwezimiso zezimiso zomthetho. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zikhipha imithetho enamandla omthetho, ziphoqelele lezo zimiso ngokuhlola nangokujezisa, nangokuphikisana ngokuqula izigwebo. Lokhu kubekwa kwemisebenzi kuye kwaholela ekufuneni inguquko, kuhlanganise neziphakamiso zokuqinisa ukuqondisa kwenhlangano, ukwandisa ukubukezwa kwezimiso zomthetho, nokuvuselela izithikasha ezingokomthetho eziqondiswe abathunywa. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ehenhla e iWest Virginia v. EPA [20]) izimpawu ezivuse zikhona zokuqondisa ukuqondisa komthetho, ikakhulukazi emibusweni emikhulu yezezomnotho nezombangazwe.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Ngokuhlukana Kwamandla

Izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezihlukene zisebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Izimiso zobumongameli njenge-United States zilondoloza ukuhlukana okuqinile phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe nezomthetho, ngalinye linemithetho ezimele. Izimiso zePhalamende, ezivamile eYurophu nakwezinye izindawo, zihlanganisa amandla aphetheyo nawabezomthetho ngokuba undunankulu nekhathekhatheyini zikhishwe esishaya umthetho. Nakuba izimiso zephalamende zigxilise amandla kakhulu, zilondoloza ukwahlukana kwemibuso ngezindawo ezizimele futhi, ezimweni eziningi, izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho ezibukeza umthetho.

I-German Basic Law imisa isimiso esinendawo enkulu yeNkantolo yomthetho-mthetho elawula i-Federal Constitution ethatha i-computer. I-French 5 Republic ihlanganisa umongameli okhethwe ngokuqondile nondunankulu onomthwalo wemfanelo ephalameni, idala isimiso esixubile esiye sashintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amazwe amaningi aye athatha izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezizimele njengezinhlangano ezimelene nokungasindi, izimemezelo zamalungelo abantu, kanye namahhovisi esizwe anezela ekuhlukani kwemibuso nezinhlangano ezikhethekile zokulandisa.

Umthetho oqhathanisayo womthetho-sisekelo wembula ukuthi ukwahlukana kwemibuso akuyona indlela eyodwa kodwa izinhlobonhlobo zamalungiselelo ezinhlangano aklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukubuswa yinoma yiliphi igatsha likahulumeni. Amazwe avela ekubusweni kwempoqo ngokuvamile ahlela ukuzimela kokwahlulela kanye nokubukeza komthetho-sisekelo njengezindlela zokuvikela ukubuyela emuva. Ukuhlala njalo kwezinhlangano zentando yeningi eziqeqeshiwe kusikisela ukuthi isimiso esiyinhloko (‘amandla angundoqo) sokuvikela inkululeko----------akayiyo esetshenziswa ngezindlela eziningi kuyilapho kufinyelela imiphumela efanayo yokuvikela.

Ukulondolozela Izizukulwane Ezizayo Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukulondoloza ukwahlukana kwemibuso kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwezakhamuzi, izikhulu ezikhethiwe, namajaji. Izakhiwo zomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho kuphela azinakugcina inkululeko uma abadlali bezombangazwe benqaba ukuhlonipha imingcele yabo.

Imfundo ye-pic inendima ebalulekile ekusekeleni ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Izakhamuzi eziqonda ukuthi kungani amandla kumelwe ahlukaniswe zisengozini enkulu yokumelana nezicelo zegunya eliqinile, ngisho nalapho ukugxilisa ingqondo kubonakala kuphumelela. Ukusekela komphakathi ezinkantolo ezizimele, ukuqondisa kwemithetho, nokuziphendulela kobucukubhede kudala izisusa zezombangazwe zokuba abaphathi bahloniphe imingcele engokomthetho. Ukuhlola izenzo zikahulumeni kuwo wonke amagatsha kusiza ekudaluleni ukucunuleka nokuthathela icala ngombono womphakathi.

Izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ngezikhathi ezithile ziye zalungisa ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, njengoba kuneziNguqulo zamashumi amabili namashumi amabili nanhlanu ezicacisa ukulandelana kobumongameli kanye neSichibiyelo esihlangene silinganisela amongameli ngokwezigaba ezimbili. Lokhu kulungisa kubonisa ukuthi ukwakheka komthetho-sisekelo kungashintsha lapho kugcinwa isisekelo sawo esiyisisekelo. Noma iziphi izinguquko zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zicatshangelwe ngokucophelela ukuze kulondolozwe imisebenzi evikelayo enikezwa ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuyaqhubeka njengesimiso esiyisisekelo ngoba ikhuluma ngenselele ehlala njalo: indlela yokunika uhulumeni amandla okufeza imigomo ehlangene kuyilapho uvimbela ukuba ilawule izakhamuzi. Alikho ikhambi eliphelele elikhona, kodwa ukuhlukaniswa kwegunya phakathi kwamagatsha anezithakazelo ezincintisanayo nemisebenzi ehlukile kuye kwabonakala kuphumelela ngokuphawulekayo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Imibuso ebusayo yomthetho-sisekelo elondoloza ukuhlukaniswa okunamandla okukhona ngokuvamile iye yanikeza inkululeko enkulu, ukuzinza, nokuchuma kunezimiso ezigxilisa igunya. Ukuqonda nokuvikela lesi simiso kusemqokamo wentando yeningi ekulondolozeni ukubusa kwentando yeningi nokuzinsongozeli engapheliyo.