Umthetho - sisekelo Nesimiso Esingokomthetho Samandla Okufudusa Umbuso

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza uhulumeni okhethekile igunya ngokubekwa kwemvelo nokuvunyelwa kwamazwe angaphandle. Nokho, izizwe zilondoloza amandla abalulekile amaphoyisa okulawula ukuphepha komphakathi, impilo, nenhlalakahle . “‘ Igunya lababusi abangalisebenzisayo ekulolongeni imiphumela ehlobene nokufuduka. INkantolo Ephakeme iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni ephathelene nokufuduka ifanelwe ukulahlwa uma bephikisana nomthetho kahulumeni, kodwa futhi iqaphela ukuthi izigaba zingathatha izenzo ezisekela noma ezinezela imizamo yomthetho womthetho. Lokhu kulinganisela okubucayi kunikeza ababusi isikhulu esiqinile ukuba bandise noma bavikelwe amalungelo nesivikelo esitholakala kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe emingceleni yabo.

Abalawuli abasebenza phakathi kwesakhiwo se-construnialism, lapho izinhlangano zikahulumeni nohulumeni ngokuvamile zihlanganyela khona imithwalo yemfanelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi ukuthungatha noMthetho we-Nationality, imibuso ingangena ezivumelwaneni [ 87 [g] [ii-FLT] [ii] ivimbela umbuso kanye nomthetho wendawo ukuba ubophezele umthetho wokufuduka. Izikhulu zingakhetha ukuphishekela, imingcele, noma ukuqeda izivumelwano ezinjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababusi bangamemezela izikhawulo zokuqondisa izimali zokuqondisa izimali zomngcele, njengoba zibonwa eTexas nase-Arizona, noma ukusebenzisa amandla abo okuvimbela ukungena komfunda-mfunda-mvume noma ukuthatha umthetho wezwe wezwe. Imvume yegunya eliphethe izikhulu, futhi izikhulu zezikhulu zezindawo zesifundazwe, futhi izikhulu zeze izikhulu zezombangazwe zezwe, futhi isikhulu sezenziwamame sombuso esingundabhtime.

Abalawuli Bemithetho Eyinhloko Bakhona

Izimiso Neziqondiso Eziphethe

Abalawuli banganikeza iziyalo zezikhulu zesifundazwe zokumisa izinto eziza kuqala noma ukwenqaba ukubambisana neziphathimandla ze-offairs. Ngokwesibonelo, uMbusi waseCalifornia uGavin Newsom wakhipha umyalo wokulawula ngo-2019 owandisa i- California Values Act[[FLL:1], enqabela uhulumeni nokugcinwa komthetho ukuba usebenzise imithombo yezezimali ekuhloleni, ukuphenya, noma ukuvimbela abantu ngabanye ngenxa yezinjongo zokufuduka. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, uMbusi waseFlorida uRon Desantis wakhipha umyalo wezikhulu ngo-201 ofuna zonke izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zihambisane nokugcinwa kwemithetho yezokuthutha evunyelwe umthetho. Leziqondiso zabekwa indlela yokuxhumana kwamakhulu ezisebenzini nabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Ukulawula Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nemithombo Yengcebo

Isiphakamiso sohlelo lokuhlela imali singahlela izigidi zamaRandi ukuze kuvinjelwe i-odola, izimali zokuzivikela ezisemthethweni zabafuduki, noma izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa abafuduki. Ngokuphambene, uMbusi we-Texas Greg Abbott wasebenzisa i-Lone Star [[[FLT: 0]] i-Operation Lone Star [] ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuthumela izinkulungwane ze-Texas Department of Public Safety Seaderers kanye namalungu e-National Guards emngceleni, exhaswe u-mfazwe yi-ampondo. Ngokuphambene, u-New York Umlawuli u-Hochul Houl wabela izinkonzo ezingokomthetho zokusekela izihambeli ezibheke ukudingiswa. Uhulumeni wamisa futhi ukuxhaswa kwemisebenzi yolimi, inzuzo engcono ngezakhamuzi ze-Expontagedvice, kanye nezinhlelo zempilo ezifana ne-Memedic.

Ukubambisana Okungokomthetho KaHulumeni

Abalawuli banquma ukuthi kufanele yini bangene noma baqede izivumelwano ne-U.S. I-mmigration ne Custom Enigractment (ICE). Lezivumelwano zivumela izikhulu zikahulumeni eziqeqeshiwe ukuba zenze imisebenzi yokugcinwa kwezindawo, njengokuxoxa ngezicelo zokuthutha abantu, nokukhipha izicelo. Abanye ababusi, njengalabo baseCalifornia nase Oregon, baye bavimbela amaphoyisa abo ukuba angene ezivumelwaneni ezinjalo. Abanye, njengoDesantis, baye bagunyaza ukuthatha izivumelwano. Izikhulu futhi zithonya ukusetshenziswa [ku- izicelo zezicelo [[FLT] [FLD3:] [5] [9] izicelo ze-Intelliges I. Izicelo ze-intebourcegogo zabanye abantu zidluliselwe ngaphandle kwemithetho engokomthetho enjengomthetho enjengomthetho, ngaphandle kokuba i-Corracrace, kuding, njengoba kudinga abanye, njengoba kufunwa, njengoba kufunwa abanye, njengoba kufunwa, i-Erné

Ilayisense Yomshayeli Nezimiso Ezifanele Zokuhlukanisa

Enye yemithetho ebonakala kakhulu yokufuduka kombuso ukufinyelela amalayisense okushayela abafuduki abangabhaliwe. Ngango-2025, 16. Izifundazwe ze-Foool kanye ne-Fourgates of Columbia ziye zamisa imithetho enikeza umshayeli amalayisense kungakhathaliseki ukuthi akusimo okufuduka. Omashi baye basebenzisa iziyalezo zezokuqondisa ukuze bandise noma bavimbele izikhundla. Ngo-2023, uMbusi wase-Minnesota Tim Walz wasayina isikhokhelo sokuvumela izakhamuzi ezingabhaliwe ukuba zithole amalayisensela esilinganiso esivamile somshayeli, kanti i-Desantis ayisayinwe ayimithetho ekhishwa ngaphandle kwezincwadi zesifunda ezikhishwe izakhamuzi ezingadingiwe i-odocunse. Imithetho enjalo ithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwezigidi zezigidi zabafuduki kanye nezihlokile emigwaneni yomgwaqo, imishuwamu yomphakathi, nakwebo ye-mishuwamu yomphakathi.

Imfundo Nezinzuzo Zomphakathi

Ababusi bakahulumeni bahlohla ukufinyelela kubafundi abangabhaliwe ezikoleni eziphakeme. Okwamanje, abaphathi-mazwe banikeza amazinga okuthola abafundi abangabhaliwe ngokwesifunda sawo, ngokuvamile ngemithetho esayinwe noma ilwelwe yizobubusi. ETexas, uMbusi uRick Perry wasayina umthetho ka-2001 owawuphakathi kwabaqala ukunikeza imvume yesifunda. Muva nje, ababusi baye baphonsa imingcele yezenyuselo noma imingcele. Ngo-2024, uMbusi uLauray Kellay u-toto umthetho owenqabela abafundi ukuba bangamukeli ngokuphuma kwesifunda, kodwa abaphethe umthetho ka-2001 obekhona phakathi kokunikeza imvume yokuzinza. Umbusi ulinganisela futhi ngezinhlelo zezokunikeza izinhlelo zempilo ze-agconstrivernice, izimali ezisemfashinishini.

Isenzo Sokuhlola Izenzakalo Zokuthutha Kombuso

I - Arizona Ne - SB 1070 Era

I-SB 1070 yase-Arizona, eyasayinwa umthetho nguMbusi uJan Brewer ngo-2010, yayingomunye wemithetho kahulumeni enobudlova yokugcinwa kwabantu abafudukayo emlandweni wanamuhla. Lo mthetho wafuna ukuba amaphoyisa anqume isimo sokufuduka kwabantu phakathi nokuma okungokomthetho uma kwakunokungatshazwa okunengqondo ukuthi babekhona ezweni ngokungekho emthethweni. Futhi yenza ukuba kube umthetho umenze ukuba kube khona ngaphandle kwemibhalo efanelekile. Umthetho wabangela ukuphikisana kwesizwe, abafana, inselele, neNkanto ephakeme yeNkantolo eyahlasela izinhlelo eziningana njengokulahlwa umthetho kahulumeni. Nokho, umthetho “wangibonisa amaphepha akho” ilungiselelo” futhi wabeka isibonelo sokukopisha umthetho e-Alaba Georgia, nase-South Carolina. Umbusi Brewerbar wasekela inter ukusekela kwakhe intembelo yakhe enkulu njengendlela enzima yokusebenzisa i-SBB70line.

Isibonelo Sezwe Esingcwele SaseCalifornia

Ngokuphambene, uMbusi uJerry Brown noGavin Newsom bazibona bewumholi wesizwe ekuvikeleni abafuduki. UMthetho we-California Wezindinganiso (SB 54) uvimbela umbuso kanye nokugcinwa komthetho wendawo ekusebenzeni neziphathimandla zezezokufuduka zikahulumeni ezisezimweni eziningi, ukuvalela ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezezwe ekubekeni umthetho wezentengiselwano, futhi kulinganisela ukuhlanganyela kokwaziswa komuntu siqu. Umlawuli u-Newstom wasayina nemithetho enikeza abafuduki imithetho esemthethweni ebhekene nentengosi yezelo esemthethweni ebhekene nokudingiswa kwabantu abadala abangekho emthethweni. Lemithetho iye yabhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho ezivela kubaphathi bezwe kodwa eziqondiswe kakhulu, i-California ifaka indima ehambisana ne-consitimension.

Izinyathelo Ezilandelayo Zokuphepha Komngcele ETexas

UMbusi weTexas Greg Abbott wenze ukulondeka komngcele kube yindaba echazayo yemali yakhe. Ngo-2021, wasungula i-Lone Star , ethumela izinkulungwane zamalungu kahulumeni nama-National Guarders e-Mexico, futhi wabeka izimali eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-10 eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-202. Umsebenzi wahlanganisa ukuboshwa kwabafuduki nabathunjwayo futhi okusolwayo ngecala likahulumeni, njengokuphamba ukuvalela nokuhlasela kwezelele, ukuvimbela ukuthunyelwa kwezindawo zikahulumeni. Futhi u-Abott waqondisa umnyango we-Texas wezokuphepha-mvila ukuba ufakwe ucingo lwe-Rocet nokwehlu lomphakathi, futhi wafaka imingcele e-Rose-Ro Grande, okwaholela ekungqushumbisweni okungokomthetho nokulawulwa kwe-Bhoverse. INkakhulu yaqhubekela ukubuswa kweminye i-Aroffse.

Imithetho Engaqondakali YaseFlorida

UMbusi waseFlorida uRon DeSantis owasayinwa ngo-2023 owanciphisa kakhulu ikhono lohulumeni bendawo lokwamukela izinqubo ezingcwele. Umthetho udinga ukuba zonke izifunda zaseFlorida ezingu-67 zivumelane ne-ICE, zivimbele ukusetshenziswa kwezimali zikahulumeni ukuze kunikezelwe ukugcinwa okungokomthetho kwabafuduki abangabhaliwe, futhi zilahle amalayisense okuhamba nomshayeli wezwe akhishwa ukuba abantu abangabhaliwe. Futhi umyale ukuba izibhedlela ziqoqe ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokufuduka kweziguli futhi zibike ezweni. UDeSantis okwandayo kwezwe ngokusungula ukugcinwa komthetho wokuthunyelwa kwezindawo ezisemuva okungokombuso okunikezelweyo nokuthuthwa kwezwe kusuka e-Chexanter ku-Litah kuya e-Vineyard nase-cracto njengenkulumo yezombangazwe. Lokhu kufaka futhi i-Florida i-smorivent ukuze i-moride efuna ukuvicekwayo futhi ikhuselwe umsebenzi wesizwe.

Ithonya Lezombangazwe Nezenhlalo Lezikhulu Ezinikezwe Uhulumeni

Emiphakathini Yabafuduki

Izimiso zokufuduka ezisemqoka zikahulumeni zithinta kakhulu ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwabafuduki, kokubili okuqinisekisiwe nokungabhaliwe. Izinqubo zokungathathi-mfashiswa ezizweni ezinjenge California ne New York zinciphisa ukwesaba ukudingiswa phakathi nokuxhumana kwamaphoyisa okuvamile, zikhuthaza izisulu zabafuduki nofakazi ukuba babike ubugebengu ngaphandle kokwesaba imiphumela yokufuduka. Ngokungafani, imithetho enzima ehlangene ezindaweni ezinjenge-Arizona ne-Florida iye yahlobana nokwehla ukugcinwa komthetho, ukugwema izinkonzo zomphakathi, nokucindezela okukhulu ezindlini zabafuduki. I-2020 isifundo sezezezinhlolo- i-Progiclective . [[FLT]

Ezomnotho Nezisebenzini ZoMbuso

Izimiso zokuthutha zibuye zilolonge izimakethe zezisebenzi zikahulumeni. Izifiki ezingabhaliwe zikha izimboni eziyizimboni eziyisihluthulelo . Izisebenzi ezingamaphesenti amane , kanye nokugxilisa ingqondo kwezolimo, ukwakha, ukungenisa izihambi, nokunakekela. Amazwe avimbela ukuthunyelwa kwemali yezisebenzi zomshayeli noma isivikelo semisebenzi angase abone ukuswe kwezimboni eziyinhloko. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva komthetho we-2023 waseFlorida wokufuduka, abika izisebenzi zezezolimo, kuyilapho ezinye izakhamuzi ezingabhalanga zishiye umbuso. Ngokungafani, kusho ukuthi ukunikeza amalayisense futhi ezindaweni ezisemuva intela engcono kakhulu kubone izinga eliphakeme lokusebenza phakathi kwabafuduki kanye nokuhlangana kwezomnotho. Umbiko we-FOctive [Ftoto:]

Kuzwe loFederal Relations

Abalawuli baye baba abadlali abayinhloko ekulolongeni ubuhlobo phakathi kwezifundazwe nohulumeni ophethe ukufuduka. Phakathi nokuqondisa kwe-Trump, ababusi be-Dermocratic eCalifornia, eNew York, naseWashington bamangalela uhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe ezimisweni ezinjengokuvinjelwa kokuhamba, ukuqulwa komphakathi, nokunqatshelwa kwe-DACA. Phakathi nokuqondisa kwe-Biden, ababusi base-Republican eTexas, iFlorida, ne-Arizona ziye zakhipha izinguquko zokuphoqesha izinto eziza kuqala, uhlelo lwe-parole, nemali emngceleni. Lezimpi ezingokomthetho ziye zafinyelela iNkanto ePhakakhulu yeNkantolo yezikhulu, ziqinisa indima yezokuhlola ezimisweni zezwezwezwezwezwe ukuba zithutheleka ezindaweni ezisemngceleni, ibhasi labafuduki bevela emadolobheni asenyakatho, i-Alondsd, i-Deantist, izikhundla eziphono ezingokomthetho ezintsha ezingokomthetho ezintsha.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nendima Yezinkantolo

Cishe yonke inqubo enkulu yokufuduka iye yabhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho, ngokuvamile ezilethwa yizinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi noma uMnyango woMahlulelo wase-U.INkantolo Ephakeme. Ngo-2012 inqume Arizora v. United States[ isungulile ukuthi awekho amazwe angakwazi ukudala ubugebengu bawo siqu bokufuduka noma ukuphoqelela umthetho wezenhlalakahle wokufuduka ngokuzimele, kodwa angasiza ekubekeni umthetho kahulumeni ngezivumelwano zesivumelwano zesivumelwano sokusebenzelana. Izinqumo zikahulumeni zisekele imithetho elawula ukuthembeka (umz.g.), i-2011 [FLT.[FLT]] i-Cham yezenter v. Icala elingokomthetho elingokomthetho eligunyaza imvume yokuthatha imvume yokuthatha i-E-Vergionstion, noma ukuthatha imvume engokomthetho. Inkantolo yezentembe. Inkantolo yabase i-Texass iveza i-SBB. Inguev. Inkantolo iveza imithetho engokomthetho

Ikusasa Lomthetho Wokuthutha Kombuso

Uma bebheka phambili, ababusi bezwe cishe bayohlala besemqoka ekuhleleni ukufuduka, ikakhulukazi njengoba uMkhandlu uqhubeka uhluleka ukudlulisa inguquko ebanzi.

  • Izimpi zokukhulula[: Uhulumeni wezwe ungafuna imithetho ehlehlayo kahulumeni ephazamisa izinto eziza kuqala zokugcinwa kwamandla, kodwa umphumela uzoxhomeka ezinkantolo. Umphumela 2024 olawulwa yiNkathi Yesihlanu esekela ngokwengxenye ikhono likaTexas lokuphoqelela imithetho yecala likahulumeni ngokumelene nabafuduki, ukusikisela ukuthi izifunda zingaveza izindima ezintsha zokuphoqelela.
  • Ama-compacts e-Intertate: Abalawuli bangakha izivumelwano zezifunda ukuze baqondise ukugcinwa kwamandla noma izivikelo zabafuduki. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Pact yaseNtshonalanga States (i-California, i-Oregon, iWashington) iye yaxoxa ngamasu ahlangene angokomthetho amelene nezenzo zombuso zokufuduka.
  • Isilinganiso sesenzo sokusebenza [: Njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwemiyalo ephetheyo kwanda, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingafuna ukulinganisela amandla ababusi abangawekho. E-Oklahoma, umthetho wama 2024 ufuna umbusi ukuba athole imvume yemithetho ngaphambi kokungena kunoma isiphi isivumelwano sama-287(g).
  • Ukusabela komphakathi [: Abaqondisi bezwe elisemngceleni bangandisa indima yabo ekunikezeni indawo yokuhlala, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, kanye nezinto zokuhamba kubafuduki abakhululwa yiziphathimandla zikahulumeni. Ngo-2023, uMbusi waseNew York uHochul wamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo sokubhekana nokuthutheleka kwabafuni besivikelo, behlanganisa izinkulungwane zezigidi zezigidi zezindawo zokuhlala nezinkonzo.
  • Ubuchwepheshe nokwaziswa okuhlanganyela: Abalawuli bacindezela ukuba basebenzise ukwaziswa okunemisebe eyengeziwe, ukuhlanganisa izingqwembe ze-octive, abafundi be-layisense, kanye nezindawo zokuthola i-data ukuze kulandele inani labafuduki. I-United States enjenge-Texas ne-Florida ifaka imali kwezobuchwepheshe ukuze ihlanganyele imoto kanye nokwaziswa kokwaziswa ne-ICE.

Isiphetho: Abaholi Njengabalolongi Bomthetho Wokuthutha

Ababusi bakahulumeni abawona nje abaphathi bomthetho wezwe wokufuduka; bangabasunguli abasebenzayo bezimiso ezithinta izigidi zabafuduki nezindawo abahlala kuzo. Ngeziyalezo zezikhulu, izinqumo zokuhlela uhlelo, iziqondiso zomthetho, nokulawula imithetho, ababusi bangandisa amathuba abafuduki noma bavimbele amalungelo abo. Ukuhlukahlukahluka kwezwe kusondela ku-(kusukela e-Arizona's crackdown's ukuya endlini engcwele yase California) − kuveza ukwahlukana okujulile kwezombangazwe futhi kubonisa amandla ombuso womthetho womthetho wokuthutha nokuthatha imiphumela yendawo. Njengoba ukufuduka kuhlala kulokhu kuyindaba ephambili yezombangazwe, indima yombusi kulenkundla iyokhula kuphela, yenza ukuhlolwa kwesimiso sombuso sokuthutha abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe kubaluleke ekuqondeni isikhathi sesikhathi esizayo ngenxa yokuqonda umthetho wokufuduka kwabantu baseMelika.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni okwengeziwe, i-Dignal Policy Institute kahulumeni ye-state inikeza izibalo eziningiliziwe ngezakhamuzi zabafuduki nezimiso. Isikhungo sokucwaninga [[FLT:] Plat] ikhipha njalo ukuhlaziywa kombono womphakathi ngokufuduka. Izazi ezisemthethweni zingahlola [[FLT:]] i-Cornell Information of revolutionism [.]. Ukucatshulwa kwezindaba ngezenzo ezithile zombusi kutholakala ngokuphuma komthetho [FLT]] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]] kanye [FT]