Table of Contents

Ohulumeni bendawo basebenza njengabaqaphi ababalulekile bamalungelo omphakathi emiphakathini e-United States. Kusukela emikhandlwini yamadolobha kuya kweyasesifundazweni, lemikhandlu kahulumeni isebenzisa imithetho, iphoqelela imithetho emelene nobandlululo, futhi ikha nezinhlelo ezivikela izakhamuzi ekuphathweni ngokungafanele. Ukuqonda izindlela ohulumeni bendawo abavikela ngazo amalungelo omphakathi kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekuphileni komphakathi futhi izikhulu ezikhethiwe zibeke icala.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uhlola indima ehlukahlukene yohulumeni bendawo ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi, izimiso ezingokomthetho abasebenza kuzo, nezindlela ezingokoqobo izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngazo kulezi zimiso ukuze zithuthukise ukulingana nobulungisa emiphakathini yazo.

Ukuqonda Isimiso Sasemthethweni Sokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Endawo

Uhulumeni wendawo usebenza phakathi kwesimiso somthetho esiyinkimbinkimbi esihlanganisa imithetho kahulumeni, kahulumeni, nokamasipala.

Imithetho Yamalungelo Abantu Yasesifundazweni Nokuphoqelelwa Kwendawo

I - Civil Rights Division imisa imithetho kahulumeni evikela abantu ekucwaseni ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ukukhubazeka, ubulili, inkolo, isikhundla sobufazi, noma ukulahlekelwa amanye amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo. Ohulumeni bendawo banendima ebalulekile ekusebenziseni lezi sivikelo zikahulumeni emphakathini.

I-Fair House Act inqabela omasipala nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zisebenzise izinqumo zokuhlala noma indawo noma ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezihlukanisa abantu abakhubazekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iminyango yokuhlela yendawo kanye namabhodi ahlela indawo kumelwe acabangele ngokucophelela ukuthi izinqumo zabo zithinta kanjani amalungelo abantu.

Amanye amacala oMnyango aye athi futhi omasipala nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni zendawo baphula uMthetho weFair House Act lapho benqaba noma benqaba izinguquko zezindawo zokuhlalisa izindlu, noma bazibeka ezindaweni ezimbalwa kakhulu, ngoba izakhamuzi ezazilindeleke ukuba zibe ama-Afrika aseMelika agcwele. Le misebenzi yokuqinisekisa ibonakalisa ukuqondisa kukahulumeni wokwenza izinqumo zendawo.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Omphakathi Esisemzimbeni Kahulumeni

Ohulumeni bakahulumeni bavame ukunikeza isivikelo sesizwe esengeziwe esingaphezu kwezimfuneko zikahulumeni. UMnyango wamalungelo abantu uyinhlangano kahulumeni ebekwe icala lokumisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu yaseCalifornia, ephethe ukuvikela abantu baseCalifornia ekucwaseni okungekho emthethweni emsebenzini, ezindlini, emabhizinisini, nasemihlelweni ehlotshiswe ubudlova obubangelwa ubandlululo nokushushumbisa abantu. Izifunda eziningi zinezinhlangano ezifanayo ezisebenza ekuxhumaneni nohulumeni bendawo.

EMichigan, ukucwaswa kwezindlu kwenqatshelwe yi-Elliott-Larsen Covil Rights Act ne-Persons ene-Civil Rights Act ekhubazekile, enomthetho kahulumeni ohlanganisa zonke isivikelo sikahulumeni kanye nokwenezela iminyaka yobudala nesikhundla somshado, umthombo wenzuzo, ukuthatheka ngokobulili, nokuchazwa kwabobulili obuhlukile noma ukubonakaliswa. Lokhu kubonisa indlela imithetho kahulumeni enganikeza ngayo isivikelo esibanzi kunemithetho kahulumeni.

Ukusebenza Kwama - ordinal Nokulawula Kwendawo

Njengoba kungekho isivikelo sikahulumeni noma sikahulumeni sokungandlululi, omasipala abaningi baye bathatha isinyathelo sokuvikela abangane babo be - LGBTQ, umkhaya, nomakhelwane ekucwaseni ngemithetho yendawo engahlukanisi abantu evimbela ubandlululo olusekelwe endleleni yobulili noma ubulili obusekelwe emsebenzini womuntu siqu, ezindaweni zokuhlala, nasezindaweni zomphakathi zokuhlala.

Umthetho onqabela ukucwaswa kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho wenqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zomphakathi zokulala, umsebenzi nezindlu ngesisekelo sohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ubudala, ubulili, ubulili noma ukukhubazeka. Amadolobha anjengoScottsdale, i-Arizona asebenzisa isivikelo sendawo esibanzi esiqinisekisa ukuba zonke izakhamuzi ziphathwe ngendlela efanayo.

NgoMay 1, 2025, uMyneapolis, umkhandlu wedolobha laseMinnesota wadlulisa izinguquko eziningana emthetho wakhe wamalungelo omphakathi, owenqabela imikhuba yokulahla ubandlululo emsebenzini, kwezinye izindawo. Lokhu kubonisa indlela ohulumeni bendawo abaqhubeka ngayo bethuthukisa isivikelo samalungelo abo ukuze baxazulule izimpikiswano eziqu nokushelwa kwamaqembu ayengavikelekile ngaphambili.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi Asendaweni

Amadolobha amaningi nezindawo zokubala zimisa izinhlangano ezizinikele noma izinhlangano zokuphoqelela imithetho yamalungelo abantu nokuhlola izikhalo zobandlululo.

Ukwakhiwa Nemisebenzi Yamalungelo Omphakathi Endawo

Umthetho unikeza izinkonzo ezilandelayo: Izimpendulo zemibuzo ekucwaseni okungase kwenzeke ezindlini, emsebenzini nasezindaweni zomphakathi ezisedolobheni laseSt. Louis futhi zinikeza uphenyo olungakhethi lwezikhalo ezisekelwe kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni nasezindaweni ezivikelwe. Lomfanekiso ubuye ulandelwe emadolobheni alonke izwe, unikeze izinqubo ezifinyelelekayo ukuze izakhamuzi zibike futhi zibhekane nobandlululo.

Umgomo ka - Austin Equity and Inclusion uwukuguqula izimiso ukuze zandise ukutholakala kwazo, kususe imingcele yokuthola ithuba, ukusingatha ukucwaswa, nokuthuthukisa umphakathi lapho zonke iziqu zihlonishwa khona, kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ngokugcwele ukuvumelana nemithetho yombuso neyamazwe asebenzayo, kuhlanganise nemithetho yedolobha, amaMelika anoMthetho Wokukhubazeka, neSihlomo VI se - Civil Rights Act ka - 1964.

I-Office of Equty and Inclusion inikeza inhlangano ephethe ukuphoqelela ukuba kuphoqelelwe imithetho yesizwe emelene nokungahlangani kwenkululeko nemithetho kahulumeni. Lendlela ephakathi isiza ekuhleleni imizamo yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo futhi inikeza iphuzu elicacile lokuxhumana nezakhamuzi ezifuna usizo.

Ukuthunywa Kwamalungelo Abantu

I - Chicago Human Rights Ordinance inqabela ubandlululo emsebenzini, ezindaweni zomphakathi zokulala, ekuthengiseni izikweletu, kanye nokuphindisela, kuyilapho i - Chicago Fair House Ordinance ivimbela ukubandlu. I - Chicago Commission on Human Relations isebenza njengesibonelo sendlela izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zendawo ezingakusingatha ngayo ngokuningi ukucwaswa kwezigaba eziningi.

Ngemva kokuba kudluliswe isikhalo, iKhomishane igunyaza ibhizinisi ngalinye noma umuntu ngamunye omangalelwa ngokucwasa ngeposi, ngenkathi emisiwe yokunikeza impendulo ebhaliwe, ihlola ukukhononda futhi inqume ukuthi kukhona yini "ubufakazi obungenakulinganiswa" bokwephulwa komthetho, futhi uma kutholakala ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda, icala liyaqhubeka liqulwa isikhulu sezezindaba nesinqumo sokugcina seBhodi lamaKhomishane. Lenqubo ehlelwe ngendlela esemthethweni iqinisekisa inqubo efanele kuyilapho inikeza amakhambi abalulekile ezisulu zobandlululo.

I - Chicago Commission on Human Relations imangalelwa ngokuphoqelela i - CFHO ne - Chicago Human Rights Ordance ehlanganisa umsebenzi, izindawo zomphakathi zokuhlala, ukuboleka izikweletu, nobandlululo olubophayo, futhi kusukela ekulungiseni u - 1990, iye yasebenzisa lemithetho ngokunikeza imvume yokungathathi hlangothi ekuhloleni nasekufushaneni kwezikhalo zobandlululo.

Inqubo Yokuhlola Nokukhononda

Lezi zinqubo zilinganisela amalungelo abantu abakhonondayo ngezindlela ezifanele zokuvikela labo abamangalelwa ngokubandlulula.

Zonke izikhalo kumelwe ziqulwe phakathi nezinsuku ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye kusukela osukwini lwesenzo sokucwasa, futhi ukucwaswa okucatshangelwayo kumelwe ukuba kwenzeka phakathi kwemingcele yedolobha laseScottsdale. imingcele yesikhathi yokukhononda ngokulalisa iyahlukahluka ngokwezimiso, okwenza kube balulekile ngezakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde izimfuneko zazo zendawo.

Izinqubo zokuphenya ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ukuqoqa ubufakazi babo bobabili, ukuxoxa nofakazi, ukubukeza izincwadi ezihlobene nalokhu kanye nokwenza izinqumo zokuthi ubandlululo lwenzekile yini.

Ukucwaswa Kwezindlu Nohulumeni Wendawo

Izindlu zingenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu lapho ohulumeni bendawo bevikela khona amalungelo abantu.

Ukuhlala Nezindlu Ezinhle Nokuphoqelelwa Kwamandla

I-California Civil Rights Department inomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho engakhethi yezindlu zikahulumeni eyenza kube okungekho emthethweni ukucwasa noma ukuhlukumeza othile ngenxa yezici ezivikelekile, njengabobulili, uhlanga, umsuka wesizwe, ubulili, ubulili, ubulili, noma inkolo. Ohulumeni bendawo basebenza ngokubambisana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa ngokusemthethweni kwezindlu.

Ngisho noma kunemithetho yezindawo ezingcono kakhulu ezweni, ubandlululo nokuhlukaniswa kuyaqhubeka kulinganisela amathuba ezindawo zokuhlala zezakhamuzi eziningi zaseChicago, njengoba izisebenzi eziningi kakhulu zezindawo, abanikazi bezindawo, nabaphathi bempahla bengenakho ukuqonda i-CFHO, noma ingozi yokungawunaki umthetho ngokulimaza abantu abaningi nemikhaya. Lokhu kugcizelela isidingo esiqhubekayo sezimiso eziqinile zokugcinwa kwezindawo.

Abanye omasipala banemithetho yendawo enikeza isivikelo esengeziwe esingaphezu kwezimfuneko zikahulumeni nohulumeni. Lezisivikelo ezithuthukisiwe zingahlanganisa ezinye izigaba ezivikelweyo, izimiso zokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho eqinile, noma ukuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi ehlobene nezindlu.

Ukulima Nezwe Kusebenzisa Izinqumo

Izinqumo zendawo nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo zingaba nemiphumela ejulile yamalungelo omphakathi. Imikhuba yokuvimbela ubandlululo iye yasetshenziswa ngokomlando ekuhlaseleni imiphakathi futhi ilinganisela amathuba okuhlala amaqembu amancane.

Lokhu kwenqatshelwa kuhlanganisa izenzakalo zokucwasa ngokweqile amalungu enkolo ethile kanye nezenzo ezingaqondile, njengemithetho yokwakha eklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwamakhaya abantu njengezindawo zokukhulekela. Iminyango yokuhlela yendawo kumelwe izibukeze ngokucophelela izinqumo zokuhlela ukuze iqiniseke ukuthi awawephuli amalungelo omphakathi.

Imithetho elawula izindlu yanamuhla elungile iyavuma ukuthi injongo yokuhlukanisa akumelwe ngaso sonke isikhathi ibangele ukwephulwa kwemithetho.

Izindawo Zokuhlala Nezinguquko Ezinengqondo

Umgcini wezindlu kumelwe ashiye umthetho njengendawo yokuhlala enengqondo uma kudingekile ukuvumela umuntu okhubazekile ukuba abe nethuba elifanayo lokujabulela indawo yokuhlala, futhi ukwenqaba ukuvumela izilwane ezidingekayo ukuba zisetshenziswe noma izilwane ezisekela imizwelo kube ukucwaswa okungekho emthethweni. Ohulumeni bendawo baphoqelela lezimfuneko ngezinhlangano zabo ezilungile zezindlu nangeminyango yokwakha.

Izilwane ezisizayo nezilwane ezisekela imizwelo azinakukwazi ukuzalela, ukulingana, noma ukusinda kwezilwane ezifuyiwe, futhi abaqashi abanakukhokhelwa imfuyo noma intela yezilwane ezifuywayo. Lezi sivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abakhubazekile bangathola amathuba aphelele okuhlala.

Ukucwaswa Komsebenzi Nezivikelo Zendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo bavikela izisebenzi ekucwaseni imisebenzi ngemithetho ngokuvamile edlula izimfuneko zikahulumeni nohulumeni.

Amakilasi Akhuselwe Awenziwe Avikelekile

I-mendiations ichaza "isikhundla" njengalabo okungenzeka ukuthi abanaso "isakhiwo esimisiwe, esivamile, nesingenaso iso ebusuku," futhi inikeza ukuthi akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho ngomqashi ukwenqaba ukuqasha noma ukuqeda ummemezeli wesicelo noma isisebenzi esisekelwe ekuziphatheni kwendlu yabo ngaphandle kokuba isenzo esinjalo singenxa yokulunga okungokomthetho kwezebhizinisi. Lento entsha iveza ukucwaswa kwabantu abangenamakhaya.

Lezi zinguquko zivimbela nokubandlululwa okusekelwe ekulinganiseni umzimba, isisindo, noma ubukhulu, okuhlanganisa kokubili ukulinganiswa kwangempela kwezibalo nomfanekiso womuntu njengomde noma omfushane noma onesisindo esifushane noma kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isilinganiso sawo singakanani.

Izinguquko zindisa incazelo yohlanga ngaphansi kwe-Ordinance ukuze zihlanganise izici ezihlobene ngokomlando nohlanga noma ezibhekwa njengezihlobene nohlanga, njengebala lesikhumba, izici ezithile zomzimba, isimo sezinwele, kanye nezindlela zokulungisa izinwele. Lencazelo eyandayo iqinisekisa isivikelo esibanzi ekukhetheni uhlanga.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwebhokisi Nenhlanhla Eqotho

Kusukela ngo-January 1, 2021, "Ibhokisi" umthetho ngo-7104 unqabela abaqashi eDolobheni laseSt. Louis ukuba basekele ukuqashwa kwemisebenzi noma izinqumo zokukhushulwa komphakathi wobugebengu wamacala, futhi babuze ngomlando wobugebengu wabenzi bezicelo kuze kube yilapho sekunqunywe ukuthi umenzi wesicelo ufaneleke. Le mithetho yokuqasha inikeza abantu abanezingcaca zobugebengu ithuba elibalulekile lokuncintisana ngomsebenzi.

Imithetho yokuvimbela ibhokisi iyaqaphela ukuthi ukuhlukanisa okusekelwe emlandweni wobugebengu kungabhebhethekisa ubandlululo futhi kubangele imigoqo yokuphumelela kubantu ababeboshiwe. Ngokuhlehlisa umlando wobugebengu ubuze kuze kube kamuva enqubweni yokuqasha, lezizimiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi abafaka isicelo bahlolwa kuqala ngezimfanelo zabo.

Izindawo Zokuhlala Ezinengqondo Emsebenzini

Izinguquko zivumela ukuba abaqashi baqale inqubo "evumelanayo" nesisebenzi esifanelekayo ukuze bathole indawo yokuhlala efanelekile ehlobene nokukhubazeka noma ukulinganiselwa okuhlobene nokukhulelwa. Le mfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi abaqashi basebenzela izisebenzi ezidinga indawo yokuhlala.

Izinguquko manje zidinga abaqashi ukuba bahileleke enqubweni yokuxhumana ngokwethukela futhi banikeze izindawo zokulala ezifanele "izimo ezihlobene nokukhulelwa" zesisebenzi esifanelekayo. Lezisivikelo sidlulela ngalé kwezimfuneko zikahulumeni ukunikeza ukusekela okubanzi izisebenzi ezikhulelwe.

Izindawo Zomphakathi Nokutholakala Kwazo Ngokulinganayo

Imithetho yendawo elwela amalungelo abantu ivimbela ukubandlululwa ezindaweni zomphakathi, iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zingangena emabhizinisini, ezinkonzweni nasezindaweni ezizosetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo.

Indawo Yokuvikela Izindawo Zomphakathi

Umthetho onqabela ukucwaswa uvikela abantu baseScottsdale ekucwaseni noma ekuqasheni izindlu, emabhizinisini asebenzela umphakathi nasemsebenzini, uhlanganisa amabhizinisi nezisebenzi zendawo futhi ufuna ukuba balalele umthetho, futhi unikeza nenqubo yokusabela ekukhononeni ngokubandlulula.

Izindawo zomphakathi ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izindawo zokudlela, amahhotela, izitolo, izitolo, amahholo emidlalo, izikhungo zokwelapha, namanye amabhizinisi asiza umphakathi jikelele.

Amabhizinisi angewona angokwenkolo avulekele umphakathi kufanele avulekelwe wonke umuntu ngemibandela efanayo, futhi uma ibhizinisi likhetha ukunikeza umphakathi impahla nezinkonzo, kufanele lithengiswe wonke umuntu ngokulinganayo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokuhholwa

Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuqinisekisa ukuthi bavumelana nezimfuneko zokuthola indawo yokuhlala yomphakathi uma bekhetha ukucwaswa.

Noma ubani owephula umthetho uzobhekwa njengonecala lokwephula umthetho futhi uma eqiniseka ngawo uyojeziswa ngokungadluli inani elivunyelwe umthetho, noma ukuboshwa okungekho ngaphezu konyaka owodwa noma womabili, futhi uma umnikazi wemvume yedolobha, ilayisense, inzuzo, noma inzuzo iwuphula umthetho, idolobha lingathatha isinyathelo sokuvala imvume okwesikhashana noma unomphela, ilayisense, noma lizuze.

Izinhlelo Zomphakathi Nezinyathelo Zokuqalisa Ezinhlobonhlobo

Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yokuqinisekisa ukuthi kuyenzeka, ohulumeni bendawo basungula izinhlelo ezikhuthaza ukuhlukahluka, ukuhlanganiswa nokuqondana phakathi kwamalungu omphakathi.

Ukuthola Imfundo Nokuqeqeshwa

Izinhlangano eziningi zendawo ezilwela amalungelo abantu ziqhuba izinhlelo zokufundisa izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, nabanikazi bezindawo ngemithwalo yazo yemfanelo ngaphansi kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu.

Izinhlelo zokuqeqeshela izisebenzi zikahulumeni zendawo ziqinisekisa ukuthi labo abasebenzelana nomphakathi bayazazi izimfuneko zamalungelo abantu futhi bangabona ukuthi kungenzeka baphulwe.

Izinhlelo Zokuncintisana Kwesiko Nokuncintisana

I-AEI futhi yengamela umsebenzi wobuhlanga, izindaba zabafuduki, omakadebona, izindlu ezilinganayo, umsebenzi olinganayo, ukuqasha ngenhlanhla, i-ADA-title II, isihloko VI, indawo yokuhlala yomphakathi, ilungelo lokuhlela. Lokhu kunikeza amakheli aphelele amanani amaningi okulingana nokufakwa.

Izinhlelo zempucuko zisiza izisebenzi zikahulumeni namalungu omphakathi ukuba zithuthukise amakhono okusebenza ngokuphumelelayo phakathi nokungavumelani kwamasiko. Le zinhlelo ziyaqaphela ukuthi ukuthuthukisa amalungelo ezakhamuzi kudinga okungaphezu nje kokuvimbela ukucwaswa, okudinga ukwakhiwa kwemiphakathi egcwele yonke imiphakathi.

Ukuhlanganyela Nobuhlobo Bomphakathi

Ukuhlanganisa umphakathi ukuze wakhe ubuhlobo obuhlala njalo obubangela ushintsho olunenjongo kuyisu eliyinhloko lokusebenza ngamalungelo omphakathi. Izinhlangano zomphakathi, amaqembu okusizana, kanye nemiphakathi ethintekile kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthatha izinyathelo zokulungisa amalungelo omphakathi kubhekana nezidingo zomphakathi zangempela.

Amakomiti ezokuqondisa enziwe amalungu omphakathi anikeza usizo olubalulekile ekufuneni amalungelo omphakathi kuqala futhi asiza ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bahlale behlangene nezakhamuzi abakhonza kuzo. Lamakomiti angase agxile ezindabeni ezithile ezinjengokuthola amalungelo abafuduki, ukukhubazeka, noma ukulingana kwe-LGBTQ.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomthetho Nomthetho

Izikhulu zendawo ezikhethiwe nezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu zinendima ebalulekile ekwakheni izimiso ezithuthukisa amalungelo omphakathi futhi zisekela isivikelo esiqine ngokwengeziwe esizweni nasemasimini kahulumeni.

Intuthuko Yezolingo Nesichibiyelo

Leli dolobha belilokhu lisebenza isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka ekuthuthukiseni umthetho owephula umhlaba kusukela ngo - 1977, nezihloko ezivamile ezihlobene nokwaziswa kwamuva okuhlanganisa ukwanda kwamakilasi avikelwe, ulimi oluqabulayo oluzohlanganisa zonke, nokwanda kobufakazi bobandlululo olusekelwe ekwakheni umthetho othuthukisiwe. Lokhu kubonisa indlela ohulumeni bendawo abaqhubeka becwenga ngayo amalungelo abo omphakathi.

Inqubo yokuthuthukisa umthetho ihlanganisa ukucwaninga ngezindlela ezingcono kakhulu, ukuxoxa nababheki bemigoqo, ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi nokuhlolwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho nokuphumelela. Ohulumeni bendawo bangabheka kwezinye izindawo ukuze bathole izingxenyana futhi bahlele izindlela eziphumelelayo zokufinyelela imiphakathi yabo.

Ukubambisana Kukahulumeni

UFederal, futhi ohulumeni bombuso ngamunye banegunya elizimele lokuhlola nokuqungatha ubugebengu obuningi bamalungelo omphakathi, futhi ngamunye unemithwalo yemfanelo ezimele kodwa ehambisanayo.

Ukusebenza ndawonye kuqinisa izimiso zomphakathi zokuphathwa ngokulingana ngaphansi komthetho nokuthi labo abasebenzisa amandla kahulumeni kumelwe balandise uma bengahlangani nezindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zokuziphatha nokuzibamba. Ukubambisana okuphumelelayo kohulumeni kuqinisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi kuzo zonke izigaba.

Ukulwela Umbuso Nezinguquko ZeFederal

Ohulumeni bendawo ngokuvamile basekela ukuvikelwa okunamandla kwamalungelo omphakathi emazingeni kahulumeni nakahulumeni. Imikhandlu yamadolobha namanxusa esifundazwe angase amise izinqumo ezisekela umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi, futhi izikhulu zendawo zingafakaza phambi kwezishaya - mthetho noma iziKhomishane ngesidingo sesivikelo esikhulisiwe.

UMbusi u-Max Pritzker wase-Illinois wasungula i-Accountability Commission, ehlose ukuqoqa ubufakazi bokuziphatha okungase kube okungekho emthethweni okwenziwa amanxusa kahulumeni, ukusekela abameleli ezinhlanganweni zophengululi, futhi ukwenza ukutusa kwezinguquko zemithetho ekhona ukuze kuvikelwe kangcono izakhamuzi zendawo. Lokhu kubonisa indlela umbuso nohulumeni bendawo abangasebenza ngayo ndawonye ukuze bavikele amalungelo omphakathi.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekwakhiweni Kwezakhamuzi Ekuvikelweni Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Isivikelo samalungelo ezakhamuzi esiphumelelayo sidinga ukuthembisana izakhamuzi.

Ukuba Khona Emihlanganweni Yeningi Nasemacaleni

Imihlangano yomkhandlu wasedolobheni, izigaba zesifundazwe, nokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi ngemithetho ehlongozwayo kunikeza izakhamuzi amathuba okuveza ukukhathazeka kwazo nokusekela ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi.

Imihlangano yokuhlela nokuhlela indawo yebhodi inikeza amathuba okuqondisa izinqumo zokusebenzisa izwe ezingase zibe nemiphumela yamalungelo abantu. Izakhamuzi zingaba khona kule mihlangano ukuze ziqiniseke ukuthi izinqumo zokuhlela akuqhubeki zibangela ukuba kube nobandlululo noma ubandlululo.

Izikhalo Ezibi Nokubhikisha

Lapho izakhamuzi zibhekana nobandlululo noma zibona, ukukhononda nezinkampani zamalungelo abantu kuqalisa inqubo yokuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Ukufaka isikhalo, sicela i-email [email protected]. Izindawo eziningi manje zinikeza ama-parters akhonondayo kwi-inthanethi nezindlela eziningi zokufaka imibiko, okwenza lenqubo ifinyeleleke kakhulu.

Ezinye izifundazwe namadolobha ziye zakha amatheku izakhamuzi ezingawasebenzisa ukuze zibike ukuziphatha okubi kwalezi zinkampani zikahulumeni.

Ukuzihlanganisa Nezinhlangano Ezisekelayo

Izinhlangano zendawo ezilwela amalungelo abantu, izikhungo zokuhlala ezilungile, namaqembu okuphatha amaqembu azimele kunikeza amathuba okuthembisana ngokuqhubekayo ezindabeni zamalungelo omphakathi.

Izinhlangano eziningi zamukela izisebenzi zokuzithandela ukuze zisize ngemfundo, ukufinyelela izinhlangano, ukuhlola nezinye izinto.

Ukukhonza EmaKomitini Okuqondisa

Izinhlangano eziningi zendawo ezilwela amalungelo abantu nezinhlangano ezigunyaza amalungelo abantu zihlanganisa amakomiti noma amabhodi aneziqu ezinamalungu omphakathi.

Amalungu ekomiti yezemfundo angase abukeze izikhalo, atuse izinguquko ezingokwenqubo, ukuxhumana nomphakathi, futhi asebenze njengezokuxhumana phakathi kwenhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi nemiphakathi ethile. Le nkonzo iyindlela enengqondo yokusekela ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi Asendawo

Nakuba ohulumeni bendawo befeza izindima ezibalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi, babhekana nezinselele ezihlukahlukene nokulinganiselwa okuthinta ukuphumelela kwabo.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Izinhlangano eziningi zendawo ezilwela amalungelo abantu zisebenza zinezimali ezilinganiselwe nezisebenzi, ezingathinta ikhono lazo lokuhlola izikhalo ngokuphelele nokwenza imisebenzi ekhuthaza ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Izindawo eziphansi zingase zintule izisebenzi ezinikezelwe ngamalungelo ezakhamuzi ngokuphelele, zithembele ezisebenzini zengxenye yesikhathi noma zinike izisebenzi ezisebenza ngemisebenzi eyisisekelo imithwalo yemfanelo yamalungelo omphakathi. Lokhu kungaphumela ekuphoqeleleni kwamalungelo abantu futhi kunciphe nezinhlelo zemfundo.

Ukulinganiselwa Kweziqu Zamagama

Ohulumeni bendawo bangaphoqelela ukuvikela amalungelo omphakathi kuphela phakathi kwemingcele yabo yendawo futhi ngaphansi kwemingcele yomthetho kahulumeni.

Ukucwasana okwenzeka kuyo yonke imingcele noma kuhilela amaqembu angaphandle kukamasipala kungase kungabi negunya lendawo lokuqinisekisa ukuthi kusebenza.

Ukuqaphela Nemingcele Yokusebenza

Ngisho noma kunemithetho eqinile, izakhamuzi eziningi, amabhizinisi nezindawana aziwazi amalungelo nezibopho zazo ngaphansi kwemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi.

Ukusingatha lezi zinhlobo zobandlululo ezicashile kubangelwa ubandlululo olusobala noma imikhuba ehleliwe ebangelwa ukucwaswa, okuzenza kube nzima ukuzibona nokuzisingatha.

Impikiswano Evusayo Ekuvikelweni Kwamalungelo Omphakathi Kwendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo bayaqhubeka besingatha izinselele ezintsha zamalungelo abantu njengoba umphakathi ushintshashintsha futhi kuba khona izinhlobo ezintsha zobandlululo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nemithetho Yobandlululo

Ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwemithetho-mithetho kanye nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa ezindlini, emsebenzini, nokuthunyelwa kwenkonzo kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okusha ngamalungelo omphakathi. Izimiso zokwenza izinqumo ezizenzekelayo zingaqhubekisela phambili noma zikhulise ubandlululo olukhona, kwakha imiphumela eveza ubandlululo ngisho nangaphandle kwenhloso yokungasebenzisi semthethweni.

Ohulumeni bendawo sebeqala ukusingatha lezi zindaba ngezimiso ezifuna ukuba sobala ekwenzeni izinqumo ze-algorithm nokwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho-mithetho emoshana. Amanye ama-oservatime okuhlola izimiso ezisetshenziswa ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni zokuhlola nokuqeda imiphumela yokukhipha umbango.

Umthombo Wobandlululo

Inani elandayo lamagunya endawo linqabela ukucwaswa okusekelwe emthonjeni weholo, ukuvikela abantu abasebenzisa iziqinisekiso zezindlu noma ezinye izinhlobo zosizo lokuqasha. Lokhu kunikeza isivikelo esivimbela kakhulu ekutholeni indawo yokuhlala imikhaya ehholo eliphansi.

Umthombo wesivikelo seholo udinga abaninindawo ukuba bamukele izikhombi zezindlu neminye imithombo engokomthetho yeholo ngesisekelo esifanayo neholo lezemisebenzi elingokwesiko. Lemithetho isiza ekulweni nokuhlukaniswa kwezomnotho futhi yandise amathuba ezindlu.

Umlando Wesigebengu Nokubuyiswa Kwabo

Ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa kwemithetho yezemisebenzi, abanye ohulumeni bendawo balungisa ubandlululo olusekelwe emlandweni wobugebengu ezindlini nakwezinye izimo.

Imithetho yokuthola inhlanhla yokuhlala ingase ilinganiselwe lapho futhi indlela abanikazi bezindlu abangabheka ngayo umlando wobugebengu, bafune ukuhlolwa komuntu ngamunye, noma benqabela ukucatshangelwa kwezinkolelo ezithile.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Endawo

Ukucwaninga nokuhlangenwe nakho kuye kwaveza izindlela eziningana ezingcono kakhulu ezithuthukisa ukuphumelela kwemizamo yokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi.

Izenzakalo Ezithakazelisayo Ezinendawo Ebanzi

Imithetho yendawo ephumelela kakhulu elwela amalungelo abantu ihlanganisa imisebenzi, izindlu, izindawo zomphakathi, nezinye izindawo eziwubala, nezindlela ezicacile zokuchaza izigaba ezivikelwe nemithetho ecacile evimbela ukucwaswa kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zobandlululo.

Ukubukeza nokuvuselela imithetho njalo kuqinisekisa ukuthi bayaqhubeka beqonda ngokushintshayo ngokuqonda ubandlululo nezingxoxo ezivelayo. Izikhalo kufanele zibheke intuthuko kweminye imiphakathi nakweminye imiphakathi nakumazinga kahulumeni nakuhulumeni ukuze kutholakale amathuba okuvikela okuqinisa.

Imithombo Yamandla Eyanele Nokusetshenziswa Kwayo

Ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuxhaswa kwezimali ezanele zezisebenzi, ukuqeqeshwa, ukucwaninga nezinhlelo zemfundo.

Amathuba obuchwepheshe okuthuthukisa amalungelo omphakathi asiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi manje banolwazi lwentuthuko engokomthetho, amasu okuhlola, nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu. Ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile ezindaweni ezinjengokuhlolwa kwezindlu ngokufanelekile, ukuhlaziywa kobandlululo lwemisebenzi, nokucwasana okusobala kuthuthukisa ukugcinwa kwamandla.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokuvivinywa Okunamandla

Kunokuba zithembele ezikhalweni kuphela, izinhlangano eziphumelelayo zamalungelo omphakathi ziqhuba imisebenzi yokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bakhona abazothola imingcele enjengokuhlola ubandlululo ezindlini nasemsebenzini.

Ukucwaninga okungokwesimiso okuhlola izindlela nemikhuba yokucwasa kungasingatha ukuphambaniswa okusakazeke kabanzi ngokuphumelelayo kunokuhlola komuntu siqu.

Imikhumbi Yomphakathi Nokuhlanganyela

Ubuhlobo obuqinile nezinhlangano zomphakathi, amaqembu okugunyaza, kanye nemiphakathi ethintekile kuthuthukisa ukuphumelela komsebenzi wamalungelo omphakathi.

Izindawo zomphakathi ezivamile nokulalela kunikeza izakhamuzi amathuba okuxoxa ngezinto ezikhathazayo futhi kusize ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo omphakathi. Ukungenela kwezikhulumi zezilimi eziningi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulumi ezingamele isiNgisi zingathola isivikelo samalungelo abantu futhi zihlanganyele ezinqubweni zokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo abantu aqalwa.

Iqoqo Lemininingwane Nokubona Ingaphandle

Ukuqoqa nokunyathelisa ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezikhalo, ukuhlola, nemiphumela kuthuthukisa ukubonakala nokulandisa.

Imininingwane yezomlando ezikhuluma ngabakhonondayo nabaxoxa nabo ingaveza ukungalingani komuntu obhekana nokucwaswa nokukhononda, asize izinhlangano zidonse inzuzo yokuthola izikhulu ezikhethiwe nezokusekela amalungelo omphakathi.

Ikusasa Lesivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Abahlala Kuwo

Ohulumeni bendawo bazoqhubeka befeza izindima ezibalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi njengoba kuba nezinselele ezintsha nokuqonda ubandlululo kuvela ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Izindlela Ezandisiwe Zokuzivikela Ezindabeni Eziqhubekayo

Njengoba ukuqonda komphakathi ubandlululo kukhula, ohulumeni bendawo cishe bayoqhubeka benezela izindlela ezintsha ezivikelweyo zokucwasa ezazingaziwa ngaphambili. Izihloko ezinjengokwaziswa okungokofuzo, isikhundla sokunakekela, kanye nokuvela kwabantu kwamanye amazwe zingathola ukunakekela okwengeziwe.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nobulungisa bendawo ezungezile kuya kwaziwa kakhulu njengezindaba zamalungelo abantu, ezinemiphakathi ethola imali encane nezindawo ezinombala othinteka ngokungenakulinganiswa yizingozi zendawo ezungezile. Ohulumeni bendawo bangase baqale izindlela ezintsha zokuxazulula ukucwaswa kwendawo ezungezile futhi baqinisekise ukuthi kutholakala ngokulinganayo izinzuzo zendawo ezungezile.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokubuyiselwa Ekuphoqelelweni

Izimiso zokukhononda nge - Internet, ukudayisa ukwaziswa okuphathelene ne - alytic, nokukhipha imishini esetshenziswayo kungenza ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu kutholakale kalula futhi kusebenze kahle.

Ukuhlakanipha kokwenza izinto kanye namathuluzi okufunda emishini kungase kusize ekuboneni indlela abandlululwa ngayo nabafuna ukuhlasela abazowasebenzisa ngayo.

Ukuqinisa Ukubambisana Kwahulumeni

Ukubambisana okuthuthukisiwe phakathi kwezinhlangano zendawo, zikahulumeni, namalungelo abantu kahulumeni kungathuthukisa ukuphumelela kokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu futhi kunciphise ukukhiqizana kwemizamo.

Izindlela zesifunda ezihlanganisa imibuso eminingi yendawo zingase zisize ekubhekaneni nokucwaswa okunqamula imingcele kamasipala futhi zivumele imibuso emincane ukuba ihlanganise imithombo yezomthetho ukuze iqikelele ngokwengeziwe.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo: Ithuluzi lesakhamuzi

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukusekela amalungelo ezakhamuzi emiphakathini yazo zingathatha izinyathelo eziningi eziqinile ukuze zenze umehluko.

Yazi Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yakho Yemfanelo

Ukuqonda isivikelo samalungelo abantu bendawo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuwamisa. Izakhamuzi kufanele zizijwayelanise nemithetho yazo yendawo, izigaba ezivikelweyo, nezinqubo zokukhononda. Izinhlangano eziningi zamalungelo abantu zendawo zinikeza izinto zokufundisa kanye nemithombo yemali kumawebhusayithi azo.

Amabhizinisi, abanikazi nabaqashi kufanele baqiniseke ukuthi bayaziqonda izibopho zabo ngaphansi kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu futhi basebenzisa izimiso nokuqeqeshwa ukuze bavimbele ubandlululo.

Idokhumende Nemibiko Yokucwaswa

Lapho kuba khona ubandlululo, ukubhala lesi senzakalo ngezinsuku, izikhathi, ofakazi, nemininingwane ethile kuqinisa ukukhononda okungase kube khona.Ukugcina ama - email, imiyalezo, izikhangiso, nobunye ubufakazi kungaba okubalulekile ekuhloleni.

Ngisho noma umuntu ekhetha ukungaphishekeli isikhalo esingokomthetho, ukubika izenzakalo kusiza izinhlangano zibone izindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bakhona futhi zizame ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bakhona.

Hlanganyela Nohulumeni Wendawo

Ukuba khona emihlanganweni yomkhandlu wedolobha, ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, nokuhlanganyela ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi ezindabeni zamalungelo omphakathi kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lezizinkathazo zihlala ziza kuqala kuhulumeni wendawo. Izikhulu eziye zabonisa ukusabela kokwaziswa okuhlangene, okwenza ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi kube okubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe isivikelo esiqinile samalungelo omphakathi.

Ukusebenza kokhetho lwendawo kanye nabasekeli ababeka amalungelo ezakhamuzi kuqala kuqinisekisa ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo bahlala bezinikele ekulinganani nasebulungiseni. Intuthuko eminingi yamalungelo omphakathi endaweni ibangelwa ukusekela okuqhubekayo kwezakhamuzi ezithembisene ukushada.

Izinhlangano Zamalungelo Omphakathi Zisekela

Izinhlangano zendawo namazwe alwela amalungelo abantu zithembele ezinhlanganweni, izisebenzi zokuzithandela namalungu azo ukuze zisekele umsebenzi wazo.

Ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini yokuthuthukisa amalungelo ezakhamuzi njengokuhlola izindlu ngokufanele, imfundo yomphakathi, noma imikhankaso yokubusa umphakathi kunikeza amathuba okuthuthukisa ukulingana emphakathini wakini.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukubambisana Emkhathini Wakho Wethonya

Izenzo zomuntu ngamunye zokukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa nokubekela inselele ubandlululo emsebenzini, ezindaweni ezizungezile nasezindaweni ezizungezile zibangela ushintsho olukhulu lwempucuko. Ukukhuluma lapho ufakaza ngobandlululo, ukusekela izimiso ezihlukene ezinhlanganweni ophila kuzo, nokuhlola ubandlululo lwakho konke kusekela amalungelo omphakathi.

Ukuzifundisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwamaqembu ahluliwe nokulalela imibono yawo kwakha ukuqonda nozwela olunganikeza ulwazi oluphumelelayo lokufunda, ukuya ezigijimini ezingokwesiko, nokuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni ezinzima ngobandlululo nokungalingani kuyizici ezibalulekile emsebenzini wamalungelo omphakathi.

Imithombo Yokwaziswa Okwengeziwe

Kunemithombo eminingi yengcebo etholakalayo yezakhamuzi ezifuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngokuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi futhi zihileleke emizamweni yokuphanga.

Imithombo Kahulumeni

I-U.S. Department of Civil Rights Division inikeza ukwaziswa ngemithetho kazwelonke yelungelo lomphakathi nokugcinwa komthetho ehttps [//wwwww.ggg.gov/crt. Iwebhusayithi ihlanganisa imithombo yezikhalazo zokudlulisa izikhalo, ukuqonda amalungelo akho, nokufunda ngokugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi.

IU.S. Department of Home and Urban Development inikeza imithombo elungile yezindlu nokukhononda kokwaziswa okugciniwe ehttps /www.hud.gov/fairhouing[. I-HID isebenza nezinhlangano zezindlu ezingakhethi zendawo ukuphoqelela imithetho yokucwasa izindlu.

Izinhlangano zezelungelo lomphakathi zinikeza ukwaziswa ngesivikelo sombuso nokugcinwa kwemithetho. Izifunda eziningi ziye zanikezela amalungelo omphakathi noma iminyango yamalungelo abantu ehlola ukukhononda kobandlululo nokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni.

Izinhlangano Zezemvume

I-National Fair House Alliance e- inikeza imithombo yezindlu ezilungile futhi ihlanganisa abantu nezinhlangano zendawo ezingakhethi. Lenhlangano yenza ukucwaninga, abameleli bezinguquko zezimiso, futhi isekela imizamo yokugcinwa kwezindawo.

I-American Civil Liberties Union inikeza ukwaziswa ngokuphathelene namalungelo omphakathi kanye nezimpikiswano zenkululeko yomphakathi [ku- https://wwww.aclu.org. Umbuso kanye nomphakathi usebenza ezindabeni zamalungelo omphakathi emiphakathini kulo lonke izwe.

Ingqungquthela yale nhlangano eHlalulweni lwamalungelo abantu e- ehttps.org isebenza njengenhlangano ehlangene yezinhlangano zamalungelo ezakhamuzi ezisebenza ezimpikiswaneni eziningi. Inhlangano inikeza ukuhlaziywa kwezimiso, imithombo yezekhono, nokwaziswa ngentuthuko yamalungelo omphakathi.

Iminonjana Yasendaweni

Amadolobha amaningi nezindawo ezinemithetho yamalungelo abantu zigcina amawebhusayithi anokwaziswa okuphathelene nesivikelo sendawo, izinqubo zokukhononda, nemfundo. Ukufuna igama ledolobha lakho noma lesifundazwe elihlanganisa "amalungelo abantu," noma "izindlu zokuhlala" kuzakuthola i-'inhlangano yendawo efanelekile.

Izinhlangano zebar yendawo zivame ukunikeza abameli izinkonzo futhi zinganikeza usizo lwe-probono olungokomthetho emacaleni amalungelo omphakathi. Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho zisiza abantu abahola imali ephansi abangakwazi ukukhokhela abameli abazimele.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi ezigxile ezindaweni ezithile noma ezimqoka ngokuvamile zinikeza inzuzo yezezimali, imfundo, nokusekela okuhlobene namalungelo omphakathi. Lezi zingahlanganisa izinhlangano ezikhonza imiphakathi yabafuduki, abantu abakhubazekile, noma amanye amaqembu.

Isiphetho

Ngomthetho owenziwe uhulumeni wendawo, ukumiswa kwemithetho yendawo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi, nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zomphakathi, ohulumeni bendawo basebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi ziphathwa ngendlela efanayo.

Ukuphumelela kwesivikelo samalungelo abantu bendawo kuxhomeke emalini eyanele, ezimisweni ezibanzi, ekuqiniseni ukusebenza kwemithetho eqinile, nasebuhlotsheni obuqinile bomphakathi. Izakhamuzi zifeza indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni lemizamo ngokubika ukwephulwa kwemithetho, ukuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zomphakathi, ukusekela izinhlangano zomphakathi, nokuthuthukisa ukuba phakathi kwabantu ekuphileni kwazo kwansuku zonke.

Njengoba izinhlobo ezintsha zobandlululo zivela futhi ziqonda amalungelo omphakathi zishintsha, ohulumeni bendawo bayoqhubeka bezama ukusingatha izindlela zabo zokubhekana nezinselele ezintsha. Umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi udinga isibopho esiqhubekayo esivela ezikhulwini zikahulumeni, ochwepheshe bamalungelo omphakathi, abasekeli bezokusekela, kanye nezakhamuzi ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe imiphakathi elungile nenokulingana.

Ngokuqonda indlela ohulumeni bendawo abasekela ngayo amalungelo omphakathi futhi bahlanganyele ngenkuthalo kulezi zimiso, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isithembiso sokuphathwa ngokulingana ngaphansi komthetho siba yinto engokoqobo kuwo wonke amalungu emiphakathi yazo. Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi akuwona nje umthwalo kahulumeni kuphela, kuyisibopho esihlanganyelwayo esidinga ukuthembisana nokuqapha kwawo wonke amalungu omphakathi.