Imvelaphi Nesisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sobunye Bombuso

Umthetho owenziwe ngombuso wokuzimela ukuvikela akuyona into esungulwe namuhla; izimpande zawo zibuyela emuva emthethweni wesiNgisi, lapho inkosi yayingeke imangalelwe khona ngaphandle kwemvume yayo. AmaFramens e-U.S. afaka umsuka walesimiso eSimisweni se-Aleminth Refected, egunyazwe ngo-1795, evale izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezicacile zokulalela amasudi “ayenziwa noma aqulwa umthetho we-United States yizakhamuzi zezwe elithile, noma yi-Citizensity noma i-Confecies of arrents of the grent State.” Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkanto ephakeme ichaza i-andrendment eletha amasust ebekwe ezindaweni zayo futhi ebekwe izakhamuzini zayo siqu ukuba ziphakaliswe isambazwe yizwe ukuthi ifunda okudlula embhalweni ovamile kodwa sekuhlale imfundiso eqinile.

Lesimiso sokuvikela sifeza izinjongo eziningana. Ivikela amagugu kahulumeni ekuphazamisekeni, ivikela isithunzi sikahulumeni njengenhlangano ephakeme, futhi iqinisa ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bejaji nohulumeni. Nokho lemfundiso idala ukungezwani nemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi, eklanyelwe ukulwela amalungelo ombuso ngisho nalapho umphula umthetho engumdlali wesizwe.

Indlela Imithetho Yamalungelo Omphakathi Esebenza Ngayo

Imithetho elawula amalungelo ezakhamuzi (imithetho ephakeme) phakathi kwayo ethi VII of the Civil Rights Act ka-1964, i-Cate 1983 ye-Ku Klux Klan Act, amaMelika anomthetho wokukhubazeka (ADA), ne-Age Discidenti in Orthol Act (ADEA) , i-ADA) ehloselwe ukuqeda ubandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ukukhubazeka, nobudala. Lemithetho ngokuvamile isebenza kubaqashi, umbuso nezinhlangano ezithola izimali zikahulumeni. Inikeza izinhlelo zabantu ngabanye ukukhokha i-myuziyamu ngenxa yosizo, ukukhokha inxeka, ukulimala, nezinye izimo, ukukhubazeka.

Impoqo iyaqhubeka ngezinhlangano zikahulumeni njenge-Aumelt Opportual Opportunity Commission (EOC) ne-University of Justice, kodwa amacala angasese alokhu eyimoto evame kakhulu yosizo ngalunye. Isithiyo esibucayi siphakama lapho ummangalelwa enguhulumeni: ukuzivikela kombuso kungavimbela ngokuphelele isu ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu uye wanquma ngokomthetho ukuthi ulwelwe noma uhulumeni uye walilahla.

Ifulegi Yokuhlunga Nokukhamisa

UKhongolo-mthetho lungasusa uhulumeni owenqaba ukumelana nomthetho, kodwa uma ugcwalisa izimfuneko ezimbili kuphela. Okokuqala, kumelwe iveze inhloso yayo ngokuyiveza ngokungenaphutha embhalweni womthetho. Okwesibili, ukunyundelwa kumelwe kubekwe eqenjini ongokomthetho osemthethweni ogunyazisiweyo onikeza amandla (8) Ingxenye 5 yeSigqizo seNguquko se 144, egunyaza iKhomishani ukuba iqinisekise inqubo efanelekile nesivikelo esifanayo. INkanto ephakeme isekela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi iNkathi yeNkathi yeSishaya-Mguquko ayinakho ukuvikela umbuso ngaphansi kwe-Classiclasmente yedwa, njengoba kusungulwe [Foct:0] 01] ku-Flubreentives of Florida.[FLT][FLD]

Amazwe futhi angawalahla ngokuzithandela amagono azimeleyo okuzilawula, ngokuvuma ukuvumelana nombhalo womthetho, ngokwamukela izimali zikahulumeni (ongase wenziwe ngesimo sokufaneleka), noma ngokususa icala enkantolo kahulumeni. Nokho, abahluli kumelwe babe “bacacile futhi bangaxegi” futhi bangathatheki kalula. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni othatha izimali zomgwaqo omkhulu angase abhekwe njengonogonyelwe ekufuneni i-ADA ngaphansi kwesihloko II, njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iphawulwe [[FLT:] Board of Trustes of the University of Alabama.

Icala Eliyinhloko Okufanele Wazi

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngale ndaba siye sashintsha phakathi namashumi eminyaka.

  • [FLT :1] FATPATRIK v. BITY [6] INkantolo yasekela ukuthi iNkantolo ingasivikela isigaba sikahulumeni uma ibekwa ngaphansi kweSiqendu 5 seSigqi seSigqi seshumi Nane, ngoba leso nguquko saklanyelwa ngokukhethekile ukulinganisela amandla ombuso.
  • SOMINOLE FOR of Florida v. Florida (1996]): Esinqumweni se-5/4], iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi uMkhandlu awunakusebenzisa iSiphakamiso Sawo I (Iziphakamiso) njenge-Cempect Clause noma i-Bankruptic Clause/to abrogate sombuso. Lokhu kwalinganisela kakhulu ikhono leKhongolo lokubeka imibandela yokukhomba ngaphandle kwe-Indaymentment.
  • KIMEl v. Ibhodi ye-FOLT [2000]: INkantolo yaphetha ukuthi ukukhishwa kwe-ADEA kokuzivikela kukahulumeni kwakungasebenzi ngoba ubandlululo lweminyaka yobudala alunakuhlolwa kakhulu ngaphansi kwesivikelo esilinganayo sika Clause; ngakho - ke iSishaya-Mkhandlu sasingenasisekelo esanele sokususa ukuzivikela.
  • , iNkantolo yakwaTshelwa eYunivesithi yase-Alabama v. Garrett (2001]: [efana] no Kimel[, iNkantolo yabulala ukuvinjelwa kwesimiso sombuso ngaphansi kwesihloko I ye-ADA (imisebenzi), icabanga ukuthi ukucwaswa kokukhubazeka akukwamukeli ukucushwa okukhulu nomthetho wesishaya umthetho wezwe.
  • [[NTLT:0]ssee v. ILane [2004] Esinqumweni [5] iNkantolo yasekela iSihlokwana II se-ADA njengesebenza ekubhaleni ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokungena ezinkantolo. Inkantolo yahlukanisa [[FLT:] Gerrett ngokungabheki lesosihloko II sigebebelele sokuziphatha okubanzi nokuthi iSiphakamiso sasine nobandlululo olubhalwe kabanzi ekuqondiseni kobulungisa.
  • [FLT] United States v. Georgia (2006]: INkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi iSihlokwana II se-ADA sagunyaza ukuvikelwa kwesimiso sokuziphatha esiphula iSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngokwaso, okusho ukuthi uma izenzo zikahulumeni zingenzeki ngenqubo efanele noma zivikeleke ngokufanayo, i-ADA ingasetshenziswa njengekhambi.

Umehluko Phakathi Kwezimpahla Zenkantolo Zokulwa Nezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Okubalulekile, iSichibiyelo seshumi nanye kuphela esivumelana nezindawo ezisenkantolo ephethe izikhali. Izwe aligonyiwe ngokuzenzakalelayo ezinkantolo zalo ngaphandle kokuba umthetho-sisekelo wezwe noma imithetho inike abantu ukuzivikela okunjalo. Zonke izifunda ezingamashumi amahlanu zinendlela ethile yokuvikela kobukhosi, kodwa eziningi ziye zadala ama-patorivers [ngokuvamile] kuhulumeni ukunikeza izenzo noma imithetho elwela amalungelo abantu.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi ummangalelwa ongakwazi ukumangalela inkantolo kahulumeni ngaphansi kweCandelo 1983 noma i-ADA angase abe nesinqumo esisebenzayo enkantolo yombuso. Nokho, amakhambi enkantolo angase alinganiselwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe zibeka imithetho emifushane yokulinganisela, noma zifune ukukhathala kwezombuso ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi ayiyilethi ngempela imbangela yokuthatha isinyathelo enkantolo uma isishaya-mthetho singagunyaziwe.

Amathuluzi Okuphoqelela Amalungelo Omphakathi Lapho UMbusi Evimbela Izigwegwe ZeNkantolo

Ngenxa yale migoqo, abameleli bamalungelo omphakathi nabameli balabo abavamile baye basungula amanye amasu okuphoqelela amalungelo kahulumeni ngokumelene nabadlali bakahulumeni.

Izikhulu ZoMbuso Eziya Ezindaweni Ezingakukhokha Ngazinye

Imfundiso yeSichibiyelo seshumi nanye ayibambele izikhulu zikahulumeni ngokukhipha ukukhululeka noma ngenxa yomonakalo okhokhwa ekhukhwa ekhukhwini. Ngaphansi kwe i-Ex ngxenye Young (08), isikhulu sezwe singamangalela isikhulu sombuso ukuba sinqande ukwephulwa okuqhubekayo komthetho kahulumeni. Lona umsebenzi ovamile kakhulu okhokhwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isiboshwa singakhokhisa umlindi wejele wempumpumputhe ngaphansi kweNguquko ye-Angxhestrument, ngisho noma isifundazwe ngokwaso singenakukhokhwa ngenxa yembulwa.

Ukufuna Usizo Ngezimo Zomphakathi

Imithetho eminingi yamalungelo abantu ifuna ukuba abantu abaqanjwe i-EEOC ifake icala ngenhlangano kahulumeni ngaphambi kokumangalelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-EEOC ingahlola, i-media, futhi ngisho nezwe elikhomba izisebenzi. Ngenxa yokuthi i-United States ayingaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nanye, i-Union ingaletha isinyathelo sikahulumeni ngokumelene nombuso ngaphandle kokuhlangabezana nesithiyo sokuzivikela esizimele. Ngokufanayo, uMnyango wobulungisa ungakhokha izifunda ngenxa yokucwaswa kwemithetho yesihloko sika-VII, i-A, nenye imithetho.

3. Ukusebenzisa Izinhlelo Zokuthunywa Kwamalungelo Abantu KaHulumeni

Wonke umbuso unamalungelo abantu noma amalungelo omphakathi ogunyaza ukumiswa kwemithetho emelene nokungavumelani. Nakuba imithetho kahulumeni ingawanikezi amakhambi afanayo nemithetho kahulumeni, ngokuvamile ibeka ukuzivikela kobukhosi ekulawuleni futhi ingakhokha iholo lokukhokhela, ukubuyiselwa, ngisho nokulimaza. Ngezinye izikhathi amaPlaintiff angaphoqelela “ukuhlelwa kwe-octive” kanye ne-EEOC.

4. Izimiso kanye nezimiso zohlelo

Izenzo zesigaba sangasese ezimelene nezikhulu zikahulumeni zosizo olungenamthetho zisasebenza. Izimo eziqhubekayo ze-opasts(ukungavumelani nemithetho) emajele kahulumeni noma ukucwaswa kohlanga ezindlini zomphakathi − isudi yesigaba sokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphansi koMthetho 23 ingafuna uhlelo lwenkantolo oluqondisa izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zishintshe izimiso. Lamasuti awavinjelwe ukuzivikela kobuso ngoba wona ngokwawo awenziwa izikhulu ezithile, kanti nombuso ngokwawo awummangalelwa.

Ukusabela Kwemikhandlu Nokusikisela Izinguquko

Ukungezwani phakathi komthetho wokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi nokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu akuqashelwanga. Phakathi neminyaka edlule, uMkhandlu uye wacabangela umthetho ukwenza kube lula ukumangalela izifundazwe ngenxa yokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1991 wacacisa ukuthi izisebenzi zikahulumeni zingamangalela ukulimala enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphansi kweSihloko VII(-8) kanye nesinqumo i-Fitthick esisumisele ukuthi ukugqekeza okunjalo kwakusemthethweni ngaphansi kweSiphendulo se-14.

Muva nje, iRehabilitation Act ka 1973, enqabela ukucwaswa kwanoma yimuphi umsizi wezimali zikahulumeni, ihlala iyithuluzi elinamandla ngoba amanxusa kahulumeni amukela imali kumelwe alahle isivikelo semali ngaphansi kwaleso senzo. Ngokufanayo, iFamily and Medical Leat Act (FMLA) ithola iNkantolo ukuba ikwazi ukuvikela igebe likahulumeni ngokusemthethweni “uhlelo lwayo", kodwa hhayi ngokwelungiselelo lomkhaya lokukhipha impoqo (*) ukuhlukana okuqhubeka nokuveza i-ligitation ([FLT: 0] umnyango we-NVADA wemithombo yezenzuzo., 2003, [[FLT:], kanye [FL:], [FOLT], neNUP] iNUMPUMPromoulve.

Ezinye izazi zisekela ukusungulwa komthetho-mthetho ukuze kususwe amazwe okuvikeleka ekuphuzweni kwamalungelo omphakathi, kodwa lokho kuhlala kungenakwenzeka ngokwezombangazwe. Ezinye zisikisela ukuthi uMkhandlu uvumelanisa ngokucophelela imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi esikhathini esizayo neSikhawulo sesihlanu seSichibiyelo seshumi nane, wakha umbhalo wemithetho wobandlululo olusakazekile lwezwe oluyosekela ukuhlaziywa ngaphansi kovavanyo lweBoerne v. Flores [1997]]

Iseluleko Esisebenzayo Kubantu Abaqaphile Ngamalungelo Omphakathi

Uma ungummeli noma ummeli osingatha icala lamalungelo omphakathi ngokumelene nenhlangano kahulumeni, nansi imibuzo ebalulekile okufanele uyibuze:

  • Ingabe ummangalelwa uyi-“isikhawu” sezinjongo zeSichibiyelo seshumi nanye? amanxusa kaHulumeni, amayunivesithi kahulumeni, nezibhedlela zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zinesimiso sokuvikela, kodwa izibhedlela, amadolobha, namabhodi ezikole ngokuvamile azinaso. (Umthetho uwukuthi ohulumeni bendawo abavikelwe yiSichibiyelo seshumi Nenye, kodwa izinhlangano ezimiswe umbuso zingaba necala lesahlulelo.)
  • Ingabe umthetho uvikela igebe? ufuna ulimi olucacile emehlweni, njengothi “Umbuso awuzukugonyelwa ngaphansi kokubuyiselwa kweshumi nanye....” Isibonelo seNkantolo Ephakeme sizokutshela ukuthi lokho kugcotshwa kuvinjelwe ngenxa yalowomthetho oqondile.
  • Ingabe ukuzivikela kukahulumeni kuvinjelwe? Hlola uma umbuso udlulise umthetho ovumele ukufaneleka, noma uma usuyamukele imali kahulumeni egunyaza ukunqanda ukukhubazeka. Ngokwesibonelo, noma yimuphi umbuso othola imali yeMedicaid kumelwe uvimbele ukuvikela amalungelo athile okukhubazeka.
  • Ungamangalela isikhulu sikahulumeni sosizo olungenalusizo? Lokhu kutholakala cishe njalo uma kukhona ukwephulwa komthetho okuqhubekayo. Ungacela inkantolo ukuba icele isikhulu ukuba sinqande umkhuba wokuvala igebe noma sinikeze indawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe.
  • Kufanele ulethe icala enkantolo kahulumeni? Uma inkantolo kahulumeni ivinjelwe, i-forum inganikeza ikhambi", ikakhulukazi uma uhulumeni unomthetho wamalungelo abantu ogcwele ohlanganisa ukuziphatha okufanayo.

Ikusasa Lokungahlangani KoMbusi Namalungelo Omphakathi

Ukuqamba kweNkantolo Ephakeme kuyaqhubeka kuguquka, futhi amacala okuvikela uhulumeni ngokuvamile ahlukana phakathi kwemibono. Emagameni amuva nje, iNkantolo iye yabonisa ukuzimisela ukulinganisela izinga lokuvikela kobukhosi kwezinye izimo, njengokuthi izikhulu zingamangalelwa ekuncipheni kwemali ngaphansi kwe-Bankruptic Claus ([[FL:0]]] Allen v. Cooper[FL:1], 2020, kodwa qaphela iNkanto eyenzeka ngempela ngendulo, ishiya umbuzo uvuliwe. Okwamanje, iNkantolo iyavuma futhi ukuthi i-Indian Commercie Claus ayinike mandla okuvikela ukugema okudla igemgebo yohlobo ([FL:]]M.Bulls.Bulls[20]

Kubenzi bamalungelo omphakathi, isihluthulelo siwukuthi ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sokuzivikela esizimele akusona isithiyo esiphelele. Imfundiso ehlukile ehlukile ezindaweni eziningi ezihlukile nezisebenzayo. Ngokuqonda iSichibiyelo seshumi nanye, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane nenye, nesimiso samalungelo ahlukene ezakhamuzi, abameleli bangathola impumuzo enenjongo ezisuluni zobandlululo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i-Cornell Legal Information Institute ukucaciswa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nanye kanye ne-[FLT] Isabelo sobulungisa seqoqo lezokuvikela kobukhosi [. Ukunyukela kakhulu enkangala ePhakathi yeNkantolo, i-Oyez Project inikeza [[FLT:]] izihluzo eziyinhloko zezehlulele zezehlulelo lweNkaniso yeshumi nanye .

Ekugcineni, ukusebenzelana phakathi kwemithetho yombuso yokuvikela izikhali neyamalungelo omphakathi kubonisa ukulinganisela okuhlelwe ngokucophelela phakathi kwezindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezincintisanayo: isithunzi nobuqotho bemali bezwe, kanye nokuzinikela kobulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Ukunquma ukuthi ukulinganisela kudinga kokubili ukunemba okungokomthetho nokusungulwayo okungokomthetho kanye nokusebenza kahle, kodwa ukuqina kwamalungelo omphakathi kubonisa ukuthi ukunqoba kwezindawo ezimelene nemibuso kungenzeka uma abasekeli bekhetha indlela elungile.