Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi komthetho wesizwe nowesigebengu kubalulekile ekuqondiseni indlela engokomthetho yokuphila kwansuku zonke. Amagatsha omthetho anezinjongo ezihlukene futhi asebenza ezimweni ezihlukahlukene abantu abangase babhekane nazo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okusheshayo kwezincazelo, izici eziyinhloko, izinhlobo zezenzakalo ezivamile, nokusetshenziswa komthetho wezenhlalakahle nowezigebengu, okunikeza ukucaca ezindimeni nasekubaluleka emphakathini wanamuhla.

Uyini uMthetho Wangaphakathi?

Umthetho wesizwe ubusa amalungelo nezibopho zabantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, nezinye izikhundla zomthetho ezizimele. Yisimiso somthetho esixazulula izingxabano hhayi izenzo zobugebengu. Injongo eyinhloko yomthetho womphakathi akusona isijeziso kodwa ukubuyisela okungokoqobo (ngokukhokhelwa) ngemali, ngemisebenzi ethile, noma ngemithetho. Isekelwe emasikweni angokomthetho amaRoma asendulo futhi ithuthukiswe ezimisweni ezivamile, umthetho wesizwe uhlanganisa ukuhlangana kwabantu okubanzi, kusukela ekusayineni imvume yokulahla icala lokuhlawulwa.

Izimpawu Eziyinhloko Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

  • [ Izimpikiswano eziyimfihlo: Amacala aphakathi kwamaqembu angawodwa(i-individia, izinhlangano, noma izinhlangano) kunombuso.
  • Isinqumo sesijeziso: Umgomo uwukwenza umuntu olimele aphile, ngokuvamile ngokulimaza noma ngokukhulula okunganqamuki.
  • [[QULT:0] Umthwalo owehlisayo wobufakazi: I-pasttiff kumele ifakazele icala layo [ ukucubungula ubufakazi[ (u-e, ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu).
  • [[QUE:0] hlela ngokulandelana: Iqembu le-apluved (i-aptiff) lifaka icala, hhayi umshushisi kahulumeni.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zecala Lomthetho Wezakhamuzi

Izindaba zombango ziphakama cishe kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke.ngezansi kunezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu, ngayinye inezibonelo zezwe langempela.

Izimpikiswano Ezihlangene

Noma nini lapho abantu ababili noma ngaphezulu bengena isivumelwano esibophayo ngokomthetho,", kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sibhalwe, sishiwo noma sishiwo umthetho waso sisebenza. Izingxabano ezivamile zihlanganisa ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano sokuthengisa, ukwehluleka ukunikeza izinkonzo, noma ukukhokhela umsebenzi owenziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, umninikhaya oqasha umakhi ukuba alungise ikhishi futhi athole umsebenzi ophansi angase agwebe izivumelwano zokulungisa izindleko.

Izinkulumo Ezishoyo

Amathoyizi ayizinto ezimbi zomphakathi ezibangela ukulimala noma ukulahlekelwa. Awela ezinhlotsheni ezintathu:

  • . . . Ukwehluleka ukuqapha okunengqondo, njengengozi yemoto ebangelwa ukushayela okuphazamisekile.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Inhloso yamathoyizi: Izenzo zokuzinqumela njengokuhlasela, ibhetri, noma ukuhlambalaza.
  • Icala lomthwalo: Icala ngaphandle kwephutha, elivame ukusetshenziswa ezimweni zomkhiqizo (umz., ithuluzi elikhubazekile elilimaza umsebenzisi).

Ukungqubuzana Kwempahla

Lezi zithombe zihlanganisa ukuba nempahla noma ukuyisebenzisa ngokoqobo.Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukungezwani phakathi komakhelwane, izingxabano ezikhona ezibangelwa indawo yokuhlala ezindaweni ezigciniwe zokulondoloza ifa, noma izingxabano ngefa lapho kungeke kube khona ngokomthetho.

Umthetho Womkhaya

Umthetho womkhaya usingatha izindaba zobuhlobo basekhaya. Izenzakalo ezivamile zihlanganisa isehlukaniso (ingxenye yempahla, antimony), ukuwinwa kwabantwana nokuvakashelwa, ukusekela izingane, ukutholwa, nezinqumo zokubelethisa. Izinkantolo zombango zikhipha iziyalezo ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezigidi zemikhaya.

Umthetho Womsebenzi

Umthetho wezenhlalaphansi uhlanganisa futhi izimpikiswano zemisebenzi ezinjengezingxabano zeholo, ubandlululo, ukuqedwa kwemisebenzi okungalungile, nokuphulwa kwezivumelwano zemisebenzi.

Izici Eziyisisekelo Zomthetho Womphakathi

Amacala angaphakathi aqala lapho ummangalelwa efaka isikhalo. Ummangalelwa uphendula, futhi womabili ahileleke ekutholeni (ubufakazi obudlulisayo). Amacala amaningi ahlala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Uma icala liqulwa, kungaba yilungu elicela ijaji, noma icala linganqunywa umahluleli. Ukudlulisa amacala kungalandela, kodwa ngezindleko ezingaphezulu kakhulu nangesikhathi.

Uyini uMthetho Wesigebengu?

Icala lomthetho elimelene nomthetho owenqatshelwayo ngenxa yokuthi usongela ukulondeka komphakathi, ukuhleleka, noma inhlalakahle. Izwe lithatha isigwebo ngomshushisi `liletha icala kumuntu noma kulungu elimangalelwe ngokuphambana ubugebengu. Izinhloso eziyinhloko ukunqanda ukuphazanyiswa, ukukhubazeka, ukubuyiselwa komzimba, nokujeziswa. Ngokungafani nomthetho wesizwe, umbuso uthwele wonke umthwalo wobufakazi, futhi imiphumela ingahlanganisa ukulahlekelwa inkululeko.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zomthetho Wesigebengu

  • Isimo njengeqembu:[ Uhulumeni (icala, umbuso, noma indawo) umangalela ummangalelwa. Isisulu asilona iqembu, nakuba singahlanganyela njengofakazi.
  • Ukucwazimula kuhlanganisiwe: Isijeziso sokufa, ukugcinwa, inkonzo yomphakathi, ukuboshwa, noma (kweminye imikhakha.)
  • Umthwalo ophezulu wobufakazi: Umshushisi kumele afakaze zonke izici zecala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo[, okungakho okungakholeki kakhulu emthethweni.
  • Izivikelo ze-Constitution: Abalweli bajabulela amalungelo anjengokuthi ungenacala, ukufaneleka kweseluleko, ukuvikela ekuzivikeleni, nelungelo lokuqunganyelwa ngokushesha.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zecala Lomthetho Wesigebengu

Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele imiphumela yokuziphatha okungemthetho.

Imikhosi

Izenzo zobugebengu ezingathi sína kakhulu, ezijeziswa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka sokuboshwa noma ukufa.Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga ngezikhali, ukuthumba, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa okukhulu. Ukukholeka kwecala okubangelwa ukuthatheka kwezidakamizwa ngokuvamile kunemiphumela yokuphila konke, njengokulahlekelwa amalungelo okuvota, ubunzima bokuthola umsebenzi, nokungagunyazwa kwezincwadi ezithile.

Amaphutha

Izigebengu azinawo amandla kakhulu kodwa zisaphethe izijeziso ezize zifike kunyaka ejele, emafashinini, noma emsebenzini womphakathi. Iziphambeko ezivamile zihlanganisa ukwebiwa okuncane (ukuphangwa kwempahla), ukuhlaselwa okulula, ukuziphatha okungahlelekile, i-DUI (icala lokuqala emazweni amaningi), kanye nokuphambuka. Izephulamthetho eziningi zokuqala ezingase zekhulu elinesithathu zingasebenzisa ekuhleleni izinhlelo zokuzilibazisa noma ekuzidilizeni.

Iziphazamiso

Amathikithi okuhamba emgwaqweni, ukuphulwa kwezimoto, ukugqekeza kwezimoto, ukungcolisa nomsindo kuyizibonelo ezivamile. Iziphambeko aziwona umlando wobugebengu, nakuba ukuhluleka ukukhokha kungakhuphuka kube yisigebengu.

Ubugebengu Obumhlophe

Lokhu bugebengu obungenabudlova bushukunyiswa inzuzo engokwezimali. Buhlanganisa ukukhwabanisa (ukungaqiniseki, ukubikelwa kwemali, ukukhokhwa kwemali, ukufumbathiswa, ukufumbathisa, ukuhweba ngaphakathi, nokwebiwa kophawu. Naphezu kokuntuleka kobudlova obungokomzimba, ubugebengu bangaphandle obumhlophe bungalimaza izisulu futhi ngokuvamile buholele ezigwetshweni ezinde zejele ngaphansi kweziqondiso zikahulumeni.

Umphumela Wecala Lesigebengu

Icala lobugebengu liqala ngokuboshwa noma ngokuqulwa. Ummangalelwa ubekwa icala, lapho emangalelwa khona enecala noma enecala. Ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuncengwa, ukucelwa, nokutholwa kulandela. Uma icala liqulwa, abahluleli kumelwe bafinyelele isinqumo esihlanganyelweyo (kwizindawo eziningi) ukuze bavume ukuthi isigwebo sikhona. Ukugwetshwa kwenzeka ngokwahlukana, lapho abahluleli bacabangela izici zokudlulisa amacala. Ukudlulisa amacala kutholakala kodwa kulinganiselwe.

Ukungafani Okubucayi Phakathi Komthetho Wangaphakathi Nowesigebengu

Ukuqonda umehluko akuyona nje imfundo kuphela, kodwa kuthinta indlela abantu abasabela ngayo ezinkingeni zomthetho.

  • Iziphakamiso ezihilelekile: Amacala omphakathi angama-posttiff v. ummangalelwa (wasese); amacala obugebengu awe-vs kahulumeni. ummangalelwa (umphakathi).
  • Ibheji yobufakazi:[ Umphakathi uqaphelisisa ubufakazi [ [50%+; ubugebengu ukungabaza okunengqondo [ [88].
  • Imali ehhlawulwayo:[ Amakhambi omphakathi ahlanganisa ukulimala kwemali, iziyalo, noma ukwenza okuthile. Izijeziso zobugebengu zihlanganisa ukuboshwa, ifa, ukugcinwa, noma inkonzo yomphakathi.
  • Imfuneko engokomthetho: umthetho wesigebengu uvame ukudinga [ izifemu ze-raa (ingqondo eqinile) ukuze ivume; umthetho wesizwe ungabeka isikweleti ngisho noma kungenhloso (umz., ukunganaki noma ukubeka icala eliqinile).
  • Amalungelo okweluleka: Abamangalelwa becala banelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo kummeli; izigebengu ngokuvamile azinawo, nakuba amanye amacala omphakathi (umz., ukuqedwa kwamalungelo abazali) kuqinisekisa iseluleko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isivikelo sengozi esingakabili: emthetho wobugebengu, umuntu akanakuzanywa kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Umthetho womphakathi awunasiqobo esiphelele kanjalo, nakuba [ i-jucata[ ingavimbela ukuphinde ibekwe kwezindaba ezinqunyiwe.

Izinhlelo Zomthetho Wangaphakathi Nowesigebengu Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Ngezansi kunezindlela eziwusizo zokusetshenziswa komthetho wezomthetho ezisebenza ezimweni zansuku zonke.

Abamangalelwa Namalungelo Abathengi

Njalo lapho uthenga umkhiqizo kuyi-inthanethi, usayina ikhendi, noma uvumelana nemvume yekhadi lokuthenga ngesikweleti, uthatha isivumelwano. Umthetho uvikela bobabili ababoshwe ngomthetho wesibhaka-bhaka. Uma inkampani iletha umkhiqizo okhubazekile, ungamangalela ukuphulwa kwesivumelwano noma isiqinisekiso. Uma ungakhokhi isikweletu, umkweleti angathola isahlulelo somphakathi. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho kungavimbela ukuxhashazwa kwemali (ngoko sibonelo, ukwazi ukuthi umninindlu akanakukuxosha ngaphandle kwemvume yenkantolo (inqubo ye-civil) nokuthi ukwenqaba ukuqasha intela kungaholela esuthwini lomphakathi, hhayi ekumangalelweni ngobugebengu (ngaphandle kokukhwana).

Ukulimala Nokubi Komuntu Siqu

Uma ukunganaki komunye kubangela ukulimala kwemoto, i-slip hiandgrade division , noma i-aclement ·tort-actived system inikeza indlela yokukhokha imbuyiselo. Izisulu zingathola izindleko zezokwelapha, iholo elilahlekile, ubuhlungu, nokuhlupheka, nomonakalo okhubazekayo ezimweni ezingafanele. Ukwazi umthetho wokulinganiselwa (ngokuvamile iminyaka engu-1-12-3) kubucayi; ukulahlekelwa yizintambo ezigqitshwayo zilulama phakade.

Ukuziphatha Kobugebengu Nemiphumela

Ukuqaphela umthetho wobugebengu kusiza abantu ukuba bagweme ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni futhi baqonde amalungelo abo uma bebekwe icala. Ngokwesibonelo, unelungelo lokuthula lapho umiswa amaphoyisa; ukukwenza akukona ukuvuma icala. Ngokufanayo, ukwazi ukuthi ukweba kuyicala lokweba elinokwenyuka kwezijeziso (kusukela ekuhlonishweni okusekelwe entengweni) kungavimbela izinqumo ezicatshangelwe ngokuphamazela. Umthetho wesigebengu ubuye ulawule: ungasebenzisa amandla anengqondo ukuze uzivikele wena, kodwa amandla amakhulu angaholela ekuhlaseleni izikhalo.

Izindaba Zomkhaya Nezasekhaya

Umthetho womkhaya uthinta izinqumo eziphathelene nomshado, isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, nokusekelwa. Umthetho wesehlukaniso uwumthetho wezehlukaniso othinta nempahla nezibopho zentela. Umthetho wezephulamthetho uhlanganisa amaqembu ezigebengu ezimpini zasekhaya, lapho umxhaphazi angase abhekane khona kokubili nomthetho wokuvikela kwesizwe kanye nokuquliswa icala lobugebengu. Ukuqonda zombili izindawo kubalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe futhi kutholakale umthetho.

Umsebenzi Namalungelo Emisebenzi

Izindaba zasemsebenzini ngokuvamile zinezici zomphakathi neziwubugebengu. ukweba i - Wage kuwukwephulwa komphakathi (ukusebenza isikhathi esengeziwe okungakhokhelwanga), kodwa uma umqashi ngamabomu ekhohlisa izisebenzi njengengxenye yenqubo ethile, kungase kube icala lokukhwabanisa. ukuhlukunyezwa nokucwaswa kungokwesiko, kodwa ukuhlasela ngokomzimba emsebenzini kungabangela ukumangalelwa kobugebengu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubangelwa ukugawulwa kwezakhamuzi.

Ukuba Nempahla Nokugula

Izingxabano zezindawo zivamile: umakhelwane wakha uthango empahleni yakho; umakhi wendlu ulimaza indlu; umakhi akakwazi ukuqeda ukuvuselelwa. Umthetho womphakathi unikeza izinqubo ezinjengokukhishwa kwesiqu, izenzo zesiqu ezithulile, nokuzisholo okuncane izinkantolo ngenani elingaphansi komnyango. Umthetho wesigebengu ungasebenza uma umakhelwane enza isiphambeko noma ukwebiwa kwezinga.

Ukuwa Kwemithetho Yangaphakathi Neyesigebengu

Izenzakalo eziningi zibangela ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi nobugebengu ngenxa yokuthi ukuziphatha okufanayo kungaphula kokubili amalungelo omphakathi nokuhleleka komphakathi. Isibonelo esidume kakhulu yicala lika-O.J. Simpson: wakhululwa enkantolo yobugebengu (umthwalo wobufakazi obungahlanganwanga) kodwa wathola ukuthi unecala lokufa ngokungafanele enkantolo yomphakathi (ubufakazi obuqanjiwe). Ngokufanayo, umuntu ohlasela omunye wenza ubugebengu (assault) ne-tort (bachy); isisulu singagwetshwa lapho uhulumeni uququzelela. Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke: isahlulelo esinecala enkantolo yobugebengu singasetshenziswa njengobufakazi besuthilomu lamuva, kodwa umgembuli akasivikeli isahlulelo somphakathi.

Okwenza Kudingeke Zombili Lezi Zinqubo

Umthetho wangaphakathi ugxila ekukhokheleni nasekuhluleleni kwangasese, kuyilapho umthetho wobugebengu uphoqelela izinqubo zomphakathi futhi ujezise ukona. Bobabili, banikeza uhlelo olubanzi olungokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, inkampani ethengisa imikhiqizo eyingozi ngamabomu ingabhekana nokumangalelwa kweqembu lomphakathi ngokunganaki (izisulu eziboshelwayo) namacala obugebengu ngokukhwabanisa noma ukubulala (ukujezisa inhlangano kanye nezikhulu zayo). Lendlela ehlangene ye-66 ivimbela ukuziphatha okubi futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izisulu azishiyi ngaphandle kokukhokhwa.

Indlela Yokufuna Usizo Olungokomthetho

Ukumisa umthetho wezephulamthetho noma wezobugebengu kuphela kuyingozi. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, thintana nommeli wangasese okhethekile endaweni efanelekile (i-art, i-tort, umkhaya). Ama-aplogamenti amaningi anikeza izinkonzo zobugebengu. Izindaba zobugebengu, umuntu omangalelwe ngecala kufanele acele ummeli ngokushesha, uma engakwazi ukulithenga, inkantolo kumelwe imise umvikeli womphakathi. Izinhlangano zosizo olusemthethweni zisiza ekutholeni abantu abaphansi ngamacala afana nokuxoshwa noma iziyalezo zobudlova ekhaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithombo yezonobhusayithi ethembekile inganikeza isiqondiso sokuqala:

Isiphetho

Umthetho wombango nowezelele yizinsika ezimbili zesimiso sobulungisa, ngasinye sikhuluma ngezici ezihlukene zokuziphatha kwabantu. Umthetho wangaphakathi uxazulula izingxabano zangasese futhi unikeze amakhambi, kanti umthetho wobugebengu uvikela umphakathi ngokujezisa nangokunqanda amaphutha omphakathi. Uma usayina isivumelwano, uthenga indlu, ubhekene necala, noma ubambeke enkantolo, ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kwalamagatsha kukunika amandla okuvikela amalungelo akho, ufeze izibopho zakho, futhi wenze izinqumo eziqondile. Umthetho uthinta zonke izici zokuphila, kodwa ngolwazi, ungalulawula ngokuqiniseka okukhulu.