Isimo sezombangazwe e-United States sibunjwe kakhulu yinqubo eyinhloko yokukhetha, isimiso esinquma ukuthi obani abazothatha amaqembu amakhulu ezombangazwe okhethweni oluvamile. Nakuba ukhetho oluvamile luthatha ukunakekela kwesizwe, izipringi ngokuvamile zinquma ukukhetha okunzima kakhulu: ukuthi ubani othola i-collet. Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo iproducences, ukuziphendukela kwabo okungokomlando, kanye nezingatho zabo ezithatha ijubane elide kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda amandla edemokrati yaseMelika.

Umsuka Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kwesimiso Esiyinhloko

Isimiso sanamuhla esiyinhloko asizange sivele ngobusuku obubodwa. Ngekhulu le-19, abaholi beqembu, ngokuvamile bahlangana e "amagumbi agcwele i-smoke," abakhethiwe phakathi kwemihlangano emikhulu nakuyi-coucuses. Le nqubo yayishiywe futhi ilawulwa imishini yezombangazwe. Inqubo yeNkathi Yokuqhubekeka Kwezinguquko yabangela izimfuno zezakhamuzi ezinkulu, eziholela ekungeni kwezindawo eziqondile zamagumbi angaphambili. I-Denvernberg yamiswa eCrisconsin ngo1903, yasekelwa nguMbusi uRobert Follette. Emashumini eminyaka alandela, amazwe amaningi athathwa ngezindawo ezithathelwayo, nakuba kwakuze kudlule ama-1970 ukuthi isimiso seze sandile. I-Genver-Fraserm, eyasungulwa ngemva kwe-Didemocratic Convention, yaqala ukuvuse-injini e-ose-ekhomfa namuhla.

Izenzakalo Ezibalulekile Ezinguqulweni Eziyinhloko

  • 1903: Wisconsin imisa umthetho wokuqala oqondiswe ezwe lonke.
  • 1910s-1920:[ Izifunda eziningi zithatha uhlobo oluthile oluyinhloko lwamahhovisi ezwe nawasendaweni.
  • 1972: Isigaba seDemocratic Party isebenzisa i- McGovern-Fraser Commission izinguquko, kwandisa inani lamaprimendrive ngaphezu kwama-caucuse.
  • :[ Izifunda eziningi zihamba zisiya eprimpring (ukulayisha phambili) ukuze zikhulise ithonya.
  • [20:[ i- States izama zonke izingeniso zeposi futhi ivule ukuvota kwangoko ngenxa yalesifo esiwumqedazwe.

Lezi zinguquko ziye zenza izingeniso zaba nezingxenye ngokwengeziwe kodwa futhi zaletha izici ezintsha eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengokubhekana nesikhathi esikhethekile semincintiswano kanye nendima yama - superdraelees.

Imishini Eyinhloko

Ubugebengu buyizinqumo eziphakathi kwamaqembu ezombangazwe zokukhetha okhethweni oluvamile. Nokho, imithetho iyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokombuso, idala isimiso sokulungisa esingenza abavoti badideke futhi bahleleke. Ukuqonda laba omakhenikha kubalulekile ekuhloleni indlela izingeniso ezilawula izombangazwe ezikhudlwana.

Izinhlobo Zezigebengu: Ukuwohloka Okunemininingwane

Izindawo eziphambili ngokuyinhloko zixhomeke ekutheni ubani ovunyelwe ukuvota.

  • I-Primediedie evalekile: Amalungu abhalisiwe kuphela angavota esigabeni seqembu lawo esiyinhloko. Lesi simiso sikhuthaza ukwethembeka kweqembu futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi abaxhasi abazinikele kuphela bakhetha i-minee. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ikhipha izikhalo ezizimele futhi yenza isikhalo somtholo singangeni.
  • Ovula izinketho: Ivoters zingakhetha ukuthi yimaphi kuqala eqembu elihlanganyela kulo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi libhaliswe kanjani. Lokhu kungaholela "ekuvoteni," lapho amalungu eqembu elithile ethonya ngokusemthethweni ukuhlobana komunye umbutho. Abasekeli bathi kuthuthukisa ukuhlanganyela nokulinganisela kwabathathi-nxaxheba.
  • Semi-Valed Prime: amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe kanye nabavoti abangahlanganyela, kodwa amalungu abanye akhishwa. Lemikhawulo ilawula ngokuthulula izikhundla.
  • Izindawo ezimbili Phezulu (noma Phezulu-FON): Bonke abavoti bancintisana ngevoti eyodwa, futhi abakhiqizi ababili abaphezulu baqhubele phambili kukhetho oluvamile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiliphi iqembu. Isetshenziswa eCalifornia, Washington, nase Alaska, lesi simiso sihlose ukunciphisa i-ivolution ngokuphoqa abazocela ukudlulisa isikhala esibanzi. I-"jungle" iyisici esisetshenziswa eLouisiana.
  • Blanket Primitive (Isigaba Sezwe Elingavumelaniyo):[ ngaphambili elalisetshenziswa kwezinye izizwe, lavumela abavoti ukuba bavote noma imuphi umbhanqwana, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yabanquma ukuba bangavumelani nemithetho e i-California Democratic Party v. Jones[ [2000] njengephula amalungelo enhlangano yeqembu.

Izindlela Zokusakaza Izindawo Ezihlala Kuzo

Ngaphandle kwamavoti, indlela amavoti aguqulela ngayo kubameleli agxeka kakhulu. Abanye bathi izihambeli ezithola amavoti ngokulinganayo, kuyilapho ezinye zisebenzisa izinhlelo ezithola impumelelo zonke. Ngokwesibonelo, eRiphablikian Party, amazwe amaningi ahlela izihambeli ngokwesilinganiso, kanti uDemocrat unesimiso esihlelekile esinomngcele omncane. Lemithetho ithinta indlela umsizi ophambili angaqongelela ngayo inani elikhulu ngokushesha futhi ukuthi amajikijo ahlala isikhathi eside kangakanani.

Indima Yabadlali Bobugebengu Ekuphendukezeleni Ukuchaza Iqembu

Izenzo zobugebengu azikona nje ukukhetha abazobhapathizwa; ziyizindawo lapho amaqembu eqembu encintisana khona ukuze alawule imibono.

Ukukhetha Nokubeka Isimiso Se - candidete

Ezingeni eliphansi, abavoti bavame ukuthatha indawo ebanzi kakhulu kunesinqumo esivamile esibizwa ngokuthi "inkinga yokuvota okungaqondakali". Abakhohlisi bangathatha izikhundla eziqinile ukuze bathole ukusekela kwabashisekeli bentshiseko. Lokhu kungaphumela ekubeni abanyunyana abangahambisani nokhetho olubanzi, into eyaziwa ngokuthi "ukwenza i-parmistary project" ngokuyinhloko". Ngokwesibonelo, ezindaweni ezilondekile, ngokuvamile okuwukuphela kokhetho oluncintisanayo, kuholela ekusekeleni abashisekeli beqembu kunokuba basekele abavoti abangcono.

Ubunye Beqembu Nengozi Yokukhubazeka

Izenzo zobugebengu zingahlanganisa noma zihlukanisa. Impicabadala encintisanayo ingaqinisa isisekelo futhi ibangele ukunaka kwemithombo yezindaba, kodwa futhi ingadalula izingxabano ezijulile. Ngemva kokudumazeka okukhulu, i-liarsure consing ingaba madolonzima ukusekela i-minee, ithinta ukuqoqa nokukhipha izikhwama zokuzithandela. Izifunda zizama ukubhekana nalokhu ngokusekelana, izenzakalo zobunye, nokuvumelana kwezindawo. Ukucwaninga kwezezombangazwe kuJohn Sides noLynn Vavreck kubonisa ukuthi isigaba esiyinhloko asilimazi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuvota okuvamile, kodwa kungadala ukuvota okunga uma ukuphunyuka kungaphulukiswa.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokubuya

Ofakazi bezezimali baye bathatha ithuba eliphansi kakhulu kukhetho oluvamile − ngokuvamile cishe amaphesenti angama-20-30 abavoti abafanele kubaphathi abaphezulu. Lokhu kuhlanganyela okuphansi kunikeza ithonya elingenakulinganiswa kubavoti abashukunyiswa kakhulu, ngokuvamile abaqhutshwa yimibono. Imizamo yokwandisa ukubhaliswa komqalisi oyinhloko, njengokubhaliswa kosuku olunye, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, nokuvota, kungandisa ukuvota okungakhethelwa futhi kungaveza i-minumne elinganiselwe kakhulu. Ithonya lokuzimela emphumeleni liyindaba yempikiswano eqhubekayo, kodwa abasekeli abaningi abasekela inguquko baphikisa ngokuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo esiphezulu kuqinisa ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi.

Ithonya Lamazwe Akuqala NelaseGibhile

Ikhalenda lamaprimist lidala ijubane lapho imincintiswano yokuqala — ikakhulukazi i-Iowa, i-New Hampshire, i-Nevada ne-South Carolina(wield) ithonya elithathekile. Abasebenza kahle kulezifunda ngokuvamile bathola amandla ashukumisayo emincintiswaneni yamuva.

"Isiqalo Esingabonakali" nokugunyazwa kweNgxoxo

Ngaphambi kokuba kuvotelwe i-offrey eyodwa, abavotelwayo bancintisana "ngegama elingabonakali" ."ukuqamba amagama angabonakali"", ukuqongelela ukuvunyelwa, nokuphakamisa imali. Ukukhokhwa kwemithombo yezindaba nezinombolo zokuhlola kwakuqala kuthinta ukuzimisela komnikeli ukunikela. I-FEC ibika ukuthi imikhankaso eyinhloko kamongameli ivame ukunyusa amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi, kanye nengxenye enkulu echithwa ezifundazweni zakuqala, izisebenzi, nemisebenzi yasemhlabeni. Ukuhluleka ukuhlangana ne-ocebicalbing marketrket kungaphoqelela abavoti ukuba baphume ngaphambi kokuba abavoti abakhulu bafumane ngisho nethuba.

Ukulayishwa Kwangaphambili Nemvuthuluka NgoLwesibili

Ukuze zithuthukise ithonya lazo, izifundazwe eziningi ziye zasusa izipringi zazo zaze zazehlela emathubeni angaphambili, ukuthambekela okwaziwa ngokuthi ukuthwebula phambili. Lokhu kucindezela ikhalenda futhi kungadala "ukuthatha i-winner-all" ngamandla kusekuseni. ISikhulu sangoLwesibini, ngoLwesibili ekuqaleni kukaMatshi, lapho izifunda eziningi zihlanganisa iCalifornia, iTexas, kanye nezinye eziningi, ngokuphumelela ukunquma ukuhlobisa umhlonikazi ophambili emijikelezweni eminingi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukulayisha phambili kunciphisa amathuba okuba abathathi abangaziyo abazazisayo ukuba bakhe umfutho futhi zinikeze ngisho nenzuzo enkulu kakhulu ezindaweni eziphambili.

Izizinda Zesifunda Nebalazwe Le - Electoral

Izenzo zobugebengu azenzeki endaweni engenalutho; zilolongwa amasiko ezombangazwe, amanani abantu, kanye nezinto eziza kuqala.

E-Midwest, imincintiswano yokuqala e-Iowa naseMichigan igcizelela inkambiso yezolimo, ezohwebo, nemisebenzi yokukhiqiza. ENingizimu, eSouth Carolina naseGeorgia iqokomisa abavoti abangamaKristu abavangeli kunye nezikhundla zobuhlanga. ENtshona, i-Nevada igxila ekusebenzeni, ekuthuthweni, nasezindaweni zomphakathi. Lokhu kushintshashintshashintsha kwezindawo zesifunda okuthi abantu baqale ukuthatha izikhundla ezingafani futhi kungaveza ubuthakathaka. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu othatha i-Profeti enyakaza eNingizimu-South Carolina angazama ukudlulisa isigqi sokufuna abantu abanolwazi olulinganiselwe ngokwesizwe, kuyilapho umuntu ongayinaki intshona engazi ukuthi ihlelwe yini izifunda.

Ithonya Endleleni Evamile Yokukhetha

Ibalazwe eliyinhloko lizisa futhi icebo lokhetho oluvamile. Inkampane yakha ukwaziswa kokhetho oluthandwayo, ukuhlola ukuthumelelana imiyalezo, nokuveza izindawo ezijiyile. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu ozophumelela ngokucela abavoti basemaphandleni e-Iowa angathatha lelocebo liyise kukhetho oluvamile ezifundeni zempi njengePennsylvania noma iWisconsin. Ngokuhlukile, umuntu oncike edolobheni eCalifornia kungase kudingeke alungisele i-votate ehlukile e-ivotate ngoNovember.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Kwesimiso Esiyinhloko

Naphezu kwezinhloso zayo zentando yeningi, isimiso esiyinhloko sibhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu.

Uhambo Oluphansi Nolungaphumi

I-pacter enkulu ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nabantu abadala, abacebile, abafundi, nabavoti abaningi. Ngokwe- Pew Research Center, isibhedu esiyinhloko somongameli sigcwele cishe amaphesenti angama-30 abavoti abafanelekayo eminyakeni yokuncintisana, abaphansi kakhulu kunokhetho oluvamile olungu-60-66%. Lokhu kungaveza ama-mine angameleli iqembu elikhulu, ingasaphathwa eyokhetho oluvamile.

Imali Etholakala Ezindaweni Ezingabizi

Izindleko zokuqhuba umkhankaso oyinhloko ziqhumile. Ngokuphela kwemali yomphakathi nokuvela kwama-PAC amakhulu, abazobhapathizwa bavame ukuthembela kubantu abacebile nasemaqenjini angaphandle. i-Federal Evolution Commission ithonya leminikelo engapheliyo liphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi abazocela imali elinganiselwe yini kunokuba bavoti. Ngo-2020, inkathi eyinhloko yomongameli yabona imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane [R3,5,5,5,5,5] ithonya leminikelo ephethe abaholi be-mega-don.

Ezombangazwe Ezihlukanisayo Nemikhankaso Ephambene

Ngenxa yokuthi izigebengu zivuza izilinganiso ezicatshangelwe, ngokuvamile abazohlolwa bahlaselana ngamandla, kushiye umonakalo ohlala njalo. Izikhangiso eziyingozi ezikhishwa phakathi namaprimethi zingachaza abaphikisi ngezindlela ezibalimazayo okhethweni oluvamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisusa sokunakekela isisekelo singashukumisela abazobhapathizwa ezikhundleni eziyingozi kakhulu okunzima ukuziphindiselela emuva. Uma nje ozobhapathizwa ethatha isimo esiqinile endabeni edalelweni. [1] Okufana nokufuduka noma ukukhokha izintela kungabiza izindleko zezombangazwe.

Inkinga Yezinga lokuphepha Nezigebengu Ezingahlolwanga

Ezifundeni eziningi ze-conration, iqembu elilodwa linamandla kakhulu kangangokuba ukhetho oluvamile luyisiphetho esiyisiko. Kulezozimo, ngokuyinhloko lukhetho lwangempela (/futhi ngokuvamile, ingxenyana encane kakhulu yabavoti abahlanganyelayo. iBallotedia data[ ibonisa ukuthi kwezinye izizwe, ingxenye yezindawo yemithetho yesifunda ayisahlolwa, incazelo esho ukuthi abavoti ababhekene nenselele futhi inqube izinhlanga ngaphandle komfakela noma yimuphi umfakela. Lokhu kuncintiswano kungavikela ulwazi kuyi-cumbubents [[[FLT] kusuka ku-ibermering ne-gription.

Izimfuneko Zenguquko Nekusasa Labamangalelwa

Ezinye izinhloso zokwandisa ukuphuma kwamanye amazwe, ezinye zokunciphisa ukwanda kwesimiso, kanti ezinye ukwenza lesi simiso sibe abameleli baso.

Izindawo Ezingangenile

Isimiso esiphezulu esingu-2 esisetshenziswa eCalifornia nase Washington sinye inguquko eqeda ukuhlelwa kweqembu eliphelele. Kunalokho, bonke abazobhapathizwa bavela ebhodini elilodwa, futhi kunezimbili ezingaphezulu. Abaxhasi baphikisa lokhu bakhuthaza ukulinganisela, njengoba abazohlongozwa kumelwe banxuse imigqa yeqembu ukuba bavikele indawo yokukhetha. Ukuhlola i-Brennan Center yeJaji [[ kubonisa ukuthi izitezi ezimbili eziphezulu zingandisa ukhetho oluvamile lokuncintisana, nakuba abagxeki beqaphela ukuthi bangaphumela ekuthatheni isigaba esisodwa esikhipha isigaba esisodwa seqembu elisekwenzi.

Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV) ePrimeries

Alaska noMaine baye basungula i-RCV ye-princillaries, lapho abavoti bekhetha khona. Uma kungekho mvoti owamukela iningi, abavoti abaphansi kakhulu basuswa, futhi amavoti athathwa ngokoqobo. Abaxhasi bakholelwa ukuthi i-RCV inciphisa umkhankaso ophambene futhi abawinileyo basekelwa kakhulu. Ngo-2022, i-Alaska yasebenzisa ukhetho oluphezulu olune olulandelwa yi-RCV jikelele, eveza umphumela owengeziwe we-pesentilist.

Usuku Lwempela Lwezwe Noma Ukujikeleza Kwesifunda

Ukuze baqonde amandla angenakulinganiswa emibuso yakuqala, abanye basikisela usuku oluyinhloko lapho zonke izifunda zivota khona ngesikhathi esisodwa. Abanye basikisela ukushintshanisa uhlelo lwezifunda ezihlukahlukene ukuze zibe nethuba lokuhola. Izinguquko ezinjalo zingadinga ukuthatha isinyathelo senhlangano, okunzima ngokwezombangazwe okunikezwa okuzuzayo esimisweni samanje.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekwandiseni Kwemishini

Izinguquko ezifana nokubhaliswa kovoti okuzenzekelayo, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota ngeposi, nokuphatha izicathulo eziphambili ngezimpelasonto noma njengoba amaholide engenza ukuvuleka. Izwe elinjengoColorado ne-Oregon liye labona ukuvota okuyinhloko kuvela ngokuvota ngeposi. Nokho, ukuvota kuhlala kungafani kakhulu ngeqembu labantu, kusikisela ukuthi izinguquko zokwakha zodwa zingase zinganele.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kobugebengu

Izindawo zingaphezu kakhulu kwenyathelo lobuchwepheshe enqubweni yokukhetha − ziyizici ezinamandla lapho kuqanjwa khona ukugcinwa kweqembu, abafuna ukuhlolwa, futhi uhlelo lwezombangazwe lumi kahle. Kusukela eNkathini ehamba phambili kuya empikiswaneni yanamuhla engaphezulu-Princials, ukuziphendukela kwalesimiso kuveza ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kokulawula kweqembu nesimiso sobudemokhrasi sotshani. Nakuba ukugxeka ukuvuleka kweqembu, ithonya lemali, kanye nokuhla kwezindawo kusekhona, inqubo eyinhloko ihlala ikhona ngezindlela eziholwayo ngaphandle kweqanda lika-Propulgsssss ebusayo. Njengoba i-United States iyaqhubeka iveza ukuhlukana okungahlukene phakathi kwesigaba nenguquko yedemocraligial, ukuqonda nokuthuthukisa i-pricity.