I-Green Green Party, eyaziwa endaweni yakubo ngokuthi Midori no Kai (IJapane), iye yaba amandla asebenzayo ezombangazwe asekela ukulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile, ubulungisa bezenhlalo, nokuthula kusukela kwamiswa. Nakuba leliqembu lilokhu lingumdlali omncane eJapane owenziwe ngokulandelana kwemithetho ekhethekile, i-tractry yalo inikeza ukuhlolwa kwendaba kwendlela eluhlaza yokuthola ngayo iqoqo ezweni elinezimboni eziqinile nesimiso sokuzimboni eziqinile. Ukuqonda ukusebenza kokhetho lweGreens Japan kunikeza ukuqonda okugxekayo emphakathini ngokusekela izimiso zendawo nendawo ezungezile kanye nemingcele yesithathu yezindawo ezibhekene yezindawo zezindawo eJapane.

Umlando Nokuhlelwa Kwawo

IGreen Party yaseJapan yasungulwa ngokomthetho ngo-2008, yavela eqenjini elihlangene lamaqembu endawo emvelo, abashisekeli bezikhali zenuzi, nezakhamuzi ezithuthukayo ezazifuna izwi elihlukile lezombangazwe ngaphandle kweLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) neDmocratic Party yaseJapane ngalesosikhathi (DPJ). Izimiso zaleliqembu lokusungula zazigcizelela ukulondolozwa kwemvelo, ukubusa ngentando yeningi, ukungabi nezikhali, kanye nenhlonipho ngezinhlobonhlobo zezindawo ezingokokwahluzene zeqembu eliluhlaza emhlabeni wonke.

IJapane yayibone izinhlangano eziluhlaza ngaphambili, njenge INhlangano Eluhlaza kanye nezimiso ezihlukahlukene zendawo, kodwa lemizamo yahluleka ukulahla i-partum yabanethili eqashelwayo. U-2008 wahlanganisa injongo yokwakha i-partime ehlangeneyo ekwazini ukuncintisana ngokhetho oluhlukahlukene. Izibalo zokuqala zahlanganisa [[FLT:] Ama-Ayoki, isishisekeli sendawo ezungezile, i-Incictrato Kimura, eyaveza okuhlangenwe nakho kwezakhamuzi eKyo. Naphezu kwemigomo ephakeme, iqembu laqala ngemfutho ephansi, kungekho mgano yemali, noyi-media.

Inkathi yokusungulwa kweqembu yayibalulekile. Inkinga yembulunga yonke yezezimali ka-2007-2008 yaze yanyakazisa ukholo enkingeni yokuhweba ngezimali engalawulwa, futhi iJapane yayilwa “neshumi leminyaka elilahlekileyo”. Nokho, impikiswano yendawo ezungezile yayisalokhu ikhona enkulumweni yezombangazwe. I-LDP, naphezu kweminye imiba eqinile, yahlala ihlangene kakhulu nemboni yamandla enuzi kanye nemboni enkulu.

Isimiso SaseJapane Sobungcweti Nethonya Laso Ezikhungweni Ezincane

Ukuze umuntu aqonde ukusebenza kwe-Greens, kumelwe acabangele isimiso sokhetho oluyinkimbinkimbi lwaseJapane. Indlu yabameleli (indlu engezansi) isebenzisa isimiso sezikhulu ezixubile ezinezingxenye ezingu-289 ezinezigodi ezingu-289 kanye nezimemo ezingu-66 ezilinganayo (PR) ezingxenyeni ezingu-11 zesifunda. Indlu yeCouncillors (indlu ephezulu) inezihlalo ze-PR ezingu-1422 ezikhethwe ngoluhlu oluvulekile PR kanye nezihlalo eziyikhulu ezifundelenesigaba esisodwa, ezinye iziculo eziningi).

Lesimiso sithanda kakhulu amadili amakhulu angathola abavoti ezweni lonke futhi ayale abavoti abaqinile. Amaqembu amancane anjenge-Greens abhekene nezithiyo ezinzima: kumele ukuba abafuna ukufika emasimini anele ukuze bafaneleke ezihlalweni zePR, kodwa ngokuvamile abanayo imali nenhlangano yokuncintisana ezifundeni ezizimele zodwa. umnyango [[FLT]5%] wezihlalo zePR ezisezingeni eliphansi] uma behluleka ukubeka isihlalo seqembu elincintisanayo ngaphansi kwe-1% yesizwe. Ngenxa yalokho, amaGreens awavamilengazanga ukuwina isihlalo sezwe lonke, nakuba akhile umnyango wendawo lapho umnyango wesifunda nezindawo eziphansi khona.

Inqubo Yokukhetha Yesizwe: Ukuhlaziya Okunemininingwane

Indlu Yabameleli Ngo - 2009

I-Greens yaphikisana nokhetho oluvamile lwango-2009, olwaba nokunqoba okungokomlando kwe-DPJ phezu kwe-LDP. Ababezofunda eGreens ezifundeni ezimbalwa kuphela futhi bathatha uhlu lwePR endaweni eyodwa. Ukuvota kwabo ezweni lonke kwakungaphansi kuka 0,1%, futhi abazange bazuze zihlalo. Ukhetho lwabuswa iqophelo lwezentengiselwano yezomnotho nenhlala - kahle, okwashiya igumbi elincane lokuthumela i-PR. Noma kunjalo, leli qembu lazuza okuhlangenwe nakho okuwusizo.

Indlu Yabameleli Ngo - 2012 nango - 2014

Ukhetho lwango-2012 lwenzeka ngemva nje kwenhlekelele yenuzi yase-Fukushima Daichi (kaMarch 2011). Intukuthelo yomphakathi ngokumelene namandla enuzi yayinamandla, futhi izinhlangano ezilwa nenuzi zanda. IGreens yathemba ukuzuza kulo nyaka. Bahlela ama-PR futhi basebenzisa izinhlu eziningi ezingxenyeni eziningana. Nokho, i-Japane Renation Party [ yase-Japan] [[FLT] [[FLT]] ne-[FLT] IQumrrow of Japan [ yathatha okuningi kwevota-zin, kanye ne-DPycreat, kanye ne-octy'ekhotho ye-ekhohlo enzile. UGreyithole amandla kakhulu kuphikisa u-Green. Usekelo olunamandla kuphikisa u-Greenne.

Indlu Yabameleli Ngo - 2017

Njengoba kuphawuliwe esihlokweni sokuqala, ukhetho luka-2017 lwabona ukuphakama okuncane ku-0.5% yevoti. Lokhu kuvota kwakuhlukile ngoba ukwenziwa kwethemba [kwayipartiwe ngu-Yurikoike] no- i-Constigational Party of Democratic of Japan [[ [CDP]] [i-CDP]) yahlukanisa abavoti abambalwa abazimeleyo kodwa futhi baphuma ePlaysimini eP. [5] Inani elibonisa ukukhula kokushintsha isimo sezulu nokuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile phakathi kwedolobha, u-vhotilovhoti futhi wahluleka ukuwina noma iziphi izihlalo. I-CDP, eyahlanganisa izinqubo zayo eziningi ezikhanga i-Grebown.

2021 Indlu Yabameleli

Ukhetho lwamuva kakhulu lwendlu oluphansi kakhulu ngo-2021 lwabona i-Greens’s PR ihlanganyela ekukhetheni kwamalunga no-0.4.%. Ukhetho lwasitshekelwa umqedazwe we-COVID-19 nohlu lwe-LDP oluthandwayo nguNdunankulu Yoshihishe Suga (kamuva lwathathelwa indawo ngu-Fumio Kishida). UGreens walwa kanzima ukuveza isigijimi esihlukile esingaphaya komthetho wendawo ezungezile, futhi ukubonakala kwabo kwahlala kuphansi. Nokho, bakha uhlu lwe-PR nohlu oluhlangeneyo ne-PR i-New Socialist kumazwe athile, kodwa lokhu akuzange kuvezele izihlalo. Ukuhluleka ukuphula umnyango 2% 5%%%.

Indlu Yokhetho LwamaBhunga: 2010 kuya ku - 2022

Okhetho oluphezulu, oluba khona njalo ngemva kweminyaka emithathu ngenxa yezihlalo, lunikeza indawo engcono kakhulu ngoba ngo-2019, isimiso se-PR sisebenzisa umnyango wezwe lonke ophansi (cishe amaphesenti amabili evoti yesizwe angaveza isihlalo uma uhlu lwezikhundla zeqembu lugcwele). AmaGreens aye ancintisana nokhetho lwazo ngalunye oluphezulu lwezindlu kusukela ngo-2019. Ngo-2019, athola cishe u-0.6% we-PR / ukuvota kwawo okungcono kakhulu kwesizwe ukuba kufike eqeleni lesihlalo (umnyango owenziwe ngonyaka ongaba ngu-1,2,2%). Ngo-20222, isabelo sawo angene kunyukela ku-0.5% phakathi no-crive okuncane. Iqembu liye lathola futhi i-providurediediotiote, kodwa ngaphandle kwempumelelo.

Inqubo evamile phakathi nokhetho lwesizwe icacile: ukukhula kancane kusukela kumazinga angenamsebenzi kuya ku-1%, kodwa akukho mpumelelo. AmaGreens ahlala eyilungu elingenaluzwela kwezombangazwe zesizwe, kodwa ukusekela okungaguquguquki, nakuba kuncane, kubonisa isisekelo esiqinile sabavoti abakhathalela indawo ezungezile.

Izindlela Zokukhetha Zendawo: Impumelelo Yangempela Emhlabathini

Nakuba imiphumela yezwe idumaza, amaGreens aye azuza impumelelo enenjongo emazingeni kamasipala nakuhulumeni. Ukhetho lwasendaweni eJapane luvame ukuxhomeke ekuxhumaneni kwabantu, ekuthatheni ubudlelwane bomphakathi, kanye nedumela eliwumphakathi, /_izinto ezingaqeda ukuntuleka kweqembu lokuhlobisa nokusekela ngokwezimali.

UMkhandlu WaseDolobheni Neziteshi Zomhlangano

Ama-Greens aye aba nezihlalo emadolobheni amaningana amakhulu, kuhlanganise Kyoto, Tokyo (ikakhulukazi eSetagaya nase Nerima igumbi), [[FLT:]][FOLT][4]][FLT][5], [[FLT], [[FOLT] uNaya] [[[FTYY], [[[FLTY:7] [fut:] [[FLT] uFaka] . Njengezingu 20, babenenani elikhethiwe lemikhanti elikhulayo, kodwa elikhulayo. Lemikhandlu iye yabuyisela ngokuphumelelayo amandla, futhi i-pulasitiki, i-Gromesssssss, i-Greastrike, ezindaweni ze-Greastrike, ezin

Imihlangano Yendawo Yonke

Ezingeni lobuphathi, i-Greens iphethe izihlalo ezimbalwa ezisezindaweni eziya ngokuya zivuka njenge- Kanagawa kanye no-Okinawa[. Indawo eyingqayizivele yezombangazwe yase-Okinawa, ephakanyiswe ukuphikisa i-U.S. izisekelo zezempi, zakha izivulo zabavubukuli abahlobayo abahlobanisa indawo ezungezile ngokuthula namalungelo abomdabuko. Ngo-201818, umnyundeli wakhethwa e-Okinabacle eMhlanganweni we-Okie Prectiveal eqele esendaweni eqinile yezokuvakasha neyo.

UMbusi Nemijaho Yama - Mayoral

AmaGreens awakawini umbusi noma umphathi-maduzane, kodwa aye asekela futhi asekela abazobhapathizwa abathuthukayo emibangweni eminingi. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhetho lwe-2021 eTokyo gubernalial, i-Greens yasekela ukuzimela Kenji Utsunomiya[, owayeyi Japan Federation of Bar Association owayehamba ngezazulu. Nakuba alahlekelwa yi-Yuriko Koike, umkhankaso waphakamisa ukubonakala kweGreens phakathi kwe-Tokyo.

Lempumelelo yendawo ibalulekile ngoba yakha umlando wokubusa futhi ivumela iqembu ukuba libonise ukuthi izimiso eziluhlaza zingasebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasunguli bomkhandlu bendawo ngokuvamile basebenza njengezindawo zokusekela ubuqotho besizwe esikhathini esizayo futhi basiza ekulondolozeni isikhungo sezimpande zokuzithandela.

Izici Ezishukumisa Imiphumela

Umphumela WeFukushima Nezombangazwe Zenuzi

Inhlekelele iFukushima yayiyisikhathi esichithwa kakhulu sokwenza izenzo zendawo ezungezile eJapane. Ngaphambi kuka-2011, amandla enuzi anikezwa cishe amaphesenti angu-30 kagesi waseJapane, futhi “isizwe se-Planton Nyuclear” somthetho kahulumeni wasekelwa kakhulu umphakathi. Ngemva kokuncibilika kwemithathu, umbono womphakathi washintsha ngokuphawulekayo: iziphetho eziningi eziphikisanayo. AmaGreents, njengabameleli bezikhali zenuzi abangaguquguquki, abona ukwanda kwesithakazelo. Nokho, amaqembu amakhulu afaka inhlekelele ngokushesha. I-LDP, ngemva kokumisa isikhashana, yaqala kabusha futhi ngaphansi kwemithetho eqinile eqinile. I-CDPP kamuva amukela futhi ngokuqaphayo izikhali ezimelene nezikhali. Ngenxa yalokho, amandla enuzi ayekwakuyekeni ukuhlukanisa inhlekelele ye-Greenlands.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokuhlukana Okuvamile Kwamadolobha

Ukuchayeka kweJapane esimweni sezulu esibi kakhulu (izakhiwo ezibandayo, izikhukhula) kuye kwenza isimo sezulu sashintsha isimo esibucayi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabasemadolobheni abasha. Emadolobheni anjengeTokyo, Yokohama, ne-Osaka, ukuqaphela ukuvalwa kwemibhoshongo yekharbon, izakhiwo eziluhlaza, kanye nezinye izindlela zokuthutha umphakathi. I-Greens iye yagxila kakhulu emizamweni yayo kulezindawo. Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, lapho ukulima, ukudoba, nokudoba, kanye nokuhlala amahlathi kuvelele khona, ngezinye izikhathi isigijimi saleliqembu singqubuzana nemisebenzi encikekweni yemivubukulo noma yokulima izinambuzane. I-Greensss isekela ukuma kwemisebe ne-oral geography, kodwa amaphalish asemaphandleni ngokuvamile abheka lezizikhundla zasemaphandleni. Lemibuko eYurophu naseMelika eluhlaza.

Ubuhlobo Nokwakha Izakhiwo Zobumbano

I-Greens iye yazama ngezindlela ezihlukene. Okhethweni lwesizwe, ngezinye izikhathi baye bakha izinhlu ze-PR ezihlangene kanye nezici ezincane, njenge- New Socialist Party ne Rainbow ne Greens (iqembu lokuqala). Lamalungiselelo asiza amaqoqo kodwa futhi afaka engozini i-Greenland. Ngezinye izikhathi ahamba njengokhetho lwendawo oluzimele noma phakathi kwemifelandawo, njengaye [FLT:] i-Citable'''' [[FLT] eTokyo. Iqembu lokuhlanganyela [FFFOLT] [F] [FLT] [G][6]

Okunye ukubambisana okuphawulekayo yi- Consitugal Democratic Party (CDP). ICDP, njengeqembu elikhulu kakhulu lokuphikisa, ihlanganise izinyathelo eziluhlaza eqongeni layo (umz., intela yekharbon, nethilo-zero ngo-2050). I-Greens ngezikhathi ezithile iye yasekela iCDP ezifundeni ezizimele ezinhlangothini ezizimele ukusekela iCDP yeP. Nokho, lobudlelwano buyi-CDmmetal: i-CDP inesisusa esincane sokugunyazamisa umphikisi omncane, futhi uGreenwena i-CDP ngokukhetha ngokuqondile ngokumelene “nokuvota okunga” ngokumelene ne-LDP. Lemingcele enamandla yokuzivota i-Green.

Izindaba Nokubonakala Komphakathi

Imithombo yezindaba yaseJapane ikhulu----(telerewn) , amaphephandaba amakhulu anjenge yumiuri Shimbun kanye [FLT]] ne-Asahi Shimbun. I-Asahi Shimbun [[FLT]] . Ihlome ukugxila kakhulu ezinhlanganweni ezimbili ezinkulu nasemaqenjini azo angaphakathi. Iqembu lezokuxhumana lincikenekile ngaphandle kokuba lakha idilidingiswa yomphakathi. I-Greents (intshi) i-oced thissss ivame ukungana. Iqembu lincike kakhulu ezenhlalo, izincwadi ezincane, negama elihlukile eliphakathi kwe-Dintshiwenu.[2]

Imithombo Nemisebenzi Yokuhlela

I-Greens isebenza ekuhleleni imali yezicathulo. Izimali ezifunwa amalungu kanye nemikhankaso emincane ixhasa imikhankaso elinganiselwe. Abakwazi ukuthenga ukukhangisa ngobuningi, ochwepheshe, noma imisebenzi emikhulu. Ukujoyina kwabo kulinganiselwe: amalungu amaningi ayizisebenzi zokuzithandela ezisebenzayo ngesikhathi esigcwele. Lokhu kucindezela kokubili inani nezingalo zabazobhapathizwa abakwazi ukusebenza. Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-LDP ineminikelo emikhulu yezezinkampani kanye nezibopho ezihlangene namabhizinisi; i-CDP ithola izimali ezinyunyana zezisebenzi. UGreens uswele ama-anthery.

Izinselele Nezithiyo Zokwakha

Indawo Engangeni Inkulu Nenani Lesigodi

Umnyango wezihlalo zePR engxenyeni engaphansi endlini, (5% ukuze umbutho uwine noma yiziphi izihlalo zePR ezisengxenyeni yesifunda) uphakathi kwezezikhundla zentando yeningi ezithuthukile. Endlini ephezulu, umnyango we-PR kazwelonke uphansi ngokuphumelelayo (iqembu lingawina isihlalo nge-2% yevoti), kodwa lisabisa kakhulu ngeqembu elihlola ngaphansi kwe-1%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifunda eziyilungu elilodwa zisekela ngokuthanda i-LDP neCDP, kwenze kube nzima kakhulu kumaGreens ukuwina isihlalo esiphezulu ngaphandle kwesisekelo esivamile sendawo esendaweni ezungezile.

Ukuhlanganiswa kweGreen Policies ye-Main Surdan Parities

I-LDP, ngaphansi koNdunankulu uKishida, yamukela “ushintsho oluluhlaza” (GX) futhi yathembisa ukungathathi hlangothi kwe-carbon ngo-2050. I-CDP futhi isekela i-Green New Deal. Nakuba ubuqotho buhlukahluka, ukusetshenziswa kwemidwebo eluhlaza ephumayo ngemicimbi emikhulu kwenza i-Greens ibonakale i-reduncent. Abathandi bezinto ezikhathalela isimo sezulu bangakhetha i-CDP njengemoto engcono kakhulu. Ngakho ama Greens kumelwe azihlukanise ngokugcizelela ushintsho olujulile lwesimiso semvelo: ideth, i-paredism-miliast, i-active-maristism, nelungelo lomda.

Isiko Lezombangazwe Nokungabaza Imithombo Yezindaba

Impucuko yezombangazwe yaseJapane iyakunikeza inzuzo ukuqina, ukuvumelana, nokushintsha kwenguquko. Isicelo sikaGreens sokuguqula okukhulu singabhekwa njengesingenangqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abavoti abaningi bayakungabaza ngokuphelele amaqembu amancane, bewabheka “njengamavoti athandwayo.” Lokhu kucabanga kwabekwa(ukuphoqelelwa) yintsha yezezindaba . Kuze kube i-Greens ibonise indlela ecacile yokuthola izihlalo, lesithiyo siyo siyoqhubeka.

Amathemba Esikhathi Esizayo Nezixwayiso Ezihlelekile

Ukuzinyusela Ezindaweni Eziluhlaza Zembulunga Yonke

Amadipati aluhlaza e-Green e-Jalimane, e-New Zealand, e-Austria, nakwezinye izindawo aye angena kuhulumeni noma afinyelela ithonya elikhulu. Impumelelo yawo ingakhuthaza amaJapane ashisekela ukulwa. I-Green . I-Greens yomhlaba wonke [FLT] ingakhuthaza amaJapane amasha ukuba akholelwe ukuthi ushintsho olufanayo lungenzeka ekhaya. I-Greens ingahlanganyela nezimiso zomhlaba wonke eziluhlaza ukuze ihlanganyele amasuntswonga nokuphakamisa imali.

Ukuqinisa Izimpande Zomlotha Nokutheleka Kwasemaphandleni

Iqembu kumelwe linwebe ngalé kwezindawo eziqinile zasedolobheni. Izihloko ezinjengokukhucululwa kwezibulala zinambuzane, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, nokuhlaliswa kwabantu emaphandleni zilungele ukungenela. Ukuhlelwa kwendawo ezungezile njengendlela yokuvuselela izomnotho zasemaphandleni (umz., imishini yokusebenza ngokuvuselela amandla, uhambo nge-eco) zingazuza ekufuyweni nasemiphakathini yokudoba. Imisebenzi yokuhamba ngendiza ezindaweni ezinabantu abahlala abantu ingaba yizibonelo.

Izizukulwane Ezisencane Ezinamandla Nemithombo Yezindaba Engokwenhlalo

Ivoti yentsha yaseJapane iphansi kakhulu, kodwa ukuhlasela kwesimo sezulu kuholwa amaqembu afana amaholide esikhathi esizayo [ ihlobise abafundi. AmaGreen kufanele asebenzise imali eningi ekuhleleni izinombolo, imfundo ye-inthanethi, namaphiko entsha. Imikhankaso yevidiyo emifushane eTik Tok ne-YouTube echaza isimiso ngolimi olufinyele angavala igebe.

Izinhlangano Ezihlelekile Ngaphandle Kokuzidela

Ama-Greens kumelwe aqhubeke efuna ama-pactal akhethayo nge-CDP kanye namanye amaqembu aphikisayo, kodwa ngamagama acacile avikela ungwengwezi lwawo. Esinye isifanekiso yi- IQembu lamaLungu lase-United States [ ukusondela: sebenzisa abazokufaka ezihlalweni eziphephile futhi usebenzise amathikithi okuhlobana lapho kusemthethweni. EJapane, lokhu kungasho ukugxila ezinhlwini zePR lapho usekela iCDP noma abathathiwe bodwa ezingxenyeni ezizimele ukuze uhwebe iziteji ezihlangene nezikhangiso ezihlangene.

Ukwakha Irekhodi Lezindawo Zokubusa

Isihlalo ngasinye somkhandlu wedolobha singubufakazi bomqondo. AmaGreen kufanele abhale impumelelo . njengokusetshenziswa kabusha kwenani elikhudlwanayo, ukufakwa kwelanga, noma ukuvinjelwa kwepulasitiki, futhi awenzi abe mabanzi. Lokhu kuwina kwendawo kungakha ukuthembeka futhi kubonise ukuthi imithetho eluhlaza iyasebenza futhi iyathandwa.

Isiphetho

I-Green Party yaseJapan iye yaba nesizotha kodwa ingelutho. Iye yasuka ekungaguquguqukini kwemithetho efuna ukuvololwa, uma incane, yabasekeli. Abakhomishani bayo bendawo balungisa ngokuthula isimiso emiphakathini enyakathonye nezwe. Uma beqhathaniswa namaqembu aluhlaza eNtshonalanga Yurophu, amaGreenland asemuva eJapan, elawulwa imithetho ehleliwe, inganakiwe, futhi incishiswa impucuko engombangongowezombangazwe ukuba ishintshe. Kodwa abashayeli abangaphansi kwe-((clithane), ukukhathazeka, umuzwa owenuzi, kanye nesifiso somphakathi owengeziwe. Isikhathi esizayo sawo sincike ekwakheni kwayo, amandla ontanga, futhi sixhumanisa isigijimi sawo nsuku zonke. Uma kunjalo, ukugqashukamisa i-gedule, i-gee, i-eveumpere, futhi i-gever.

Izikhombo ezingaphandle: Isekelo loMnyango wezezindaba zoMzabalazo nokhetho lokuxhumana laseJapane liveza i-database (https//wwwww.somu.go.jp/; indawo yeSiphakathi se-Greenti (); indawo esemthethweni yase-Japani ([[FLT:]]https [[FLT]][FLT][FLT]])[Foct: [FLT] [2] [ingxenye eMpuma ye-Asia,20]; nombiko we-Binst BFLCT [FT] [FT] [ell:] [5]